ETHICS:-

Definations:-
1. The branch of philosophy that deals with morality.
Ethics is concerned with distinguishing between good
and evil in the world, between right and wrong human
actions, and between virtuous and no virtuous
characteristics of people.

2. Ethics refers to standards of conduct, standards that

indicate how one should behave based on moral duties
and virtues, which themselves are derived from
principles of right and wrong

3. What stops a person from stealing? What is that little

voice born from conscience that halts a person in their
steps? Morals---our interpretation of right and wrong.
Morals are learned from an early age and help us
distinguish good conduct from bad, both in ourselves
and others. When these morals are lumped together
as a standard for society's behavior, they're called
ethics. A system of morals that are studied,
recommended and accepted by society is ethics.

TYPES OF ETHICS:-
Following are the major types of ethics
 Personal Ethics
 Applied Ethics
 Business Ethics
 Rathional Ethics
 Military Ethics

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PERSONAL ETHICS:-
Personal ethics refered as the rules by which an individual
lives his or her personel life.

APPLIED ETHICS:-
Applied ethics is a discipline of philosophy that attempts to
apply ethical theory to real-life situations.

BUSINESS ETHICS:-
Business ethics examines ethical principles and moral or
ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It
applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to
the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a
whole.

RATIONAL ETHICS:-
Relational ethics are related to an ethics of care.They are
used in qualitative research. Researchers who employ
relational ethics value and respect the connection between
themselves and the people they study, and "between
researchers and the communities in which they live and
work". Relational ethics also help researchers understand
difficult issues such as conducting research on intimate
others that have died and developing friendships with their
participants
MILITARY ETHICS:-

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Military ethics is a set of practices and philosophy to guide
members of the armed forces to act in a manner consistent
with the values and standards as established by military
tradition, and to actively clarify and enforce these conditions
rigorously in its administrative structure. Military ethics is
evolutionary and the administrative structure is modified as
new ethical perspectives consistent with national interests
evolve.

CODE OF ETHICS:-
A code is a statement of policies, principles or rules that
guides behavior. The set of dynamic principles derived
from the HOLY QURAN shall guide us are stated as
follow:-

 Express your opinion in a frank, open and a

straight forward manner. (SURA-E-
AHZAB, AYAT # 70)

 Not criticize another’s work without his

knowledge, nor malign or abjure his reputation.
(SURA-E-HIJRAT, AYAT # 12)

 Your advice should be based on the full

knowledge of facts and honest conviction. You
should not write in self, laudatory language or in
any manner derogatory to the dignity of

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 profession. (SURA-E- BANI
ISRAEL AYAT # 36)

 Help other in upholding and doing I.e. what is

right and shall not associate with those who
indulge in unethical practices.
(SURA-E MAHIDA AYAT # 2)

 ALLAH command you to renders back your trust

to those to whom they are due. You shall be
honest, faithful and just and shall not act in any
manner derogatory to honors, integrity and
dignity of others. (SURA-E- NISA AYAT
# 58)

COMMUNICATION:-
Acording to the HAROLD KONTZ:
It is no exagerration to say that the communication is the
means by which an organized activity is unified.

It may be lookd upon as the means of which social imputs

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are fed into social systems.(social defination)

Communication is a process of transferring information

from one entity to another. Communication is commonly
defined as "the imparting or interchange of thoughts,
opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs".
Although there is such a thing as one-way communication,
communication can be perceived better as a two-way
process in which there is an exchange and progression of
thoughts, feelings or ideas towards a mutually accepted goal
or direction.

Communications define as "sending, giving, or exchanging

information and ideas," which is often expressed nonverbally
and verbally.

Communication is transfer of information from a sender to

receiver with information being under stood by the receiver.

Communication is a learned skill. Most people are born

with the physical ability to talk, but we learn communication
skills by observing others people and modeling our behavior
based on what we see.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:-

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There are four major types of communication

VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language
and speaking. Language is said to have originated from
sounds and gestures. There are many languages spoken in
the world. The bases of language formation are: gender,
class, profession, geographical area, age group and other
social elements. Speaking is an effective way of
communicating and is again classified into two types
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Good verbal communication is an inseparable part of

business communication. In a business, you come across
people from various ages, cultures and races. Fluent verbal
communication is essential to deal with people in business
meetings. Also, in business communication self-confidence
plays a vital role which when clubbed with fluent
communication skills can lead to success.

