SLAVISTIC PRINTINGS AND REPRINTINGS edited by C,H. VAN SCHOONEVELD Indiana University 304TREVOR G. FENNELL HENRY GELSEN A GRAMMAR OF MODERN LATVIAN VOLUME I MOUTON PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE . PARIS . NEW YORKISBN 90.279 79367 @ Consrigh 180 by Mouton Pubes, The Magus ll ahs rere, ining hoes translation into foreign languages. No part ofthis Book may be reproduced in any form By photoprint, microfle, or any other means — nor transmitted noc translated into @ machine language without writen permission from the publaber Typesetting, printing, and ‘binding: Kultura, Budapett ‘Printed in Hungary TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME 1 Preface XIN Acknowledgements ....essssseeeeseeseeseees sey, Abbreviations ... é peereraretie 9716 Introduction vo esssseseeeeevevereeseses i Serta Lesson 1, The present tense of bit; nominative singular and plural of masculine nowns in -5.... pe 1 Lesson 2. Singular declension of masculine novnsins.« 4 Lesson 3, Plural declension of masculine nouns in -s ag Lesson 4 Dative of possession ou Lesson 5, Mixed conjugation verbs in -2t: Present tense . 15 Lesson 6, Dative case of the personal pronouns. ...... ne 18 Lesson 7. Negation of verbs, excluding possessive expressions ...... 22 Lesson 8. Negation of possessive expressions «1+... soe 26 Lesson 9, Declension of feminine nouns in ~ae.ee.ecececevceseseee 30 Lesson 10, Imperfect tense of mixed conjugation verbs in -@ =... 33 lawon 11, Mined conupation verbs in ts proent and inp imperfect tense of Bit ......... ve 38 Lesson 12. Conjugation of the regular verbs fet and dot s.......-. 2 Lesson 13, Possessive adjectives. + 46 Lesson 14. The indefinite declension of adjectives 2... Seal Lesson 15, Full declension of the personal pronouns ..+...2....02. 56 Lesson 16. The preposition pie Pee aie eL Lesson 17, Nouns and adjectives ending in -¥ eet + 65 Lesson 18, Conjugation of zindt, dzieddt and rauddt ..... San: Lesson 19. More prepositions with the genitive pee aeas Lesson 20. Long conjugation verbs with infinitive in -ot ............ 81 Lesson 21, Long conjugation verbs in -dr .. pie eT Lesson 22, Revision and classification of verbs. Verbs with the indefinite subject « ee soe eee 92: Lesson 23, Revision of adverbs 0... : See Lesson 24, Dectension of feminine nouns endingin-e +s. +..s+s++1 104 Lesson 25. Revision of adjectives + 108 Lesson 26, The definite declension of adjectives, masculine singular «113 Lesson 27. The definite declension of adjectives, feminine singular... 118 Lesson 28. Revision of the definite declension of adjectives-singular .. 123Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson, Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson, Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 29. 31 32, ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Definite declension of adjectives, masculine plural ....... 127 Definite declension of adjectives, feminine plural ........ 132 Further uses of the definite adjective 136 ‘Verbs with pelataized consonant in the present tense, Some third person verbs. The prepositions uz and no .......... 142 Adverts modifying adjectives or other adverbs. Three prepositions with the accusative a ee aa The Future tense ...esesseeeee 133 ‘The numerals 1 to 10 159 Imperatives ....... 7 166 ‘Numerals from 11 t0 20. : m ‘The Accusative of duration of time 7 Formation of adverbs . perce = 182 The Conditional ......sesecessesreeseesene + 188 ‘The prepositions ldz and uz... Sete 1e2 Long conjugation verbs in <2... +197 The relative pronoun and nterrogative adjective kurf ... 202 Days of the week: time of day...