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BETONULUI
1. ASPECTE GENERALE
In general, betonul este definit ca un material de constructie
compozit alcatuit din: Agregate, Ciment portland, Apa, si alti
constituenti, care se amesteca impreuna, se pune in opera, si
apoi se intareste in timp.
Cimentul
Cimentul Portland in amestec cu apa formeaz o past care
acioneaz ca o matrice de legatur pentru agregate.
Cimentul Portland poate fi asociat si cu alte materiale, cum ar fi
cenua de termocentral ori vulcanic.
Agregatele
Material granular, dedimensiuni variate, de origine naturala
sau artificiala, sub forma de nisip si pietris. Agregatele
resprezinta cca 75% din volumul unui amestec de beton.
Agregate naturale agregate de balatiera = provenite direct
din natura (nisip, pietris, balast de rau);
- agregate concasate = rezultate fie din
concasarea celor de rau, ori a unor roci
extrase din cariera.
Agregatele reciclate rezultate din concasarea unor betoane
mai vechi provenite din demolare.
Apa
Apa se amesteca cu componentele uscate (C +A) ceea
ce produce ca amestecul fluid format sa fie turnat (in
tipare/cofraje/santuri, etc), capatand forma dorita. In
timp acest amestec se intareste, parcurgand mai multe
faze pana capata consistenta unei roci solide, prin
hidratarea cimentului.
Aditivi
Substante, in general sub forma de solutie,
care se adauga in timpul prepararii
betonului pentru satisfacerea unor cerinte
particulare:
- intarzaierea inceperii prizei betonului;
- accelerarea intaririi betonului;
- cresterea impermeabilitatii betonului;
- cresterea lucrabilitatii betonului;
- introducerea de bule microscopice de aer
in masa betonului, etc.
Apa
(17%)
Aer
(1%)
Aditivi
(0,5%)
Adaosuri
(2,5%)
Agregate
(70%)
Tehnologia Betonului
La modul general - Tehnologia defineste stadiul la un moment dat
al cunostintelor omenesti in legatura cu metodele, tehnicile,
instrumentele prin care diversele resurse disponibile sunt
transformate pentru a produce bunuri, a rezolva diverse probleme in
vederea satisfacerii necesitatilor oamenilor.
In acest context, Tehnologia se refera la: metode de munca,
abilitati, procese de munca, tehnici de fabricare/prelucrare, scule,
echipamente, utilaje, materii prime.
Termenul - Tehnologie provine de la termenul grecesc
technologa = compus din tchn - insemnand "arta, meserie,
indeletnicire", si logos - insemnand stiinta/studiul a "
Tehnologia betonului se refera la acel corp/domeniu de
cunostinte si metode asociate cu proiectarea amestecurilor de
beton, punerea in opera a betonului si mentenanta structurilor din
beton.
2. CLASIFICAREA SI PROPRIETATILE
BETONULUI
2.1. Clasificare in functie de Varsta Betonului
a. Beton proaspat = faza in care betonul este un material
(Adam Neville)
albine, beton.
F=USv
L
v
S
U = tg a
U = tg a
a
a
a) Newton type liquid
SV
L
SV
L
b) Bingham type liquid
Msurarea Lucrabilitii/Consistenei
(conform Code de Practic NE 012/1-2007 and other international standardsex. BS 1881, part 2/1970)
Tasarea
(mm)
Msura
lucrabilitii
S1
10 - 40
Foarte redus
Redus
S2
50 90
Medie
S3
100
150
Mare
S4
160 210
Foarte mare
S5
220
Fluid
Domeniu de utilizare
Drumuri vibrare mecanic
Betoane masive n fundaii
Transport cu autobasculante, bene
Up to 125 mm
25 - 50 mm
Up to 150 mm
150 - 255 mm
True Slump
Shear
Collapse
3. BETONUL NTRIT
Cele mai importante proprieti ale betonului ntrit sunt:
porozitatea (compactitatea), densitatea, rezistena
mecanic, durabilitatea, rezistena la nghe-dezghe,
durabilitatea,etc.
3.1 Porozitatea reflect volumul de goluri din unitatea de
volum (p):
- Betoane Compacte: p = 1 7 % (pentru elemente structurale);
- Betoane Semi-compacte: p = 7 20 %
- Betoane Macroporice: p = 20 40 %
- Beton Celular Autoclavizat: p = 40 75 %.
