BSHF-101[2011]

Answer any two questions in 500 words each. (DCQ)

Q1. Compare and contrast the terms 'Industrial' and 'Post - industrial'
societies. 20
Solution: In sociology, industrial society refers to a society driven by the use of
technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a
high capacity for division of labour. Such a structure developed in the west in
the period of time following the Industrial Revolution, and replaced the
agrarian societies of the Pre-modern, Pre-industrial age. Industrial societies are
generally mass societies, and may be succeeded by an Information society. They
are often contrasted to with the traditional societies. Industrial society is
characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to
increase the rate and scale of production. The production of food is shifted to
large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine
harvesters and fossil fuel based fertilizers, are used to decrease required human
labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food,
excess labor is moved into these factories where mechanization is utilized to
further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further
refined, often to the level of automation, many workers shift to expanding
service industries.
Industrial society makes urbanization desirable, in part so that workers can be
closer to centers of production, and the service industry can provide labor to
workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of
production profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very
large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a high rate of economic
activity.
These urban centers require the input of external energy sources in order to
overcome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due partially to
the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage costs, and
are otherwise unsustainable. This makes the reliable availability of the needed
energy resources high priority in industrial government policies.

Some theoreticiansnamely Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens and Manuel

Castells -- argue that we are located in the middle of a transformation or
transition from industrial societies to post-modern societies. The triggering
technology for the change from an agricultural to an industrial organization
was steam power, allowing mass production and reducing the agricultural work
necessary. Thus many industrial cities are built around rivers.
Identified as catalyst or trigger for the transition to post-modern or
informational society is global information technology.
If a nation becomes "post-industrial" it passes through, or dodges, a phase of
society predominated by a manufacturing-based economy and moves on to a
structure of society based on the provision of information, innovation, finance,
and services. A virtual cult of 'creatives' have sprung up embodying and often
describing and defending the post-industrial ethos. They argue that businesses
that create intangibles have taken a more prominent role in the wake of
manufacturing's decline and that in some countries, the production of creative
intangibles produces more exports than manufacturing alone. Actor and artistic
director of the Old Vic Theatre, Kevin Spacey, has argued the economic case for
the arts in terms of providing jobs and being of greater importance in exports
than manufacturing (as well as an educational role) in a guest column he wrote
for The Times. As the term has been used, a few common themes (not limited to
those below) have begun to emerge. The economy undergoes a transition from
the production of goods to the provision of services. Knowledge becomes a
valued form of capital (e.g., the knowledge produced through the Human
Genome Project).
Producing ideas is the main way to grow the economy. Through processes of
globalization and automation, the value and importance to the economy of
blue-collar, unionized work, including manual labor (e.g., assembly-line work)
decline, and those of professional workers (e.g. scientists, creative-industry
professionals, and IT professionals) grow in value and prevalence. Behavioral
and information sciences and technologies are developed and implemented. (e.g.
behavioral economics, information architecture, cybernetics, Game theory and
Information theory.
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Q4. What do you understand by the term 'human security'? Discuss.

Solution: Human security is an emerging paradigm for understanding global
vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the traditional notion of national
security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the
individual rather than the state. Human security holds that a people-centered
view of security is necessary for national, regional and global stability.
The concept emerged from a post-Cold War, multi-disciplinary understanding
of security involving a number of research fields, including development
studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights.
The United Nations Development Programmers 1994 Human Development
Report is considered a milestone publication in the field of human security,
with its argument that insuring "freedom from want" and "freedom from fear"
for all persons is the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity.
Frequently referred to in a wide variety of global policy discussions and
scholarly journals,
Critics of the concept argue that its vagueness undermines its effectiveness;[4]
that it has become little more than a vehicle for activists wishing to promote
certain causes; and that it does not help the research community understand
what security means or help decision makers to formulate good policies.
Human security focuses on the protection of individuals, rather than defending
the physical and political integrity of states from external military threats - the
traditional goal of national security. Ideally, national security and human
security should be mutually reinforcing, but in the last 100 years far more
people have died as a direct or indirect consequence of the actions of their own
governments or rebel forces in civil wars than have been killed by invading
foreign armies. Acting in the name of national security, governments can pose
profound threats to human security. The application of human security is
highly relevant within the area of humanitarian intervention, as it focuses on
addressing the deep rooted and multi-factorial problems inherent in
humanitarian crises, and offers more long term resolutions. In general, the term
humanitarian intervention generally applies to when a state uses force against
another state in order to alleviate suffering in the latter state (See,
humanitarian intervention).

Under the traditional security paradigm humanitarian intervention is

contentious. As discussed above, the traditional security paradigm places
emphasis on the notion of states. Hence, the principles of state sovereignty and
non-intervention that are paramount in the traditional security paradigm make
it difficult to justify the intervention of other states in internal disputes.
Through the development of clear principles based on the human security
concept, there has been a step forward in the development of clear rules of when
humanitarian intervention can occur and the obligations of states that
intervene in the internal disputes of a state.
These principles on humanitarian intervention are the product of a debate
pushed by United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. He posed a challenge
to the international community to find a new approach to humanitarian
intervention that responded to its inherent problems.[29] In 2001, the
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)
produced the "The Responsibility to protect", a comprehensive report detailing
how the right of humanitarian intervention could be exercised. It was
considered a triumph for the human security approach as it emphasized and
gathered much needed attention to some of its main principles.
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Answer any four questions in 250 words each. (MCQ)
Q5. Highlight key issues in modern governance. 12
Solution: Governance is currently a key issue not only for higher education
institutions but for society as a whole. The way organizations are managed, the
directions they take and the values they hold send clear signals about their role
and functions in society. For this reason, the governance structures of
universities were unquestioned for most of the twentieth century. Yet in the
final decades of that century significant changes were starting to be felt. The
most important of these changes related to the way universities were viewed by
governments. In particular, the role of universities in contributing to national
economies was being recognized. Greater accountability and more intense
scrutiny from the outside meant that the traditional values of universities were
being challenged. The task of universities, and for society as a whole, is to
develop strategies that will retain the best of what universities have