PUBLIC SPEAKING:-
public speaking is another verbal communication in which
you have to address a group of people. Preparing for an
effective speech before you start is important. In public
speaking, the speech must be prepared according to the
type of audience you are going to face. The content of your
speech should be authentic and you must have enough
information on the topic you have chosen for public
speaking. All the main points in your speech must be
highlighted and these points should be delivered in the
correct order. There are many public speaking techniques
and these techniques must be practiced for an effective
speech.

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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION:-
Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of
communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body
motion. Creative and aesthetic non-verbal communication
includes singing, music, dancing and sculpturing. Symbols
and sign language are also included in non-verbal
communication. Body language is a non-verbal way of
communication. Body posture and physical contact convey a
lot of information. Body posture matters a lot when you are
communicating verbally to someone. Folded arms and
crossed legs are some of the signals conveyed by a body
posture. Physical contact, like, shaking hands, pushing,
patting and touching expresses the feeling of intimacy. Facial
expressions, gestures and eye contact are all different ways
of communication. Reading facial expressions can help you
know a person better.

CATAGORIES AND FEATURES:-

Non-verbal communicationcan be divided into four broad

categories:
PHYSICAL:-

This is the personal type of communication. It includes facial

expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell,
and body motions.
AESTHETIC:-

This is the type of communication that takes place through

creative expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing,
painting and sculpturing.
SIGN:-

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 This is the mechanical type of communication, which
includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns,
and sirens.

SYMBOLIC:-

This is the type of communication that makes use of

religious, status, or ego-building symbols.

STATIC FEATURES:-

Distance. The distance one stands from another frequently

conveys a non-verbal message. In some cultures it is a sign
of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the
intensity of the exchange.
Orientation. People may present themselves in various ways:
face-to-face, side-to-side, or even back-to-back. For
example, cooperating people are likely to sit side-by-side
while competitors frequently face one another.
Posture. Obviously one can be lying down, seated, or
standing. These are not the elements of posture that convey
messages. Are we slouched or erect ? Are our legs crossed
or our arms folded ? Such postures convey a degree of
formality and the degree of relaxation in the communication
exchange.
Physical Contact. Shaking hands, touching, holding,
embracing, pushing, or patting on the back all convey
messages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of
(or lack of) attraction.
DYNAMIC FEATURES:-

Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn,

and sneer all convey information. Facial expressions

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continually change during interaction and are monitored
constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the
meaning of these expressions may be similar across
cultures.
Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least
understood, cues is a hand movement. Most people use
hand movements regularly when talking. While some
gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings,
most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.
Looking. A major feature of social communication is eye
contact. It can convey emotion, signal when to talk or finish,
or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either
interest or boredom.

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:-
written communication is writing the words which you want to
communicate. Good written communication is essential for
business purposes. Written communication is practiced in
many different languages. E-mails, reports, articles and
memos are some of the ways of using written communication
in business. The written communication can be edited and
amended many times before it is communicated to the
second party to whom the communication is intended. This is
one of the main advantages of using writing as the major
means of communication in business activity. There are
some disadvantages of written communication i.e. it become
expensive; in this of communication relatively impersonal
nature is displayed there may be delay in the feedback.

VISUAL COMMUNICATION:-
The last type of communication out of the four types of

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communication is the visual communication. Visual
communication is visual display of information, like,
topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs.
Television and video clips are the electronic form of visual
communication.

COMMUNICATION TODAY:-
Modern day communication studies the role of citizenship in
a civil and democratic society, especially as related to the
freedom of speech. The 20th century has seen the field of
speech to include communication in the workplace, In
families, in mass media and advertising. Contemporary
student of communication draw on theories and practices
common in fields of anthropology, psychology, sociaolgy,
linguistic, semiotics and hetoric. The study of communication
today includes all forms of interpersonal, small group,
organizational, intercultural, international, public and mass

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communication. The field of communication cnsider how
people communicate as individuals in society and in various
culture.

