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Cap 5
Cap 5
Capitolul V
CALCUL OPERAIONAL
1. S se afle transformata Fourier prin sinus a funciei f : R R ,
f (t ) =
t
.
t +4
2
Soluie:
Transformata Fourier prin sinus este:
g (u ) =
(1)
f (t ) sin utdt
sau
g (u ) =
1 2 t sin ut
t sin ut
dt =
dt.
2
2 t 2 + 4
t +4
t sin ut
dt s considerm funcia
t2 + 4
z sin uz
i conturul (C) de mai jos:
z2 + 4
(C ) = [ R, R] ()
y
()
-R
2i
0
Observm c:
R
(2)
37
h( z )dz =
t sin ut
dt + lim h( z )dz.
2
R
+4
(2/)
R
z
Dar rezh(2i) =
P (2i )
z sin uz
2z
=
z = 2i
sin 2ui
2
sin w =
Q / (2i )
rezh(2i ) =
(3)
e iw e iw
e 2u e 2u
sau
4i
2i
e 2u e 2u
4i
(4)
(e 2 u e 2 u )
(5)
de unde:
g (u ) =
1 2u
(e e 2 u )
2 2
(6)
sau:
g (u ) =
sh 2u
(7)
f (t ) cos utdt = 1 + u
, u 0.
Soluie:
Ecuaia dat se mai poate scrie:
2
f (t ) cos utdt =
1
= g (u )
1 + u 2 not
(1)
38
g (u ) cos utdu
1 2
f (t ) =
2
sau:
(2)
cos ut
1+ u
(3)
du.
cos ut
1+ u
du s considerm funcia:
h( z ) =
cos tz
, i conturul (C) de mai jos:
1 + z2
y
()
(C ) = [ R, R] ()
-R
Observm c:
h( z )dz =
h(u)du + h( z )dz
(4)
h( z )dz =
cos ut
1+ u
du + lim h( z )dz
R
(4/)
Jordan,
R
Jordan z
( z )
z
39
Dar rezh(i) =
=
z =i
(5)
cos ti e t + e t
=
,
2i
4i
Q / (i )
sau:
rezh(i ) =
cht
2i
(6)
(7)
f (t ) = cht
(8)
1 t , 0 < t 1
.
f (t ) =
t >1
0,
Soluie:
Ecuaia dat mai poate fi scris sub forma:
2
(1 t ), 0 < t 1
g (u ) cos tudu =
0
0
, t >1
(1)
(1 t ) cos utdt
(2)
2 1 cos u
u2
(3)
40
funciei: f (t ) =
se
afle
transformata
Fourier
prin
1
. Din rezultatul obinut s se gseasc:
(1 + t 2 ) 2
cosinus
t sin ut
dt.
2 2
)
(1 + t
0
Soluie:
Transformata Fourier prin cosinus a funciei f(t) este:
g (u ) =
sau g (u ) =
f (t ) cos utdt
(1)
cos ut
1 2
cos ut
dt =
dt.
2 2
2 (1 + t 2 ) 2
0 (1 + t )
2
Pentru
calculul
funcia h( z ) =
cos ut
dt s
2 2
)
(1 + t
integralei: I =
considerm
cos uz
i conturul de mai jos:
( z 2 + 1) 2
(C ) = [ R, R] ()
()
z1 = i
-R
D
Observm c:
h( z )dz =
(2)
h( z )dz =
cos ut
dt + lim h( z )dz.
2 2
R
)
(1 + t
(2/)
41
dublu;
z2 = i D )
lim h( z )dz = 0 ,
(din
lema
lui
Jordan:
(3)
Observm c:
cos uz
u sin uz ( z + i ) 2 2( z + i ) cos uz
2
rezh(i ) = lim ( z i )
lim
=
z i
z i
( z i)2 ( z + i)2
( z + i)4
ui sin ui + cos ui
rezh(i ) =
4i
sau sin w =
eiw e iw
eiw + e iw
:
, cos w =
2i
2
ushu + chu
4i
rezh(i ) =
(4)
(chu ushu )
(5)
de unde:
g (u ) =
1
(chu ushu )
2 2
t sin ut
dt , derivm relaia:
(1 + t 2 ) 2
0
cos ut
dt , n raport cu variabila ui obinem:
2 2
)
(1 + t
0
g (u ) =
t sin ut
dt ,
2 2
)
(1 + t
0
(6)
42
1
2 t sin ut
sau folosind (6):
dt , de unde:
( shu shu uchu ) =
2 2
0 (1 + t 2 ) 2
t sin ut
dt = uchu
2 2
)
4
(1 + t
0
(7)
2p + 3
.