Clase de rezisten
la compresiune
(beton greu i
normal)
Rezistena caracteristic
C 8/10
10
C 12/15
12
15
C 16/20
16
20
C 20/25
20
25
C 25/30
25
30
C 30/37
30
37
C 35/45
35
45
C 40/50
40
50
C 45/55
45
55
C 50/60 C 100/115
50100
60115
minim pe cilindri
fck,cil
N/mm2
Rezistena
caracteristic
minim pe cuburi
fck,cub
N/mm2
Denumirea
clasei
Descrierea
mediului nconjurtor
Exemple
informative
XO
XC2
XC3
Umiditate moderat
XC4
Alternana umiditii
i uscrii
Denumirea
clasei
Descrierea
mediului
nconjurtor
Exemple informative
Umiditate moderat
XD2
XD3
Alternana umiditii cu
uscarea
Denumirea
clasei
Descrierea
mediului
nconjurtor
Exemple informative
Expunere la aerul ce
vehiculeaz sruri
marine, ns nu sunt n
contact direct cu apa de
mare
XS2
Imersate n permanen
XS3
Denumirea
clasei
Descrierea
Exemple informative
mediului nconjurtor
XF2
Saturaie moderat cu
ap, cu ageni de dezghe
XF3
Denumirea
clasei
Descrierea
mediului
nconjurtor
Exemple informative
6. Atac Chimic
XA1
Mediu nconjurtor cu
agresivitate chimic slab
conf. Tabel 2/SR EN 206 - 1
XA2
Mediu nconjurtor cu
agresivitate chimic
moderat conf. Tabel 2/SR
EN 206 - 1
XA3
Mediu nconjurtor cu
agresivitate chimic intens
conf. Tabel 2/SR EN 206 - 1
Denumirea
clasei
Descrierea
mediului
nconjurtor
Exemple informative
7. Abraziune
XM1
Abraziune uoar
Pardoseli industriale/Parcri
pentru vehicule cu pneuri
XM2
Abraziune mare
Pardoseli industriale/Parcri
pentru vehicule i incrctoare
cu pneuri
XM3
Pardoseli industriale/Parcri
pentru vehicule pe enile
Clincher ciment
- Silicat Tricalcic
- Silicat Bicalcic
- Aluminat Tricalcic
- Feroaluminat Tetra
calcic
Other constituents
Magnesia, Alkalis,
Calcium Sulphate, etc
Compozitie
Abreviere
Denumir
e
Presc
3CaOSiO2
2CaoSiO2
3CaOAl2O3
C3S
C2S
C3A
Alit
Belit
Celit I
4CaoAl2O3Fe2O3
C4AF
Celit II
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
4073%;
235%;
118%;
220%;
Concluzii
- Cu ct cimentul are mai mult Alit (C3S) i este mai fin
mcinat cu att viteza de ntrire este mai mare;
cu att exotermia crete n timpul hidratrii
(cu posibile influene negative n ceea ce privete
omogenitatea/fisurarea betonului).
- CEM I
- CEM II
- CEM III
- CEM IV
Ciment Portland
Ciment Portland Compozit
Ciment Portland cu Cenusa de
termocentrala (ciment de furnal)
Ciment Puzzolanic (localitatea
- CEM V
Ciment compozit
Dupa cifrele romane se introduc literele A, B sau C
94%
64%
89%
64%
pentru
pentru
pentru
pentru
tipurile
tipurile
tipurile
tipurile
principale
principale
principale
principale
II
III
IV
V
b)B
65 20 45 20 -
79%
34%
64%
38%
pentru
pentru
pentru
pentru
tipurile
tipurile
tipurile
tipurile
principale
principale
principale
principale
II si III
III
IV
V
c)C
5 - 19% pentru tipurile principale III;
Rezistena cimentului
(Table 2)
EN 196-1.)
- Clasa 32,5;
- Clasa 42,5;
- Clasa 52,5.