traditionally stood for while responding positively to new pressures and

priorities. This paper advances the concept of `deliberative partnerships'' as one
way to reconstruct university governance in a positive way for the future. Key
Words: accountability, education policy, higher education, management,
organizational efficiency, public sector, university governance
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Q6. Discuss the role of Gandhi during the national movement. 12
Solution: Gandhi initially favoured offering "non-violent moral support" to the
British effort when World War II broke out in 1939, but the Congressional
leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India in the war without
consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen resigned from
office. After long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India could not be party
to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom while that freedom was
denied to India itself. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for
independence, calling for the British to Quit India in a speech at Gowalia Tank
Maidan. This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt
aimed at securing the British exit from India.
Gandhi was criticised by some Congress party members and other Indian
political groups, both pro-British and anti-British. Some felt that not
supporting Britain more in its struggle against Nazi Germany was unethical.
Others felt that Gandhi's refusal for India to participate in the war was
insufficient and more direct opposition should be taken, while Britain fought
against Nazism yet continued to contradict itself by refusing to grant India
Independence. Quit India became the most forceful movement in the history of
the struggle, with mass arrests and violence on an unprecedented scale.
Thousands of freedom fighters were killed or injured by police gunfire, and
hundreds of thousands were arrested. Gandhi and his supporters made it clear
they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate
independence. He even clarified that this time the movement would not be
stopped if individual acts of violence were committed, saying that the "ordered
anarchy" around him was "worse than real anarchy." He called on all
Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline via ahimsa, and Karo Ya Maro
("Do or Die") in the cause of ultimate freedom.[citation needed]
Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay
by the British on 9 August 1942. Gandhi was held for two years in the Aga
Khan Palace in Pune. It was here that Gandhi suffered two terrible blows in his
personal life. His 50-year old secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack 6

days later and his wife Kasturba died after 18 months imprisonment on 22
February 1944; six weeks later Gandhi suffered a severe malaria attack. He was
released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health
and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the
nation.
He came out of detention to an altered political scenethe Muslim League for
example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now occupied the
centre of the political stage"[64] and the topic of Jinnah's campaign for
Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi met Jinnah in September 1944 in
Bombay but Jinnah rejected, on the grounds that it fell short of a fully
independent Pakistan, his proposal of the right of Muslim provinces to opt out
of substantial parts of the forthcoming political union
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Q7. Critically examine the role of the institution of family. 12
Solution: The institution of family is a basic unit in the society, and the
multifaceted functions performed by it makes it a much-needed institution in a
society. Some of the important functions performed by the family include,
reproduction of new members and socializing them, and provision of emotional
and physical care for older persons an young. Family in fact, is an institution
which resolves or eases a large number of socia problems. The term family had
been defined by various sociologists and anthropologists.
Murdock (1949), after studying over 250 multi-cultural societies defines family
as a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation
and
Reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a
socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children - own or adopted
- of the sexual cohabiting adults. The household is said to be the living
arrangement of such a family unit.

Q11. What do you understand by the term Renaissance? Discuss. 12

Solution: The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the
14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later
spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to
the historical era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform
across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it
encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a
resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear
perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.
Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance
being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well
as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic
developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci
and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
There is a consensus the Renaissance began in Florence, Tuscany in the 14th
century. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and
characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic
peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its
dominant family, the Medici and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to
Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.
The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been
much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and
as a historical delineation.Some have called into question whether the
Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as
a period of pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age, while others have
instead focused on the continuity between the two eras. Indeed, some have
called for an end to the use of the term, which they see as a product of
presentism the use of history to validate and glorify modern ideals. The word
Renaissance has also been used to describe other historical and cultural
movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the
12th century.

Answer any two in 100 words each. (SCQ) 6+6

Q13. a) Social structure
Solution: Social structure is a term used in the social sciences to refer to
patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and
determinant of the actions of the individuals. The usage of the term "social
structure" has changed over time and may reflect the various levels of analysis
within differing sub-fields of sociology. On the macro scale, it can refer to the
system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the class structure), social
institutions, or, other patterned relations between large social groups. On the
meso scale, it can refer to the structure of social network ties between
individuals or organizations. On the micro scale, it can refer to the way norms
shape the behavior of actors within the social system.
These meanings are not always kept separate. For example, recent scholarship
by John Levi Martin has theorized that certain macro-scale structures are the
emergent properties of micro-scale cultural institutions (this meaning of
"structure" resembles that used by anthropologist Claude Lvi-Strauss).
Marxist sociology also has a history of mixing different meanings of social
structure, though it has done so by simply treating the cultural aspects of social
structure as epiphenomena of its economic ones.
Since the 1930s, the term has been in general use in social science,[1] especially
as a variable whose sub-components needed to be distinguished in relationship
to other sociological variables.
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b) Swaras in Indian classical music
Solution: The seven notes of the scale (swaras), in Indian music are named
shadja, rishabh, gandhar, madhyam, pancham, dhaivat and nishad, and are
shortened to Sa, Ri (Carnatic) or Re (Hindustani), Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni and
written S, R, G, M, P, D, N. Collectively these notes are known as the sargam
(the word is an acronym of the consonants of the first four swaras). Sargam is
the Indian equivalent to solfege, a technique for the teaching of sight-singing.
Sargam is practiced against a drone. The tone Sa is not associated with any
particular pitch. As in Western moveable-Do solfge, Sa refers to the tonic of a
piece or scale rather than to any particular pitch.