( p 1) 2 ( p 2 + 1)
Soluie:
Aplicm formula lui Mellin-Fourier:
a + i
1
f (t ) =
F ( p )e pt dp
2i a i
S considerm: G ( p) =
(1)
(2 p + 3)e pt
i (C ) = ( AB) () unde:
( p 1) 2 ( p 2 + 1)
B(a + iR)
1
0
-i
A(a iR )
G( p)dp =
(c)
( AB )
G ( p )dp + G ( p )dp
()
(2)
43
a + i
G ( p)dp
(2/)
a i
de unde (: 2i) :
(3)
Avem: rezG (i ) =
i
=
,
i
(i 1) 2 2i
4
4
(2 p + 3)e pt
2e pt + (2 p + 3)te pt ( p 2t ) (2 p + 3)e pt 2 p
2
lim
rezG (1) = lim ( p 1)
=
p 1
p 1
( p 1) 2 ( p 2 + 1)
( p 2 + 1) 2
Deci: f (t ) =
3
(5t 3)et
cos t sin t +
2
2
(4)
b)
y + y = cos 2 x, y (0) = 1,
1
4
1
y(0) = , y(0) = 1
3
Soluie:
a) L( y ) = Y ( p) i aplicm transformata Laplace:
L( y ) 4 L( y ) = L(sin 2 x)
(1)
1
2
L( y) = p Y ( p ) (2 p )
4
L
y
Y
p
(
)
(
)
=
2
L(sin 2 x) = 2
p +1
(2)
unde
44
8 p 3 p 2 + 32 p + 4
4( p 2 + 4)
(1/)
de unde:
Y ( p) =
8 p 3 p 2 + 32 p + 4
4( p 2 4)( p 2 + 4)
(3)
deci y ( x) = L1 (Y ( p)) .
Observm
singularitile
lui
Y(p)
sunt:
p1 = 2, p2 = 2, p3 = 2i, p4 = 2i
Notm: A( p) = 8 p 3 p 2 + 32 p + 4 i B( p) = 4( p 2 4)( p 2 + 4)
4
A( pk ) p k x
e sau
k =1 B( pk )
Avem: Y ( x) =
y ( x) =
1
1
ch2 x sin 2 x
2
8
(4)
b)
L( y ) = Y ( p )
L( y ) = pY ( p ) 1
2 p
3
L( y ) = p Y ( p ) p 1
3
1 1 p
1 1
2
L(cos x) = L + cos 2 x = +
2
2 2
2 2 p +4
6 p 4 2 p 3 + 27 p 2 5 p + 12
6 p ( p 2 + 1)( p 2 + 4)
(5)
de unde y ( x) = L1 (Y ( p))
Observm c p1 = 0, p2 = i, p3 = i, p4 = 2i, p5 = 2i ;
Notm: A( p) = 6 p 4 2 p 3 + 27 p 2 5 p + 12 i B( p) = 6 p( p 2 + 1)( p 2 + 4)
45
A( pk ) p k t
e
k =1 B( pk )
y ( x) =
(6)
x 1
1
1
sin x + cos x sin 2 x
2 6
2
12
(7)
y = x y + z ,
( x = x(t ), y = y (t ), z = z (t )).
z = x + y + z
Soluie:
Aplicnd transformata Laplace obinem:
L( x) = L( x) + L( y ) + L( z )
L( y) = L( x) L( y ) + L( z )
L( z) = L( x) + L( y ) + L( z )
(1)
sau
L( x) = X ( p ), L( y ) = Y ( p ), L( z ) = Z ( p )
pY ( p) 1 = X ( p ) Y ( p ) + Z ( p )
pZ ( p ) 1 = X ( p ) + Y ( p ) + Z ( p )
(2)
sau
( p + 1) X ( p ) Y ( p ) Z ( p ) = 0
X ( p ) ( p + 1)Y ( p ) + Z ( p ) = 1
X ( p ) + Y ( p ) ( p 1) Z ( p ) = 1
(3)
46
2
X ( p) = 2
p 4
p
Y ( p ) = 2
p 4
1
Z ( p) =
p2
(4)
x(t ) = sh 2t
y (t ) = ch2t
z (t ) = e 2t
(5)
de unde:
y + 2 x + 6 y = 0
x(0) = 3, y (0) = 15
( x = x(t ), y = y (t ))
Soluie:
Aplicnd transformata Laplace, obinem:
L( x) + 4 L( x) + 4 L( y ) = 0
L( y) + 2 L( x) + 6 L( y ) = 0
(1)
2 X ( p ) + ( p + 6)Y ( p ) = 15
(2)
X ( p ) = p 2 + 10 p + 16 = p + 2 + p + 8
si
15 p + 54
4
11
Y ( p ) = 2
=
+
p + 10 p + 16 p + 2 p + 8
(3)
47
Matematici speciale. Probleme
x(t ) = 8e 2t + 11e 8t
si
y (t ) = 4e 2t + 11e 8t
(4)
1
;
p 1
3
de unde
p 1
5
17
3
p 11 p + 13
Y ( p) =
= 4 + 3 + 12 . (1)
( p 1)( p 2)( p 5) p 1 p 2 p 5
2
3 x 5 2 x 17 5 x
e + e e
4
3
12
(2)
2 x + 2 x + y + 2 y = 2t
(2 p + 2) X ( p ) + ( p 2 + 2 p )Y ( p ) = 2 + p
p2
1
p +1
1
1
+
.
, Y ( p) = 2 +
2
2
( p + 1) 2 + 1
p
p
( p + 1) + 1
48