+++++sesereeesesseesey 209 ‘Verbs with depalatalized present stems sees 24 Trther negations with 1e-....esceseeeeeecseeeeseeeee 22 Declension of masculine nouns in -is 225 Numerals from 20 to 59 . See aa Comparative degree of adjectives ....2.2..0++ 235 Comparison structures 240 Some examples of compound verbs: Introduction to the notion of aspect ..-......0.e++ 27 Superlative degree ofthe adjective 253 Feminine form of nouns in -dis and = 288 Long conjugation verbs in -ft and 2 262 ‘The English infinitive. 266 ‘Numerals from 60 t0 100 2m The English infinitive used adjectvally.. 2215 Conjugation of verbs in int. fae a9 Verb summary ea Dectension of kas +291 Postpositions 297 Declension of masculine nouns in -us + 302 ‘Numerals from 100 t0 1000 +307 Further remarks on numerals: Conflicting case requirements 311 Declension and use of tas... 317 Some invariable adjectives - 322 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson 67, Neviens and kads as adjectives Lesson 68. The declension of certain masculine nouns in -ens Lesson 69. Accusative of extent of distance . Lesson 70. Declension of suns ‘dog’ Lesson 71. The adjective and pronoun abi ‘both’ Lesson 72. Declension and use of 4is ‘this? Lesson 73. Ordinal numbers from Ist to 10th... Lesson 74. Negations with ne... ne and vairs Lesson 75, Ordinal numbers from 11th to 20th .. Lesson 76, Latvian names and forms of address Lesson 77, Ordinal numbers from 21st to 100th. ... Lesson 78, Ordinal numbers from 101st to 1000¢h. Lesson 79. Declension of feminine nounsin-s; the masculine noun feuds 385 Lesson 80. Comparative degree of adverbs Lesson 81. Superlative degree of adverbs. Lesson 82. Diminutives of masculine nouns in +s and feminine nouns Lesson 83. _Diminutives of museufine nouns in «Is and feminine nouns Lewon 84 Lesson 85. Summary of noun declensions ‘ Lesson 86. Time by the lock -2.2..seeeeeeerseesee Lesson 87. Debitive mood: present tense Lesson 88. imperfect tense... 2.1 Lesson 89. |: future tense... 2+. Lesson 90. Debitive mood: conditional ....... VOLUME IT Lesson 91. Cardinal and ordinal numbers above 1000 Lesson 92, Months and dates eae Lesson 93. The noun reize and its compounds 2... 00. Lesson 94, Declension and use of pats Lesson 95. Vers of pretion allowed ty aprile a Lesson 96. Adverbs in -up : Lesson 97. Masculine nouns in -a and -e Lesson 98. The preposition pa used distibutively « oe 406 - 412 47 wes 422 wes 428 = 435 - 445; . 449 . 454 ses 460, . 464 470 47s 419 483, Lesson 99. Diminutives of masculine nouns in -us and -ns and feminine nouns in -5.... i ses 487var Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Tesson, Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 100. 101 102. 103, 104. 108. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. i. 112. 113, 114. us. 116, 417. 118, 19. 120, 11, 122, 123, 124, 12s, 126. 127, 128, 129, 130, ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS The voeative case . sees 492, The past participle active; the present perfect tense ...... 497 ‘The past perfect tense . eee 503 The future perfect tense .. fee sess 508 The conditional perfect : ve 512 Adverbs in -am and -dm...... eae 316 More invariable adjectives 519 The verb sargat : + 923 Verb summary .. - sa Open ¢ and closed ¢ cesses SBS The short conjugation: simple palataized type. non-com- pound tenses ses 542 The short conjugation: simple palatalized type: non-come pound tenses. Verbs containing ein the stem.........++. 