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION:-
Over the years importance of commuication in organized
efforts has been recognized by many authors
ACCORDING TO CHESTER I BARNARD:-
Viewed communication as means by which people are linked
together in an organisation to achieve a common purpose
(chester I Barnad: fFunction of executives)
ESSENCE OF GROUP ACTIVITY:-
Indeed a group activity is impossible without communication
because cordination and synhronization can’t be
accomplished if our communication is not harmonized
FROM A PSYCHOLOGIST PROSPECTIVE:-
Psychologists have also been interested in communication.
They emphasize on human poblems that occur in the
comunication process of initiating, tranmiting and receiving
information. They have focused on the identification of the
barriers to good communication, especially those that involve
interpersonel relationship of people. Socilogists, information
theorists are also concentrated on the study of
communication network.

PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION:-
In it’s broadest sense, purpose of communication is to effect,
change, to influence action toward wlfare of people.
Communicatin is essential for internal functioning of
enterprises because it integrates the managerial function.

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Communication is especiaally needed to:
a. Establish and disseminate goals of enterprise
b. Develope plans for their achievement
c. Organize human and other resources in the
most effective and efficient manner.
d. Select, develop and appraise members of
organization.
2. Lead, direct, motivate and create a climate in which
people want to contribute.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ETHICS:-
Querries of ethics are aroused whenever we are
subjected to question like whether an action is in
acordance with the prescribed rule or code of
conduct. The importance of ethics are emphasized
and encouraged in every walk of life. Following are
the scenarios in which ethical standard should be
acknowledged.
 parents must decide how to deal with a child who
has been sent school from home for unruly
behaviour.
 Reseacher must decide whether to manipulate a
data just to bit in order to gain credit for an important
scientific breakthrough.
 The student must decide whether to say any thing
about a friend who has been cheating on final
examination.
 Question of ethics also come into play whenever a
public speaker faces an audience. In a factious

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 world all speakers are pious and honest and are
devoted but in real world evidential outcomes are
opposite sides of fence.for illustration, we
consolidate the example of adolf hitler who was
unquestionably a persuasive speaker. His oratory
galvonized German people and they start visualizing
him as an ideal leader but his aims were horrifying
and his tactics are despicable.
 It is an underlying fact that whether you re a
speaker in a class room or he courtroomor whether
you are participating in a business meeting or a
religious sevices, ethical issues are always
confronted and the person who is ethical would
always make the most appropiate decision.

FACTORS THAT RAISE ETHICAL

STANDARD:-
Following are the factors that cause an increase in ethical
standard.
 Public disclosure/publicity
 Inreased concern of well informed people.
 Government regulations.
 Inreased professionaism of business managers.
 Teaching of ethical values in business and other
schools and universities.

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NEED FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ETHICAL
BEHAVIOUR:-
It has become evident by way of some widely publicized
areas. In the light of his anaysis gellerman made several
suggestions such as following:
 Provide clear guideline for ethical behaviour.
 Teach ethical guidelines and their importance .
 Set up contros (for example, establish an audit
agency) that chek on illegal or unethical deeds.
 Conduct frequent or unpredictable audits.
 Punish trespassers in a meaningful way and make it
public so that it may dater others.
 Emphasize regularly that loyalty to the company
does not excuse improper behaviour or actions.

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BASIC ETHIC OF ISLAM:-

TRUTHFULNESS:-
Truthfulness is basis of all ethics and virtues. There is a
truth of words, a truth of action and a truth of attitude. It is not
enough for any individual what he says is true; he should
also act in accordance with what he believes to be true, and
his attitude ought to be in conformity with what he considers
to be true. How truthfulness can be the foundation of virtues
and a sure and effective means of keeping a person away
from evil is illustrated in a well-known hadith. It is reported
that a man came to the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.) and
confessed that he was addicted to so many vices like theft,
telling lies, drunkenness, and fornication. So he has arrived
with an earnest desire to be reformed and longs for his
advice how to get rid of his moral depravity. But at the same
time he asked for only one sinful habit what the Prophet
chose as the most heinous and promised to give it up. The
Prophet said: “Give up telling a lie.” The man promised to
abide by it scrupulously. During the following night he was
tempted to drink but it crossed to his mind “if the Prophet
asks me about my doings, I will have to tell the truth but
could I dare to tell him about my drinking and face him
without shame?” The very thought made him refrain from
drinking. Similarly when he was tempted to commit theft in
the darkness of the night, the idea of confessing it before the
Prophet made him to desist from committing theft. Likewise

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he did away with all his sinful doings. The next morning he
went to the Prophet and told him that he was lucky enough to
be relieved of all his sins merely by evading untruthfulness.
It is the truthfulness of people that leads them to God’s
forgiveness and favors and a great reward in the world
hereafter; only their truthfulness shall benefit them on the
Day of Reckoning.

