CHAPTER 4

MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIER

Hybrid model
Hybrid
B

ib

rx
r

ib

ro = rce

Transconductance
Transconductance
parameter

ro

Currentgain
parameter

rx :basespreadingresistance,rbb
bb (40 400)
r :dynamicjunctionresistance

T
V
r =
ICQ

ICQ
gm =
VT

r =
gm

R i off single-stage
Review
i gl t g amplifier
lifi
y Common Base (CB)
( )

Small-signal
Small
signal
equivalent
circuit

Review of single-stage
g
g amplifier
p
Sm
mall-sign
nal
equivalen
e
nt
circuit

y Common Emitter (CE)

Review of single
single-stage
stage amplifier
y Common Collector (CC)
( )

Small-signal
equivalent
circuit
5

M lti t
MultistageAmplifier
A lifi
y Multistageamplifierconsistsoftwoormore
Multistage amplifier consists of two or more

amplifierscascadedorcascodedtoforma
single amplifier with the desired characteristic
singleamplifierwiththedesiredcharacteristic
y IndiscreteformitcouldbeBJTBJT,BiFET,FET
FET or some other combinations
FETorsomeothercombinations
y InICdesignitsalwaysbeacombinationsof
singletypeoftransistors
i l t
ft
it

Purposesofmultistage
1. Increasingthegainbeyondthesingle

g
p
g
stageamplifiergain
2. Modifyingtheimpedanceparameter

Type of Multistage Amplifiers

TypeofMultistageAmplifiers
1 BJT
1.
BJTBJT
BJT cascadeorcascodeforpre
cascade or cascode for pre

amplifiers
2 BiFET cascadeforagoodlinearamplifier
2.
cascade for a good linear amplifier
3. Darlingtonpair forahighcurrentgain
amplifier
lifi
4. DifferentialAmplifier forgoodCMRRat
theinputofthesystem

Coupling
p g
y
y

Purpose:Thecircuitryusedtoconnecttheoutputofone
stage to the input of the next stage in multistage amplifier
stagetotheinputofthenextstageinmultistageamplifier
Typesofcoupling:
1. Capacitivecoupling/RCcoupling
Adv toblocktheflowofdccurrent
Disadv Itaffectsthelowerfrequencyresponseofthe
amplifier
p
2. Directcoupling
Adv reductioninthenumberofcomponents
3 Transformercoupling
3.
Transformer coupling
Adv lowpowerdissipation
Disadv poorfrequencyresponsecharacteristics
4. Opticalcoupling

Cascade Connections
CascadeConnections
y Cascadeconnectionsprovidesstagesinseries
Cascade connections provides stages in series

whichisapopularconnection.
y Theoutputofoneamplifierstageisconnected
The output of one amplifier stage is connected
totheinputofanotheramplifierstages.
y Thereare2types:
Th
2t
1.BJT&BJT
2.BiFET
10

Multistage Amplifier (RC coupling)

MultistageAmplifier(RCcoupling)
Given:1=2 =150,VA=,VT =26mV,VBE =0.7V
20V

33K

2K0

33K

2K0
Co
Vo

1K0

Cc1
Q1

Vs

11

15K

820R

Q2

CE1 15K

820R

CE2

DC analysis
DCanalysis
CheckforR
E 10R2
RE =150(820)=123k and
10R2 =150k
150k
unsatisfiedcondition
useexactapproach

12

DCanalysis(contd)
VTH1

R2
VCC = 6.25 V
=
R1 + R 2

R TH1 = R1 R2 = 33k 15k = 10.31k

VTH1 VBE
= 41.38 A
IB1 =
R TH1 + ( + 1)RE

IC1 =
IB1 = 6.207mA = IC2
VT (150)(26 mV )
r =
=
= 628.32
ICQ
6.207mA
13

AC
ACequivalentcircuit
i l t i it
Ib1

1k

Ib2

Vi1

Vo1 Vi2

VS
33k
||15k

r1

1st stage

14

1Ib1

2k

Vo2

2Ib2

33k
||15k

r2

2nd stage

2k

AC analysis
ACanalysis

Vo11 = 1Ib1 2k 33k 15k r22

1st stage

2nd

stage

Vi1 = r11Ib1

Vo1 1 2k 33k 15k r2

A v1 =
=
= 109.1
Vi1
r1

Vo2 = 2Ib2
b (2k )

Vo2 2 (2k )
=
= 477.5
A v2 =
Vi2
r

Total gain
15

Vi2 = r2Ib2

A vT = A v1 A v2 = 52095.25
GvT = 20log10 A vT = 94.3 dB

Multistage Amplifier (Direct coupling)