548. The short conjugation: simple Palatalized type: compound tenses ceseeees S82 ‘The short conjugation: the verb nakt ‘] 556 The short conjugation: the verb lekr . seesees S61 Agreement of adjectives with the debitive of bit 565 ‘More adverbs of time setters 5D ‘The short conjugation: semipalatalized type S72 ‘The short conjugation: semipalatalized type, stems in -st, 21; alternation of ......- sm ‘The short conjugation: future tense of verbs in -st and -rt, 582 ‘The short conjugation: semipalatalized type: short vowel in the present tense ; ~ 586 ‘The short conjugal a pe long vowel in the imperfect only .......-.....00+ cestcreee SOL Adjectives in -&fs .. seccteee 595 Adjectives modified by ‘too” eee) ‘The short conjugation: unchanged type. - 605, ‘The short conjugation: unchanged type: long vowel in the imperfect 610 ‘The short conjugation: unchanged type: long vowel in the present ..... - 616 ‘The short conjugation: unchanged type, long vowel in the present (irregular) et ‘The short conjugation: unchanged type: short vowel in the resent ‘ poise e2s ‘Adverbial nouns of place .. ceeetesens 69) Mamta cee 683 Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson, Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson, Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson, Lesson Lesson 131, 132, 133. 134. 135, 136. 137. 138, 139. M0, Mi. 142, 143, 146. 14s, 146. 147. 148, 149, 150. 151, 152. 153. 154, 155, 156. 157. 158, 159. 160, 161. 162, 163, TABLE OF CONTENTS ~ ‘The short conjugation: dental type (unvoiced) . 87 The short conjugation: dental type (unvoiced): long vowel in the present . 6a The short conjugation: dental type (voiced) . 645s The short conjugation: dental type (voiced): long vowel in the present ae 648 The short conjugation: dental type (voived and unvoiced): imegular long vowel in the present ea Imperfective and perfective verbs «00-0... se ecsesesses, 656 Imperfective and perfective verbs (cont.) 660 Imperfective and perfective verbs (cont)... csccsis. 66S The short conjugation: a-o-a ype... 669 The short conjugation: «o-a type, with dental (Voiced and unvoiced) : . 7% Sade and rads: adjectives and pronouns vss. sc. sss, 619 Irregular masculine nouns in is ........... ++ 682 The short conjugation: sf type... ces ceceeceese ess 686 ‘The short conjugation: i-e-i type, long vowel in the present 690 ‘The short conjugation: i-e- type, with unvoiced dental, with and without iong yowelin the present ....... 694 Questions with Jat a or Avoidance of the possessive adjective... 701 ‘The short conjugation: post-vocalic ~- type + 706 The short conjugation: post-vocalie -j- Pp short vowel in present and imperfect ........ : no The short conjugation: post-vocalic =F type, indnitives in-iet.. 14 Omission of the verb ir. vtec THB Omission of ar .. ™ The short conjugation: nasal type 1 726 The short conjugation: nasal type, with alternation ‘ree 730 ‘The present participle active in -dams. 733 ‘The present participle ative in -dams with an imperative. 739 ‘The short conjugation: nesal type (let) with anomalous imperfect i 743 Countries, inhabitants and languages sss... sss so, 747 Adjectives with the prefix pa- : 7582 ‘The short conjugation: je type, inf... sss + 754 ‘The short conjugation: j/v type, infinitives in -aut ........ 758 ‘The short conjugation: the verb aut ie 162 ‘The present participle active in -o88 , teteeseses 16Sx Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson Lesson 164, 168. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170, 171, 17. 173. 174, 175. 176. 177. 178, 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184, 188. 186, 187. 188, 189. 190, 11. 192. 193. 194, ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘The present participle active in -of : Sie ‘The short conjugation: palato-dental (unvoiced) type .... 