Compression Strength
(M Pa)
Clasa
de
Rezisrena Rezisten iniial
2 zile
7 zile
32,5 N
16,0
32,5 R
10,0
42,5 N
10,0
42,5 R
20,0
52,5 N
20,0
52,5 R
30,0
Rezisten Standard
Timp de
priz
(min)
28 zile
32,5
52,5
75
42,5
62,5
60
52,5
45
Notarea Cimentului
Cimenturile se vor defini prin precizarea urmtoarelor caracteristici:
b) Cantitatea de apa
Prin cantitate, apa influenteaza atat proprietatile betonului
proaspat cat si a celui intarit
D.p.d.v. chimic cantitatea minima de apa corespunde
raportului mediu A/C = 0,36 (asigura maximum de
compactitate si rezistenta la compresiune, dar nu si
lucrabilitate).
Astfel, tinand cont de: forma si tipul cofrajelor, densitatea
armaturilor, echipamentul de vibrare, forma si tipul
agregatelor:
- Potrivit NE 012/1997 A/C = 0,45 0,65.
surface
NOTES:
1. USUALLY: b/a 0,66; c/a 0,33;
2. In a mixture of two aggregates, one angular, the other
rounded, in varying proportions increasing the proportion
of rounded particles decreases the proportion of
voids.
When all the pores in the aggregate are full with water it is
said to be saturated and surface dry = Absorbtion.
Dry aggregate will tend to become saturated (to absorb
water from cement paste will reduce workability).
4.3.4. Moisture Content of Aggregate
Sieve sizes
Basic set
Basic set + 1 mm
Basic set + 2 mm
5,6 (5)
6,3 (6)
10
11,2 (11)
12,5 (12)
14
16
16
16
20
22,4 (22)
31,5 63
31,5 (32)..45..63
31,5 (32)..40..63
- Continue;
- Placed between two standard grading curves provided
by standards specifications. (The curves are different
for different D=maximum size).
NOTES:
1. Sometimes, discontinuous grading curves are permitted
(based on economical reasons)
Good Grading
- The curves most commonly referred to as a basis for mix
design are those provided by NE 012/1-2007 based on EN
206-1/2000.
- Four curves are shown for each maximum size of aggregate,
but usually practical gradings are likely to lie in the vicinity
of these curves.
- Curve No.3/5: represents the coarsest grading.
Such a grading can be used for mixes with a low W/C ratio.
It is workable but it is necessary to make sure that
segregation does not take place.
- Curve No.1/2: represents a fine grading.
It is cohesive but not very workable, requiring a good
compaction.
Requires a higher Water content this will produce a lower
strength unless an increasing of Cement quantity will be
engaged.
Treceri (vol %)
80
77
65
62
60
62
53
40
42
47
38
37
28
29
23
20
15
8
2
0
0
0.125
0.25
18
5
30
30
14
8
0.5
16
31.5
1
2
3
4
5
Defavorabila
Utilizabila
Favorabila
Favorabila pentru compozitie granulometrica discontinua
Defavorabila
80
76
Treceri (vol %)
74
62
60
60
56
49
40
34
20
20
42
36
32
30
30
30
21
18
12
8
3
0
0
0.125
0.25
0.5
16
1
2
3
4
5
Defavorabila
Utilizabila
Favorabila
Favorabila pentru compozitie granulometrica discontinua
Defavorabila
AGGREGATE PRODUCTION
CRUSHERS
Jaw
Gyratory
Cone
Roll
Specialty
JAW CRUSHERS
Rock flows into the space between two
vertical jaws. One jaw is stationary.
The other jaw moves in an ellipticaldownward motion toward the
stationary jaw while crushing, and
then upward and away from the
stationary jaw allowing the crushed
material to exit.
JAW CRUSHERS
Moves in an
ellipticaldownward
motion
toward the
stationary
jaw while
crushing
JAW CRUSHERS
JAW CRUSHERS
Jaw crushers
are primary
units, that
receive
material
directly from
the quarry.
GYRATORY CRUSHER
Has a
gyrating
mantle
mounted
within a
deep
bowl.
GYRATORY
CRUSHER
GYRATORY CRUSHER
Gyratories
are used
as
primary
or
secondary
units.
CONE CRUSHER
A shorter head
Smaller receiving opening
Higher rotation speed
Cone smaller
receiving opening
Gyratory
ROLL CRUSHERS
ROLL CRUSHERS
SPECIALTY CRUSHERS
BALL MILL
Ball mills use steel balls to
produce fine material
BALL MILL
SCREENING
Screens are use to:
SCREENING
The screening process is based upon
the premise that:
SCREENING
Screens consists of 2, 3, or 4 decks (layers) of
open mesh screen wire cloth mounted one above
the other in a rectangular box.