MultistageAmplifier(Directcoupling)
Given:1=2 =100
assume:ro =
R1
180K

+20V
R3
8K

R4
6K
Vo

Cc
Q1

Vs

16

R2
15K

RE1
1K0

Q2

CE1

RE2
2K0

CE2

DCanalysis
VTH1
1st stage

R2
=
R1 + R 2

R TH1 = R1 R2 = 180k 15k = 13.85k

VTH1 VBE
IB1 =
= 7.31A IC1 = IB1 = 0.731mA
RTH1 + ( + 1)RE1
1 VT (100)(26 mV
V)
r1 =
=
= 3.56 k
0.731mA
IC1
IE2 =

2nd stage
17

CheckforRE 10R2
RE =100(1k)=100k
( )
and
10R2 =150k

VCC = 1.54 V unsatisfiedcondition

useexactapproach
use exact approach

VCC IC1R3 VBE

= 6.73mA
RE2

IC2 IE2 = 6.73mA

2 VT (100)(26 mV )
r2 =
=
= 386.33k
IC2
6.73mA

AC equivalent circuit
ACequivalentcircuit
Ib2

Ib1

Vi1

Vo1 Vi2
r1
Ib1

1st stage
g
18

Vo2
r2

Ib2

2nd stage

ACanalysis
y
Vi1 = r1Ib1

Vo1
A v1 =
Vi1

Vo1 = [R3 r2 ]Ib1

A v1 =

Vo2
A v2 =
Vi2

[R3 r2 ]
r1

(100)[8k 386.33k]
3.56k

Vi2 = r2Ib2

Vo2 = R 4Ib2

(
R4
100)6k
A v2 =
=
= 1.55
r22
386.33k
19

A vT = A v1 A v2 = 341.25

= 220.16

Exercise 1
Exercise1
Forthecircuitinfigurebelow,obtainAv1 andAv2.Assumefor
bothtransistors:=100,VBE=0.7V,ro =

20

Exercise2
Forthecircuitinfigurebelow,obtainAv1,Av2.
Assumeforbothtransistor:=100,VBE=0.7V,ro =

21

BIFET amplifier
BIFETamplifier
y AcombinationofbipolarandFET
p
y Theseamplifiersaredesignedtoexploitthe

mostdesirablecharacteristicsofeach
most
desirable characteristics of each
devicesuchastheverylargeinput
impedance of FET and the large voltage
impedanceofFETandthelargevoltage
gainoftheBJT

22

Example: BIFET amplifier

Example:BIFETamplifier
FigureshowsanEMOSFETamplifiercoupledtoaCEamplifierconfiguration.
The parameters are as follows: VT =3V,V
Theparametersareasfollows:V
3 V, VGSQ =6.2V,k
6.2 V, k =0.55mS,
0.55 mS, 2 =100and
100 and
VBE =0.7V.Determine:
i)
Draincurrent(ID)andcollectorcurrent(IC)
ii)
Inputimpedance,Zi
iii)
Outputimpedance,Zo
iv)
Theoverallvoltagegain,AVT
rbbverysmallandrce=

23

DC analysis
DCanalysis
ID = k(VGSQ VT )2 = 0.55m(6.2 3)2 = 5.63mA
1st stage

VD = VDD IDRD = 24 5.63m(3.3k

5 63m(3 3k) = 5.42V
5 42V
VE2 = VD VBE = 5.42 0.7 = 4.72V
VE2 4.72
4 72
IE2 =
=
= 4.72mA
RE2
1k

2nd stage

IC = IE2 = 4.72mA

(VT ) (100)(26m)
=
= 550.85
r2 =
IC
4 72m
4.72m
g m = 2k (VGS Q VT ) = 2(0.55m)(6.2 3) = 3.52mS
24

ACanalysis
y

acequivalentcircuit

Ib

ii)
iii)

Z i = 6.8M//10M = 4M
Z o = 3.9k
Vi2 = Ib r + Ie RE2 = Ib r + IbRE2 = Ib (r + RE2 )
Zb =

i )
iv)

25

Vi2
= r + RE2 = 550.85 + (100)1k = 100.55k
Ib

Av 1 =

g V (3.3k//100.55k)
Vo1
= m gs
= 11.25
Vi1
Vgs

Av 2 =

I (3.9k)
(3 9k) 100 (3.9k)
Vo2
(3 9k)
= b
=
= 3.88
Vi2
Ib Z b
100.55k

Av T = Av 1 Av 2 = 11.25 (3.88) = 43.65

Exercise3
FigureshowsaDEMOSFETamplifiercoupledtoaCEamplifierconfiguration.
Theparametersareasfollows:VP = 4V,IDSS =10mA,2 =200andVBE =0.7V.
D
Determine:
i
i)
Draincurrent(ID)andcollectorcurrent(IC)
ii)
Inputimpedance,Zi
iii)
Output impedance Zo
Outputimpedance,Z
iv)
Theoverallvoltagegain,AVT
20V

5K6

2K2
C4
Vo

1k

C1

Q1

Q2
10K0

Vs

26

3M3

680R

C2

820R

C3

CascodeConnections
y Acascodeconnectionhasonetransistorontopof

anotherwhereacommonemittertransistordrivesa
commonbasetransistor.
y Itisdesignedtoprovideahighinputimpedancewith
lowgain.
y Itprovideswidebandwidthandsuitableforhigh
It
id
id b d idth d it bl f hi h
frequencyamplifiers.