777 ‘The short conjugation: palato-dental (voiced) type ....... 781 ‘The dative absolute Seti sae eTen The debitive of Bit with a following noun ...-..--..--.. 792 ‘The short conjugation: -st type .....:ssssseseeeveeeess 197 The short conjugation: -st- type, alternation of e 802 ‘The short conjugation: -st- type, infinitives im -s7 .... $06 The shore conjugation: . Ee coru, ka mani svarid tev der >. Es domaju, ka vip’ ir dejotdjs vai dziedatijs. . Mas visi vinu ieredzam; vipS ir interesants un ari labs cilveks. . Vai jums ir kaut kas roki? . Tavs mils mica peld . Vai kids Sodien bija rudzu lauka? 5. Kur ir putns? - Es to neredzu 5. Kur ir tavi d8li? ~ To es nezinu . Tas ir Joti interesants ststs. . Vai kAds tagad dzivo jfisu nama? Kur ir maiznieka maiss? ~ Tas ir Seit. Vai tu Kida redz@ji pagalma? Bibliotekas nedrikst runat. . Grimatas nepardod pasta. . Aptiektiru labi ieredz, . Kur Seit var mazgit rokas? Vai jasu masina maksaja daudz naudas? Vai Seit pardod piparus un cikas galu? Strada, tapée ka grib pelnit naudu. Aptieka nepardod vinu ‘Vins mazgaja maéinu un tad baroja cilkas. . Aptiekars un rakstnieks lasija bibliotéka. |. Vai Austrilijt vienmér var peldét okeand? LESSON 22 ” 52, M&s lietoj4m vecu tulkojurma, kas nebija labs. 53. Ubaga bérni svilpoja un dejoja 54. Lai dzlvo mani draugit 535. Vig8 negrib tulkot zindtniskas gramatas. 56. “Vai ket drikst ubagot’”” man prasija vecs ubags. 57. Kapte tu aizcelo? Exercise 22e Translate into Latvian: |. When he threatened her, she was trembling, . She taught them to dance . T can’t stand tearful children. ‘My husband could not stop the car. The pastor’s son is a pharmacist. Does he live at his father’s or at his uncle's? . Tae teacher is teaching his pupils, Did he want something? 9. Why can't they atand the writer? 10. Tan’ sce very well; is it Paul or Arthur at the well? |. Have you anything in your cart? — Yes, a bag of rye and a bag of onions, 12, Did the butcher tell them anything 13, The horses trembled when they heard the wolves. 14, The gardener went to the pastor's place. 15, The farm-hand could not stop the horses when they saw the car, 16. We all esteem him. 17, The pastor has a fine library. 18, Do you know what suits him? 19, The teacher was threatening us again. 20. Where are the hens? - I don’t know... in the yard, or the garden, 21, Now you are trembling again! 22. Why did you swim in the lake early in the morning? 23, They are now in Russia or in England. 24, Some one is threatening my neighbour. 25. The begear threatened the baker. 26. Can people be taught to read scientific books?” 27, Do you know anything that suits everyone? 28. Some one is standing near the gate. 29. We cannot stop the sea or the winds, 30, What is the good of that? - No good at alll 31. I did not do that.98 LESSON 23 32. 1 think there is some one in the garden. 33. You are not allowed to whistle at school. 34. When did they travel away to the seaside? 35, There are many trees near the post office. 36, Will you sell me the apples which are in your cellar? 37, The horse had a long neck. 38, He thinks that hens have teeth. 39. We often feed the animals early in the morning. 40. [helped the gardener plant a few bushes. 41. Arthur has Jong fingers. 42. He never answers my questions. 43, What are you holding in your hand? 44, Butter, milk and cheese are sold in the shop. ~ Are cabbages and carrots, also sold there? 45, There are still lemons in a bag under the table. 46. Is there somebody in the house? 47. On the edge of the garden, the farmer was putting in some plants. 