MESH
The term mesh
refers to the
number of openings
per linear inch.
(in USA)
MESH
CLEAR OPENING
Clear opening or space is the
distance between the inside edges of
two parallel wires.
5. MIX DESIGN
The concrete mix design is a process of selecting
suitable ingredients and determining their quantities that
will produce, as economically as possible, concrete that
satisfies the job requirements, such as:
- minimum compressive strength,
- workability
- durability, etc.
Grade designation;
Cement Type and Quantity;
Maximum size of the aggregates;
Minimum water cement ratio;
Workability;
Durability.
SPECIFICATION OF CONCRETE
The specifier of the concrete shall insure thet all the
relevant requirements (mixing, transportation, placing,
compaction, curing and other treatments) for concrete
properties are included in the specification given to the
producer, such as:
- application of the fresh/hardened concrete;
- curing conditions;
- dimensions of the structure (heat development);
- environmental actions to which the structure is exposed;
- cover to reinforcement;
- minimum section width, maximum aggregate size, etc;
2. Classical Approach:
Preliminary mix;
Laboratory trial - mix;
Working (full scale) mix.
Computing steps:
1. Establish the water quantity (W), by taking into
account:
- the desired concrete strength,
- the required workability
- the nature of aggregate.
For a variable aggregates diameter and the use of
additives the water quantity can be corrected by
cumulating.
2. Get the water/cement ratio (W/C) - by using the
standards, taking into consideration the concrete class
the cement type, and also the exposure class (ex. Table
F 1.1.).
There are made several corrections if the concrete is
thermally treated.
(kg / m3concrete)
1000dm
3
Gag
ag
C
W a Gag = ag (1000 C/c W a)
c
G ij
p j pi
100
G ag (kg / m3concrete)
Where:
C new
Wnew
W
C
G agnew
beff b
Wnew Cnew
2
C. Working mix
comes from the laboratory mix, by correcting it with the
real aggregates humidity.
G ij
u ij G ij
100
(l / m concrete)
Concrete Specification
Ciment
Tip
Bet
on
Clasa
Tip
C20/
25
II AS
Min
280
Adaos(CT)
Aditiv
a/c
Doz
aj
Tip
Dozaj
Tip
Dozaj
fmax
350
42.5
R
Dynamon
Easy21
1.00%
T
cm
max
folos
10
11
12
max
16
0.6
0
Red.
Apa
S4
XC3
Exp
uner
e
15%
Red
us=
0.5
5
0.55
Sieve analysis
Sita
Granulometrie
diametru (mm)
0-4
4-8
8-16
40.000
100.00
100.00
100.00
31.500
100.00
100.00
100.00
25.000
100.00
100.00
100.00
20.000
100.00
100.00
100.00
16.000
100.00
100.00
98.89
12.500
100.00
100.00
72.38
8.000
100.00
99.77
23.59
4.000
99.61
29.37
0.97
2.000
83.69
1.64
0.64
1.000
71.53
1.39
0.55
0.500
59.96
1.30
0.51
0.250
28.66
1.11
0.48
0.125
7.39
0.80
0.45
0.063
1.14
0.59
0.42
0.010
0.00
0.00
0.00
48%
12%
40%
8.00%
0.00%
0.00%
Amestec
Umiditate agregat
100%
Tipt agregat
Preliminary mix
Apa=A=
192.50 kg
A= C x a/c =
189.00 l
Aditiv kg/mc
3.78 kg/mc
Aditiv l/mc
3.50 l/mc
Aer calculat ( l)
20.00 l/mc
1,821.00 kg
1,821.00 kg
350 kg
Apa
189 l
Aditiv
3.50 l/mc
Apa in
agregat
3.78 kg/mc
Dozaj la mc
350 kg
5.25 kg
119 l
1.79 l
3.50 l
3.78 kg
0.0525 l
0.0567 kg
Agregat:
1,821 kg
70
1,891 kg
28.36 kg
0-4
874 kg
70
944 kg
14.16 kg
4-8
219 kg
219 kg
3.28 kg
8-16
728 kg
728 kg
10.93 kg
0 kg
0 kg
0.00 kg
0 kg
0 kg
0.00 kg
Total:
2,364 kg
2,364 kg
MIXER TYPES
Freefall mixers
Tilting mixers
Reversible mixers
Power mixers
Pan mixers
Trough mixers