INFLUENCES ON PERSONAL ETHICS:-

Personal ethics act as the foundation for your moral
compass; the internal guide that tells you what’s right and
wrong. They drive your actions and, to a certain extent, your
emotions, on a daily basis. But where do they come from?
And why do people who appear similar sometimes have
completely different sets of personal ethics?
You may not realize that the ethical principles you’ve built
your life on are not an established set of rules handed to you
at birth. They grow and develop with you over time and many
things influence how they’re crafted.

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FAMILY INFLUENCE PERSONAL ETHICS:-

While your parents can’t dictate your morality, they are

typically the first to voice and demonstrate ethical boundaries
for you. Most parents consider it one of their critical jobs to
instill a strong sense of right and wrong in their children.
When parents tell their children that stealing is wrong, they
are building a foundation for their child’s personal ethics.
How parents behave has a strong impact as well. Children
absorb the actions of their family, which contributes heavily
to their sense of morality.

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IMPACT PERSONAL ETHICS:-

Religious beliefs have a unique impact on personal ethics. In

general, religion allows people to accept an established set
of moral rules. By following these spiritual laws, people feel
they are behaving ethically. Religion often promises rewards
in the afterlife as motivation for following the “rules”.
Interestingly, religion can inspire all kinds of acts, including
violence. Some devout followers can come to embrace an
ethical code that allows for incredible cruelty to be done in
the name of a greater spiritual being.
CULTURE AFFECTS ETHICAL NORMS:-

Culture can dictate the ethical norms that people are used to
and come to expect. The culture you live in may impact your
ethical code more than you even realize, simply because it
surrounds you. The customs and traditions of the society you
inhabit become ingrained in your psyche, and the ethics of
the group are generally accepted. Racism, gender
discrimination and other forms of prejudice can become an

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accepted part of a person’s ethical standards when
surrounded by people who do it and allow it.
EXPERIENCE CAN AFFECT YOUR ETHICS:-

The events that happen in your life can also impact your
ethics. Emotion and personal understanding may cause a
powerful shift in beliefs. For example, many people claim to
be against the death penalty. However, if a loved one is
murdered, they may find themselves feeling differently when
looking into the eyes of the person responsible.

INTERNAL REFLACTION:-

Personal ethics are also developed by our feelings. When we

do something that is against our moral code, we feel bad,
guilty or ashamed. Likewise, when we do something that fits
into our ethical idea of “right” we feel good, proud or happy.
This causes a sort of immediate feedback for creating our
moral standards.

BASIS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION:-

 Seek to “elicit the best” in communications and
interactions with other group members.

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 Listen when others speak.
 Speak non-judgmentally.
 Speak from your own experience and perspective,
expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings.
 Seek to understand others (rather than to be “right” or
“more ethical than thou”).
 Avoid speaking for others, for example by
characterizing what others have said without checking
your understanding, or by universalizing your opinions,
beliefs, values, and conclusions.
 Manage your own personal boundaries: share only
what you are comfortable sharing.
 Respect the personal boundaries of others.
 Avoid interrupting and side conversations.
 Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all
members have relatively equal “air time” if they want it.

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GUIDELINE FOR ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION:-
There are five guidelines to assist you in communicating
ethically
 Be truthful. Statements that are misleading or untrue
should never be made. It is also not ethical to tell
partial truths or to exaggerate.
 Be sure to label opinions as opinions. Do not attempt
to convince anyone that something you merely believe
to be true is already a proven fact. Do the work;
research thoroughly and assure yourself that you aren't
just representing another person's opinion as your
own.
 Do not show bias. Understand that your own subjective
beliefs may come through in your writing. Even if you
are passionate in your opinions, ethics call for you to
be dispassionate in your presentation.
 Your communications should be easy to understand.
You should put down your thoughts clearly, so they are
simple to comprehend. Make sure that what you write
can be easily understood by the reader. Don't muddy
the waters by using convoluted sentences and all sorts
of hard-to-comprehend industry jargon.
 Credit your sources. Do not copy anyone's work. Most
people have the basic knowledge that they must use
quotation marks if they are using a direct quote from
another writer. Yet there are a number of people who
do not understand that they need to properly credit
other people's ideas as well. You are still cheating if
you paraphrase sentences and throw in a handful of
new words without crediting the author.