48, Here is the sugar for you, ~ That’s not sugar, that’s a bag of rice! LESSON 23 REVISION OF ADVERBS We have so far met the following adverbs: kur; tur; Se; Seit; kd; kad; tad; ari; tikai; Sodien; agri no rita: tagad; vel; vienmiér; vakar; aisvakar; Sorlt; ape; labi; sliktl; Jor; dauds; nedaudz; bie8t; driz; jau; reti; nekad; arcien; atkeal The following list contains a umber of new ones. Vocabulary ik (gen) how much, how many sik daudz (+yen.) so much, so many vairak (+gen.) more ‘maz (+gen.) litle, few mazék (+ gen.) less, fewer diezgan (+ gen.) enough dirusku or druscia (+ gen.) a litle Lasso 23 ” tain ox tit immediately fd or lauké outside Sr un tur here and there visur everywhere eka than ‘The following examples should make clear the use of these adverbs of quantity with following genitive, singular and plural Clle naudas jums ir? How much money have you? ik std tr area? How many plants are there in the garden? He has so much meat! He has so many friends Vipam ir tik daudz gajas! Vigam ir tik daudz draugu! Man ir vairdk naudas neka tev, Thave more money than you. ‘Mitsu plsttd ir vairah: nama neki There are more houses in our city su pilser. than in your city Mums ir (joti) maz sviesta, Team tr (Joti) maz ol We have (very) little butter. ‘The father has (very) few eggs. Mums tr mazak clna neka vigiem. We have less wine than they. Tigotdjam ir mazék zirgu neka ‘The merchant has fewer horses than salrniekam. the farmer, Val jms ir diezgan galas? Have you enough meat? Krlevifi nebijadiezgan skolu, There used not to be enough schools in Russia, Vipt man iedeva drusku (druscit) siera, He gave me a little cheese. Vied man iedeva drusku (druscip) rlsu. He gave me a little rice. Note particularly that drusku (druscin) can be used with a plural only when the noun is one normally used in the plural only, such as risi, milti, ete. Exercise 23a Decline in singular and plural; bédlgs sidsts; delfa aka; veca pilséta; vlss nams; mt.100 LEssoN 23, Exercise 236 Conjugate in the present and imperfect: . Es nezinu, kapec es gribu deiedit, Es bieti aizeju darba agri no rita . Es pardodu dbolus, Es Tietofu maisus. Es nerauda, kad esmu prieclgs, Es thru sav istabu. Es inal nepalldcu ‘Man ir maz draug ‘Mani fab iered. . Vina aizgdja bez manis Been aveene Exercise 23¢ Construe each of the nouns given in the second list below with each of the expressions given in the first list in turn, 1. (@) I have; (b) you (6.) have: (¢) he has; (4) she has; (@) we have; (f) you (pL) have; (g) they (a) have; (b) they (C) have, 2. Translation; gardener; song; hymn-book; neighbour; calf; gate: uncle; ‘cousin (im.); cousin (£); mame; well; yard; sister; leaf; paper; car; exercise; dish; bed; meadow; head; pig; meat; pepper: chair; sugar; vegetables; lettuce; onion; lemon; pork; shop; tomato; rice; flour; cheese; milk uestion; teeth; neck; fingers; hair; coat cart; rye; roof; house. Exercise 23d Put the sentences formed in Exercise 23c into the negative. Exercise 23e Translate into English: 1. Cik cilvékam ir zobu? 2. Cik Latvija ir pilseru? 3. Cik dziesmu skolniki jau zina? 4. Aptiekaram ir maziic grimatu nek& michjam, LESSON 23 101 5, Es nedomaju, ka man bank ir tik daudz naudas. 6. Pavilam ir vairak matu neka Artiram. 1. Krusttévs zina vairak veou dziesmu nek es 8. Tu prasi vairdk jautSjumu, nek es tev varu atbildét. 9. Angliit daivo daudz vairdk civéku nek Australi 10. Australija dzivo daudz mazak cilvéku neka Anglija. 11, Es negribu tik deudz pipara ~vikai drusku, 12, Man nav diezgan sviesta; vai tu nevari man sizdot drusku sviesta? 13. Ard aiz vartiem staveja ubags. 14, Stipra veja bérni nedrikst et lauka 15, Visur tagnd var redz8t tik daudz jaunu nama! 16, Tirgotajam Sodien ir Joti maz burkam. 