27

C
CascodeAmplifier(CECBconfiguration)
d A lifi (CE CB
fi
ti )
+15V
R1
47k

RC
2.7k
Cc

CB1

Q2

Vo

Q1

Vs

28

R2
8.2k

R3
15k
+15V

RE1
1k

CE1

R4
15k

CB2

RL
10k

AC
ACequivalentcircuit
i l t i it
gm2V2

Vo2
+
V1

gm1V1

r1

V2

r2

Zin

Zout

1st stage
t
29

2nd stage

ACanalysis
y
KCL equation
ti
att node
d E2 :

V1 = Vs
V2
g m1 Vs =
+ g m2 V2
r2
r2
g m1 Vs
V2 =
1 + 2

Solving for voltage, V2 :

where

2 = g m2r2

Vo = (gm2 V2 )(RC RL )
r2
(RC RL ) Vs
Vo = g m1g m2
1 + 2

Small-signal
voltage gain :

30

Av =

r
Vo
= g m1g m2 2 (RC RL )
Vs
1 + 2

r22
2
g m2
=
1

1 + 2 1 +2

A v gm1 (RC RL )

Exercise4
Figure showsacascodeamplifier.Giventhat1 =2 =3 =150,VT =26mV
andthecurrent,IE,flowingthroughresistorRE is2mA.Withreferenceto
the diagram, draw its small signal equivalent circuit and compute the
thediagram,drawitssmallsignalequivalentcircuitandcomputethe
+15V
following:
i)Inputimpedance,Zin
ii)Outputimpedance,Zout
R
R
47k0
3k9
iii)Overallvoltagegain,AVS
1

10 F

VO

10 F
Q2

rbbverysmallandrce=
rbb
very small and rce =
RS
600R

RL
10k0

R2
33k0
10 F
Q1

Zout

Vs
R3
15k0

31

Zin

RE
1k0

IE

100 F

Darlington Pair
DarlingtonPair

32

Apairofsimilartransistors
whichtheircollectorsaretied
hi h h i
ll
i d
together
Emitter of one transistor directly
Emitterofonetransistordirectly
joinedtothebaseoftheother
Commerciallymountedina
singlepackagethathasonly
l
k
h h
l
threeleads
super
superbeta
betatransistor
transistor

IC
IC1
IC2
IB
IB2= IE1
IE

Darlington Pair (cont)

DarlingtonPair(cont)
IC = IC1 + IC2 ...........(1)
IC1 = 1IB1 ............(2)

IC

IC2 = 2IB2 = 2IE1 = 2 (1 + 1)IB1 .............(3)

IC1
IC2
IB
IB2= IE1
IE

Substitute(2)and(3)into(1)
IC = 1IB1 + (21 + 2 )IB1
IC
= DP = 1 + 12 + 2 12
IB1

since

12 1 + 2

DP 12
33

ac equivalent circuit
acequivalentcircuit
V1 = Iir1
V2 = (Ii + 1Ii )r2

Ii
+
gm1V1

V1

g m11 V11 = g m11Iir11 = 1Ii

+
V2
-

gm2V2

g m2r2 = 2

Io = g m1 V1 + g m2 V2 = 1Ii +2 (1 + 1 )Ii

Io
A i = = 1 + 2 (1 + 1 ) 12 = DP
Ii
34

acequivalentcircuit
Ii
Vo

V1

Vi

gm1V1

Z i = r1 + r2 (1 + 1 )

+
-

gm2V2

V2
-

riDP

1 VT
r1 =
ICQ1

ICQ1

2 VT
= 1r2
r1 = 1
ICQ2
DPIb

35

Vi = V1 + V2 =Ii r1 + r2 (1 + 1 )Ii

riDP 21r2

ICQ 2
2

Example : Darlington
Example:Darlington
ForthedarlingtoncircuitinFigure,calculate:
a)) Thedccurrents
b) Theinputimpedance,Zin &outputimpedance,Zo
c) Voltagegain,Av
Given:
1=
2=200,VT=26mV,ro =75k
k

36

DCanalysis
a)ApplyKVLatloop1:

IE = (DP + 1)IB

VCC IBRB VBE1 VBE2 IERE = 0

DP = 12 = 200x200 = 40k
VCC VBE1 VBE2
IB =
RB + (DP + 1)RE
15 0.7 0.7
=
= 0.103A
2.7k + 40k(3.3k)
IE = (40k = 1)(0.103) = 4.12mA
r2

(
200)26m
=
= 1.26k

riDP
37

4.12m
= 2
1r2

= 2(200)(1.26k) = 504k

ACanalysis
y
RS

Vo

Vi
RB

DPIb

riDP

ro

RL

VS

Zin

Zout

Z in = RB //r
// iDP = 2.686k
k
Z out = ro = 75k
Av =
38

DPIb (75k 10k)

riDPIb

= 700

Exercise 5
Exercise5
ForthedarlingtoncircuitinFigure,calculate:
a) Currentgain,A
Current gain Ai
b) Voltagegain,Avs
Given:1=2=100,VT=26mV,ro =

+20V
1k2

330k
560R

C1
Q1
Q2

Vs

110k
Vo
560R

39

C2