4.

Teoria clasic a dispersiei

4.1.

Modelul Lorentz

Se numete dispersie variaia cu frecvena (sau cu lungimea de und) a parametrilor de

material. Ne ocupm de dependena de frecven a indicelui de refracie n( ) . Teoria
riguroas ar trebui s ia n consideraie interaciunile ntre lumina de diverse frecvene i
atomii, ionii, moleculele i electronii din material. Un model simplu, datorat lui H. A.
Lorentz, presupune c electronii formeaz un fluid continuu. Modelul se aplic cu succes n
domeniul optic, unde 0,5 m i unde ntr-un volum de ordinul 3 se afl 108 atomi.
Studiem aciunea unei uap asupra unui electron legat cuasi-elastic de un atom (n

studiem

ce se ntmpl n metale, unde exist e liberi). Cmpul electric al undei este

E (
r , t )=
E 0 exp [ i ( t
kr ) ]
E 0 exp [ it ] , unde am neglijat variaia spaial a fazei. Fie N
densitatea numrului de e. Fiecare electron are sarcina e i masa m. Fora cuasielastic dintre
e i atom este descris de frecvena 0 i de coeficientul de atenuare 2 . n cmpul undei
asupra e acioneaz fora Lorentz, legea a 2-a a lui Newton se scrie:
m ( x + x + 20 x ) =F ( t )=eE =eE 0 exp [ i t ]

(4.1)

Cutm soluii de forma x ( t ) =x 0 exp [ it ] . Se gsete:

x ( t ) =

E0
e
exp [ it ]
2
m 0 2 +i

(4.2)

Cmpul electric al undei pune n micare e care oscileaz cu frecvena cmpului extern.
Micarea produce o polarizare P= 0 ( r 1 ) E . Polarizarea este definit microscopic ca fiind
densitatea de dipol electric: P=Nex . Din cele dou forme ale polarizrii rezult o mrime
complex pentru permitivitatea dielectric relativ r :
2

Ne
1
r =1+
2
m 0 0 2 +i
1

(4.3)

Expresia

e2
1
2
m 0 0 2 + i

(4.4)

depinde de frecvena cmpului uap i de caracteristicile e ca parte a unui atom i se numete

polarizabilitate. Permitivitatea dielectric relativ r se scrie r =1+ e=1+ N . Aici e
se numete susceptivitatea dielectric.
4.2.

Dispersia i absorbia n gaze

Teoria se aplic imediat n gaze; n corpuri condensate trebuie s se in seama de

influena vecinilor, care polarizeaz suplimentar fiecare atom sau molecul. Dar pentru gaze
scriem simplu:

n =n r i = r = 1+ e1+

(4.5)

Partea real nr este analog indicelui de refracie obinuit. Partea imaginar se

numete coeficient de extincie i este legat de absorbie. Prin calcule simple gsim:

0
Ne 2
n r =1+
2m 0 ( 2 2 )2 + 2 2

(4.6)

Ne 2

=
2
2m 0 ( 2 )2 + 2 2

(4.7)

Pentru frecvene deprtate de rezonan, << 0 , coeficientul de extincie se poate

neglija i partea real devine:

nn r 1+

Ne 2
1
2m 0 20 2

(4.8)

Apare dispersia normal, n care indicele de refracie crete odat cu creterea frecvenei.
2

n apropierea rezonanei 0 , +0 20 i gsim:

n r =1+

Ne 2
40 m0

Ne2
40 m0

(4.9')

()

( 0 ) 2 +
/2

( 0 )2 +

()

(4.9)

Ambele expresii sund figurate mai jos:

Materialul absoarbe n regiunea de rezonan, unde are valori semnificative. Lrgimea la

semi-nlime a curbei ( ) este legat de coeficientul de absorbie . n jurul rezonanei
dispersia este anomal, pentru c nr scade la creterea frecvenei. Lrgimea curbei de
absorbie la semi-nlime este diferena dintre frecvenele la care indicele de
extincie scade la jumtate.
Exerciiu: Artai c = .

4.3.

Dispersia i absorbia n conductori

n metale, plasm, etc., electronii liberi nu sunt legai n atomi, aadar 0=0 i =0 .
Permitivitatea relativ devine:
2p
Ne 2 1
r = n =1
=1 2
m0 2

(4.10)

Cantitatea

Ne2
p=
m 0

(4.11)

Se numete frecvena plasmei. Pentru frecvene mari > p rezult un indice de refracie
real, n 2 >0 ; materialul este transparent fa de undele elmgn. Pentru frecvene mici, < p
indicele de refracie este imaginar, n 2 <0 i unda este atenuat.

IMAGE: Images of a wakefield

produced by a 30 TW laser pulse in
plasma of density 2.7 x 10^18 cm^-3.
The color image is a 3-D reconstruction
of the oscillations, and...
Click here for more information.

Cea mai rapid und fotografiat (din Wikipedia

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/aps-fwe_1102706.php )

Fastest waves ever photographed

News from the American Physical Society
The Fastest Waves Ever Photographed to be Presented at Philadelphia Plasma Conference
AMerican Physical Society, Division of Plasma Physics Annual Meeting
Philadelphia Marriott
Tuesday, October 31, 2006
8:00 AM9:00 AM

Plasma physicists at the Universities of Texas and Michigan have photographed speedy plasma
waves, known as Langmuir waves, for the first time using a specially designed holographic-strobe
camera. The waves are the fastest matter waves ever photographed, clocking in at about 99.997%
of the speed of light. The waves are generated in the wake of an ultra-intense laser pulse, and give
rise to enormous electric fields, reaching voltages higher than 100 billion electron volts/meter
(GeV/m). The waves' electric fields can be used to accelerate electrons so strongly that they may
lead to ultra-compact, tabletop versions of a high-energy particle accelerators that could be a
thousand times smaller that devices which currently exists only in large-scale facilities, which are
typically miles long.
Until now, a critical element necessary for understanding interaction between electrons and
accelerating wakes has been missing: the ability to see the waves. The new photographic
technique uses two additional laser pulses moving with the waves to image the wakefield ripples,
enabling researchers to see them for the first time and revealing theoretically predicted but neverbefore-seen features. The ability to photograph these elusive, speedy waves promises to be an
important step towards making compact accelerators a reality.