17, Sorit pagraba jaw ir daude mazik vina neki vakar, bet vl ir diezgan, 18, Arsis tip aizeaja pie vioa 19, Kad es bi pls, es tit gBju pie arsta, 20, Sort seit ir maz clveku, 21. Sur un tur metos va ie vil 22, jam ir mazak lauku un plavu nek saimniekam. 23, Aptiekfrs pelnija mazik naudas neki tirgotdjs. 24, Maisa ir Joti maz oukura, 25. Vai jums ir rudzu diezgan? 26, Darzos tagad visur redz zalus stadus. 21. atbildét skolotajam. 28. ia dziesmas vardus, skolotajs vinai tOlin palfdzéja, 29, Joti maz. koku, un tikai Sur un tur ir za}i krami. 30, Kar ir tavs bralens? — Tur ard, aploka pie saviem zirgiem, 31. Sisu pilsetd visur redz skaistus dirzus un lielus namus. 32, Vai kadam ir vairtk détu neka viniem? 33, Vai jums ir diezgan papira? - 38, paldies. 34, Miesniekam bija tikai druscig cdkas gales. 35. Sur un tur aplokos kelpi jau baroja lopus. 136, Vai kads tev draudeja? 37, Anna apturéja savu mainu aiz bibliotékes. 38, Zem aptiekas bija liels pagrabs. 39. Es neieredzu dejotajus. 40, Vipas neieredz sav masiou. 41, Ko jils macat vipu meitam? 42, Vai tas ir tavs tel8? — Né, tas ir mana drauga te 43, BErniem neder vins 44, levas cimdi Annai neder. 43, Miesnieks iedeva dirzniekam galu, bet dlrznieks vipam nemaksdj 46. Es gribu tev mAcit kaut ko jaunu,102 = LESSON 23, 47, Mas t0llt apturejam maginu, 48. Ka jums iet, Ibi? 49, Es viniem prasiju, vai vipi draudéja manam d8lam. 50. 53. Meita drebéja, Kad t2vs viai draw 52. Kalps jautija macitajam, kur ir Afrika. 53, Ko vigas mazga pie akas? 54. Lidzu, ka es varu jums palidz&1? 55, Es dejoju biedi, bet Pavils dejo ret 56. Arl Anna arvien grib dejot 57. Meitas baroja lopus. Exercise 23f Translate into Latvian: 1, She thinks her husband now loves her less. 2. Have you enough cheese? - I have a little cheese, but not enough. 3. How many books are there in the library? 4, There were leaves everywhere. 5. When I went outside, I immediately saw my cart. 6. You have so many friends! 7. Here and there, there were wells. 8. He always gave his daughter very litle money. 9. There were many people in the house, but still more in the garden. 10. How many rooms are there in the baker’s house? LL, How many sisters has the butcher? 12. He is able to travel everywhere, because he earns 50 much. 13. Why doesn't your cousin (£) want to go outside this morning? 14, Thave enough wine, thank you. 15, He has very few hens, but many animals, 16. Don’t you want a lttle pepper’ ~ No, thank you. 17, Here and there on the way (cela) we saw wolves. 18, The pharmacist works more than the merchant. 19. The bank is now giving fewer losns. 20. Today we have less homework than yesterday or the day before, 21, In Russia there are more forests than in England or Australia: there are also lakes everywhere. 22, T use very little sugar. 23. How many questions did the pupil ask? 24, The shop-keeper sold more vegetables today than yesterday, 25, 26. 21. 28, 29. 30. 31. 32, 33, 34. 35, 36. 37. 38. 39. 41 2, 48, mM. 45. 4. 48 49, 50. 31. 82, 33. 54. 35, 56. 31, 58, 59. 61. 62, 6. 65. Lesson 23 103 1 gave him a lot of money, but he is still threatening me. 1 stopped the car at once. ‘There are enough beds in our house, but very few chairs. Why are there so many dishes on the table? This morning there are fewer people everywhere on the beach, ‘Oh dear, there is « wolf outside! She went outside and fed the animals immediately The translations are here, but they are not good. When the beggar asked me, I immediately gave him a bit of milk, ‘They lived here and there. I now read very little. Here and there 2 small hill could be seen. Why are there so many pastors in our