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ETHICS OF INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION:-
The principles governing communication, the right and wrong
aspects of it, the moral-immoral dimensions relevant to
Interpersonal communication are called the ethics of
Interpersonal communication.

In interpersonal communication, one person is speaking

while the other person is listening. Maintaining the correct
balance between the speaking and listening phases is one
part of the ethics of Interpersonal communication. One of
the most widely discussed ethical issues in communication is
the legitimacy of fear and emotional appeal. It is difficult to
determine how fear or emotions prevent certain
choices. The degree of criticism and praise is another
ethical matter that concerns Interpersonal communication. It
is vital to maintain an appropriate magnitude of both
elements during the communication. A dearth or an
overdose of either of the factors could result in unfavorable
consequences. Of course the principle of honesty on both
sides should be completely applied because any amount of
insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not
be prudent.

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COMMUNICATION AND ETHICAL ISSUES:-
Communication ethicaly in business area challenges you on
several levels.
LEGAL ISSUES:-
Legal consideration such as defamation an privacy are
concern in all organizations. Individual or the company can
be sued for defamation of the character. Although they are
legal issues but they are also ethical issues as they are
related to the basic principles of honesty and human dignity.
INVASION ON PRIVACY:-
Our laws protect individual privacy. Large data-bases credit,
marketing research firms and medical companies collect our
personal data that has greatly increased chances that our
private infrmation can become public.
HARRASMENT;-
It involve irritating or tormatin another person on repeated

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basis. It is a poor way of communicating feelings and violetes
respect for other.
PLAGIARISM:-
It is also an ethical issue. It invove taking the ideas from
other and presenting it as one’s own.such behavior is
unethical because it involve misrepresentation and denies
original author proper ackowledgement.

PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION:-
Questions of right and wrong arise whenever people
communicate. Ethical communication is fundamental to
responsible thinking, decision making, and the development
of relationships and communities within and across contexts,
cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical
communication enhances human worth and dignity by
fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal
integrity, and respect for self and others. We believe that
unethical communication threatens the quality of all
communication and consequently the well-being of
individuals and the society in which we live.
Following are the principles of ethical communication:-

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  Truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as
essential to the integrity of communication.
 Freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and
tolerance of dissent to achieve the informed and
responsible decision making fundamental to a civil
society.
 To understand and respect other communicators
before evaluating and responding to their messages.
 Promote access to communication resources and
opportunities as necessary to fulfill human potential.
 Promote communication climates of caring and mutual
understanding that respect the unique needs and
characteristics of individual communicators.
 Condemn communication that degrades individuals
and humanity through distortion, intimidation, coercion,
and violence, and through the expression of
intolerance and hatred.
 Be committed to the courageous expression of
personal convictions in pursuit of fairness and justice.
 Sharing information, opinions, and feelings when
facing significant choices while also respecting privacy
and confidentiality.
 Accept responsibility for the short- and long-term
consequences for our own communication and expect
the same of others.

GUIDELINE FOR ETHICAL WRITTEN AND

SPOKEN MESSAGE:-

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1 MESSAGE PURPOSE:-
Be sure that your message is in the best interset of
audience. Purpose of message should not include any
diisguised intentions that in anyway harm others
2 MAKE SURE GOALS ARE ETHICALLY SOUND:-
It is the responsibility of a speaker is to check that his/her
goals ar ethicaly sound.if you are to be a good
communicator, you can not scape assessing the ethical
soundness on your goals.
3 RESEARCH METHOD:-
All sources of information used as a research material
should be recent, reliable and unbiased.
4 SELECTION OF MATERIAL:-
Choosen information should communicate ideas fairly.
Sources must be representative of the information
available. Propaganda technique should be prohibited.
5 BE HONEST IN WHAT YOU SAY:-
There is a assumption in ethical communication that
“words can be trusted and people will be truthful”. Without
this assumption, there is no basis for communication, no
reason for person to believe any thing that another
persons says. It will make a bond of trust between
speaker and listener.