city? Why is the teacher, who was well-liked, going away? Did you see anybody in the fields? Js that your house? ~ No, it belongs to my uncle. [was trembling, because I heard something behind the bushes. Our city is now without a pastor. Your coat did not fit me Someone is threatening me, but I do not know who itis. We could not stand the farmer’s daughter — she was very unkind. Now she is going away, and we all are very happy. He is teaching us the words of the song. I wanted to sell something, because I had no money. He stopped his car behind the post office. ‘The cart he wanted to sell did not suit me. Our teacher taught us many new words today. ‘The children trembled when their father threatened them, Begging is not allowed here. Only bad pupils whistle at school. The farmer moved away, because he wanted to live in Riga. He is translating the writer's book. asked the man where the pharmacy was. Children are never willing to wash their hands, He is a very quiet child, and rarely speaks In Africa there are many large lakes. ‘There is a deep well in the yard 1 saw a little child in the garden. | forgive only my friends. He gave me back the money this morning. He rarely tells an interesting story. ‘The girls were cleaning their rooms,04 LESSON 24 LESSON 24 DECLENSION OF FEMININE NOUNS ENDING IN -E ‘The most frequent type of feminine noun, after the type in -a, is the type ending in -¢, The paradigm of such a word, mate ‘mother’, is given below. Singular Plural Nom. mang mites Acc. mate mates Gen. mat-gs mii Dat. mat-ei miat-em Loc. mare mates It should be observed that the -e- of the terminations is everywhere closed. The similarity of this type of declension to the type in -a is obvious: with the exception of the accusative singular and the genitive plural, the pattern is identical, with -f- substituted for -a- Notice in particular the transformation of the final otem consonant in the genitive plural, With very few exceptions, the nouns of the -e type have a ‘modified consonant in this case. The simple consonant is replaced in the genitive plural by what is called a patatatizep consonant, The following table shows the palatalized equivalents of unpalatalized con- sonants, and should be very carefully studied: b becomes By ¢ becomes 4 becomes 1 becomes 7 m= — becomes mf n becomes og Pp becomes Bj s becomes 5 1 becomes 2 becomes of z becomes ‘The consonants of the second column, if they appear as the final stem con- sonant, remain unchanged as do the consonants f, g, and r. In older Latvian, + was regularly palatalized tor, but since the disappearance of the latter this palatalization no longer takes place. The words of the following vocabulary are all declined like mate, The genitive plural of each noun is given in brackets, Lesson 24 105 Vocabulary mate (mau) mother eurpe (kurpju) shoe apstule (ofstufu) letter puke (pubu) flower roze (rofu) rose oaigzne (zoaigzu) stat ssaule (sanju) sun pasaule (pasauu) world zeme (zemiu) earth, and ——_pele (peu) mouse saite (satu) lace, cord, sting bite (btu) bee Note the phrases surét sait@ and 1ur8t pie saites: both mean ‘to hold on a lead’. ‘The pronunciation egstule is often heard instead of epstule. Exercise 24a Decline in singular and plural: (a) Aurpe; véstule; puke; grimata; pele; rlkojums; es; tu (b) mana kurpe; visa véstule; balta puke; maza pele. Exercise 24b What consonants remain unaffected in the genitive plural of feminine -e nouns? Exercise 24e Conjugate the following verbs in the present and imperfect, marking the open (¢) and closed (¢) e-vowels: bit; redzét; dejot; dot. Exercise 2d Translate into English: 1. Man ir Joti maz papira. 