6 DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS:-
To much reliance should not be given to emotional

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appeals. Reasoning should be logical. There should no
distortion of information. Information should be accurate
and relevent.
7 USE OF LANGUAGE:-
Language employed should be easily understood by
listeners. Language should be concrete avoiding all
ambiguities, abstructions and slangs. Language should
display respect for listeners.
8 ETHICAL CONTEXT:-
Listener’s values. Feling and attitudes should be
considered in communication.

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ADVERTISING:-
Advertising is a form of communication used to influence
individuals to purchase products or services or support
political candidates or ideas. Frequently it communicates a
message that includes the name of the product or service
and how that product or service could potentially benefit the
consumer. Advertising often attempts to persuade potential
customers to purchase or to consume a particular brand of
product or service. Modern advertising developed with the
rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries.
ETHICAL GUEIDLINE FOR ADVERTISING:-
Following are the ethical guideline for advertising.
1. TRUTHFULNESS IN ADVERTISING:-
Some advertising is simply and deliberately untrue.
Generally speaking, though, the problem of truth in
advertising is somewhat more subtle: it is not that advertising
says what is overtly false, but that it can distort the truth by
implying things that are not so or withholding relevant facts.
To be sure, advertising has its own conventions and forms of
stylization, and these must be taken into account when
discussing truthfulness. People take for granted some
symbolic exaggeration in advertising; within the limits of
recognized and accepted practice, this can be allowable.
2. THE DIGNITY OF HUMAN PERSON:-
. Advertising can violate the dignity of the human person both
through its content (what is advertised, the manner in which
it is advertised) and through the impact it seeks to make

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upon its audience
Much advertising directed at children apparently tries to
exploit their credulity and suggestibility, in the hope that they
will put pressure on their parents to buy products of no real
benefit to them. Advertising like this offends against the
dignity and rights of both children and parents; it intrudes
upon the parent-child relationship and seeks to manipulate it
to its own base ends. Also, some of the comparatively little
advertising directed specifically to the elderly or culturally
disadvantaged seems designed to play upon their fears so
as to persuade them to allocate some of their limited
resources to goods or services of dubious value.
3. ACCOUNTABILITY:-
Advertisement techique should be reliable enough to be
scrutinized by any customer poduct magazine.
4. USE OF LANGUAGE;-
Prduct should be presented using clear and straight forward
language. Exaggerated claims should be avoided.
5. USE OF GRAPHICS:-
They should acurately depict product. Significant information
should not be in small print or placed in an unobtrusive spot.

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GUIDELINE FOR ETHICAL LISTENING:-
Communication is a two way process. Speaker has some
duties so listener has also some ethical responsibilities.

 BE COURTEOUS AND ATTENTIVE:-

Listeners have the responsibility to be courteous and
attentive during the communication. This responsibilty
is especially in speech important in speech class.
Student are in learning process so they need to
support each other.when you listen to speches in
class, give your fellow your students the same courtesy
and attention you want from them.
As you listen, be conscious of the feedback you are
sending the speaker. Maintain eye contact with your
speaker, show support and encouragement in your
facial expressions. Keep in mind the power you have
as a listener over the speaker confidence, execise that
power with strong sense of responsibility.
 AVOID PREJUDGING THE SPEAKER:-
You can’t judge a speech by the name, race,lifestyle,
appearance or rputation f the speaker. it is the of
listener to listen to th speaker before deciding whether

29
 to accept o reject what he or she saying. Listener aimis
to listen carefully to the speaker ideas to assess the
evidence and reasoning offered in support of these
ideas, and to reach an intelligent judgement about
about the speech.
 MAINTAIN THE FREE AND OPEN EXPRESSION OF
IDEAS:-
Speaker need to avoid name calling and other tactics
that can undermine free speech. So the listener have
an obligationto maintain the right of speaker to be
heard. It is important to keep in mind that ensuring a
person’s freedom to express his or her ideas do not
amply agreement with those ideas. listener can
disagree with the message entirely but still soupport
the skeaker’s right to express it.

CONCLUSION:-
We communicate our values and beliefs to others via verbal
and non-vebal communication. We are defined in the eyes of
others according to the way we behave. We have a
responsibility to act in ways that promote honesty and
fairness to maximize personal worth of each person. Ethical
people should speak out when something wrong is
portrayed. Often we know what’s right but we lack impetus or
collective feeling to act ethically.
I pray to ALMIGHTY ALLAH that he blessed us with an
ethical acumen and fotify us so much that we can shatter
unethical practices followed in our society.

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