2. Pasaul i ik daudz zemjut 3, Ak, mates kurpé ir pele! 4. Saimniekam nav bit 5. Ubagam nav kurpju. 6 Ak, pagraba ir dk daudz pelut 7, Darzi ir skaistas rozes, 8, ArtOrs nevar iet pie macltaja bez svarkiem. 9. Sodien veikala ir daudz rozu.106 10, . 12, 1. 14. 15. 16. 1. 18, 19. 20. 21. 23. 24, 25, 26. 0, 28, 29. 31. 32, 33 35, 31, 38, 39, 41 42, 43 45, 41. 49. LESSON 24 Skolnieks nezinaja, ka saule ark Mates véstules vienmer ir gares. Dejotajs bieti dejo bez kurpém. Dziedatajs val ir oti jauns, bet doma, ka vio’ jau i liela 2vaizzne! (Zraigene is here equivalent to the English star in the sense of celebrity.) Es nezinu, cik véstuju es vinai rakstlju, bet vina man arvien vél neatbild. Visis pasaules malls ir tirgotaji. Rozém seit nav diezgan saules. Darznieks stada pukes. Darznieks dom®, ka zem kriimiem dzivo peles. Tirgotajs turéja jaunu telu gard saité. Krievija ir Joti ele zeme, Mate rakstija vestuli Es lasiju, ka jisu zeme ir skaista, un ka tur ir daudz pubu. Kalps tur zirgu pie saites. Képée tu forit neaizgAii pie savas mates? ik tavas Kurpes maksaja? Pasaulé ir maz, labu rakstnicku, Mes nezinam, kas ir aiz zvaigzném. Sale aya ja ir az kalaiesn Masu zemé nav daudz bi8u. Ak, istabii ir bites! Mans krusttéys strada banka. Miacitajs turgja savu zireu saité ‘Anna neraksts garas véstules. Visas rozes ir pukes, bet vises pubes nav rozes. Meita tur telu saité, Man ir vairdk draugu neka jums; jums ir mazak draugu nek men. Yai tu vari man iedot druscin galas’? Vip’ man prasfa, vai man ir diezgan abot. Sur un tur varéja redz8t putnus, Skolotajs mums mica daudz.jaunu vardu. Kas tas ir? — Tas ir citrons. Vai visur Afrika ir lieli me¥i? - To es necinu. Vai kidam ir manas kurpes” ‘Tavi cimei man neder. Kam jis Sorit draud8jat? Tev ir vairak vina, bet mazik piena nek mums Saimnicks biedi strida ard darza. Lauka stavéja vecs ubags. ‘Australijé Sur un tur redz zales plavas, bet La Es vipam tilig iedevu drusku naudes. vaigzne jd zalas plavas redz visur. LEsson 24 107 Exercise 24e ‘Translate into Latvian: 1, There is more rice in the world than rye. 2. The sun is now behind the mountain, 3. On the beach, I always walk without shoes. 4. Mice live in cellars. 5. Why have you got so many cords? 6. The pharmacist’s mother lives in Riga. 7. Your letter was very interesting. 8. He is writing a long letter. 9. Can you hear the mice? 10. Black earth is always very good. 11, I saw a little mouse near the cheese. 12, Catbages have green leaves 13. Eve has no white shoes. 14, There was an old woman (mite) who lived in a shoe. She had so many children she didn’t know what to do. 15. Only unkind people do not help Ureir mothers 16, His mother always forgave him. 17, Beyond the stars are yet many worlds. 18. So many people live in the world now that the eaxth cannot feed (thern) all, 19. The mice also want to lve. 20. Why are you holding the pig on a lead? 21. [saw many mice in the enclosure this morning. 22. He is a good singer, but not a great star. 23, There are so many bees in the bush! 24, My mother is Uncle Paui’s sister. 25. The shoes are old; they are useless. 26, How many legs has a bee?” 27. Her letter was very unkind. 28. There is «littl flour in the shop. 29, Oh dear, a bee is swimming in the wine! 30, The singer is a great star. 31. Why is the farm-hand still holding the horse on a lead? 32, The school-boy was holding the pastor’s horse on a lead. 33. There are often more flowers in the cities than in the fields. 34, 1 do not know how many roses there are in the world, but there are very many. 35. Does anyone want to write letters this morning? 36. We have very few flowers in our garden.