Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Doctorand,
Nume i prenume
Buctaru Aliona-Mihaela (Sava)
Rezumatul tezei
Introducere
Biodiversitatea caracterizeaz toate formele de via, sub toate aspectele, avnd n vedere
varietatea speciilor, respectiv varietatea genetic din cadrul aceleiai specii, precum i a
ecosistemelor.Exist mai multe definiii date biodiversitii, de-a lungul timpului, ns
Namkoong,G. (1984), consider c biodiversitatea este un atribut al lumii vii, naturale i orice
ncercare de cretere artificial a diversitii, fie i numai a unei pri locale a pdurii, este o
aberaie.
ns, supraexploatarea i degradarea habitatelor a determinat o erodare a biodivarsitii n
ecosistemul forestier, slbind astfel capacitatea lor de a asigura resursele i serviciile vitale.
Biodiversitatea ocup astfel, o poziie critic ntre asigurarea de resurse naturale necesare
societii umane i pstrarea la un nivel ridicat a calitii vieii pe Terra. Motivaia abordrii unor
cercetri de biodiversitate o constituie, pe de o parte interesul pe care l prezint o asemenea
problematic i pe de alt parte necesitatea cunoaterii biodiversitii fgetelor i a amestecurilor
de fag cu rinoase din Ciuca, ecosistem mai puin investigat n acest domeniu.
n lucrarea de fa, am abordat ca tematic biodiversitatea, deoarece este un concept de
actualitate, intens studiat n zilele noastre ncepnd cu cele mai mici forme de via
microorganismele, este deci un concept care face referiri la lumea vie, ca un ntreg.
Am ales ca zon de cercetare Masivul Ciuca, la nivelul cruia au mai fost ntreprinse
diverse studii ecofiziologice, fitocenologice, mrturie fiind tezele de doctorat ale lui Vlonga, t.,
respectiv Ciuc, M., ns avnd n vedere faptul c, la nivelul acestui masiv nu a fost abordat
biodiversitatea ecosistemelor forestiere, am realizat, n cadrul acestei teze, o analiz comparativ
privind diversitatea fitocenozelor din aceast zon deoarece, prin aezarea lui, n partea central
a Carpatilor, prin condiiile fizico- i fitogeografice, Ciucaul ofer o mare i interesant
diversitate floristic. Astfel, cu ajutorul indicilor i indicatorilor consacrai, stabilii printr-o
metodologie riguros i foarte bine elaborat, s-a realizat o ampl cercetare comparativ privind
biodiversitatea fitocenozelor forestiere, reprezentate de dou tipuri de arborete, i anume arborete
pure de fag i arborete de fag aflate n amestec cu rinoase.
Masivul Ciuca este aezat n partea central a Carpailor, n grupul muntos al Carpailor
de Curbur ( n sud estul teritoriului). Este cuprins ntre 450 25i 450 35 latitudine nordic i
25 0 55i 26 0 4 longitudine estic i ocup o arie destul de restrns (circa 200 km2), fa de alte
uniti montane din ar.Limitele fa de munii nconjurtori sunt reprezentate de vile rurilor,
iar ntre acestea i nlimile maxime se ntlnesc denivelri de aproximativ 1000 m.
Metode de cercetare
Pentru efectuarea cercetrilor n teren, s-au ntreprins urmtoarele:
- o documentare riguroas din amenajamentele ocoalelor silvice O.S Kronstadt, Judeul Braov,
respectiv O.S Trlungeni, din localitatea Trlungeni, Judeul Braov;
- analiza hrilor din amenajamentele respective;
- recunoaterea general a terenului, precum i parcurgerea acestuia, pentru identificarea
arboretelor dorite: arborete pure de fag i arborete de fag n amestec cu rinoase, aflate la vrste
diferite: arborete tinere, pn n 70 de ani i arborete btrne, pn n 130 de ani;
- n fiecare tip de arboret, s-au ales cupluri experimentale constituite din dou variante: martor i
parcurse cu lucrri silviculturale;
- au fost luate n studiu arborete parcurse cu lucrri de tipul rriturilor, respectiv tieri progresive,
arboretele martor fiind parcurse cu cel mult lucrri de ntreinere, de igien; au fost alese
arboretele martor n care impactul antropic a fost ct mai redus posibil.
- la stabilirea perechilor de arborete, constituite din cele dou variante (martor i parcurse cu
lucrri), s-a urmrit o ct mai bun similitudine n ceea ce privete condiiile staionale i de
vegetaie.
- dup cum s-a precizat n capitolul anterior, au fost alese 24 de cupluri experimentale, cu cte
dou variante martor i parcurs cu lucrri silviculturale (n total 48 de variante).La elaborarea
metodicii de cercetare au fost consultate i lucrrile: Biri, I.A (2001), Petrescu, M. (2004),
Geambau, T. (2007), Dnil, G. (2009).
Rezultatele cercetrilor
Aria minim determinata
n lucrarea de fa, stabilirea ariei minime s-a determinat pentru stratul ierbos, att n
arboretele pure de fag (tinere i btrne), ct i n arboretele amestecate de fag cu rinoase
( tinere i btrne), urmnd ca n final s se realizeze o comparaie privind diversitatea speciilor
ntlnit la nivelul acestor dou tipuri de arborete, luate n studiu.
Au fost cercetate cte 24 de cupluri , cu variante martor i parcurse cu lucrri, pentru
arboretele pure de fag, tinere i btrne, i amestecate de fag cu rinoase, tinere i btrne.
S-a notat cu C, fiecare cuplu experimental, iar variantele din diferitele uniti
amenajistice, au fost notate cu m pentru variantele martor, i cu p,pentru variantele parcurse
cu diferite lucrri (tieri progresive i rrituri).
diversitii structurii orizontale (odat cu scderea numrului de arbori). Dac analizm variaia
acestui indice n raport cu suprafaa de baz, se constat aceeai scdere a diversitii, odat cu
mrirea intensitii extragerilor, deci cu scderea suprafeei de baz, corelaia fiind mult mai
evident n cadrul arboretelor parcurse cu tieri, datorit scderii variabilitii claselor de
diametre.
n ceea ce privete structura vertical, putem spune c exist o mare asemnare cu cea
orizontal, dar n acest caz facem referiri la repartiia numrului de arbori pe categorii de
nlimi.Dac raportm modul de variaie al indicelui diversitii structurii verticale bazat pe
frecvena relativ a arborilor pe clase de nlimi, odat cu modificarea numrului de arbori, se
constat scderea diversitii structurii verticale odat cu scderea numrului de arbori, deci
scderea diversitii struturii verticale odat cu scderea numrului de arbori, este cauzat de
reducerea variabilitii claselor de nlimi.
Influena interveniilor silviculturale asupra diversitii productorilor primari
Lucrrile silviculturale executate n cele dou tipuri de arborete, fgete pure (tinere i
btrne), respectiv, arborete de fag aflate n amestec cu rinoase (tinere i btrne), sunt
rriturile i tierile progresive.
n ceea ce privete tierile progresive, acestea au fost executate la nivelul arboretelor
btrne att pure, ct i aflate n amestec cu rinoase. n aceste tipuri de arborete, din punct de
vedere al compoziiei, specia dominant este reprezentat de fag, urmat fiind de brad, pin,
molid, larice, carpen, plop tremurtor, anin, toate n proporii reduse.
Indicatorii utilizai pentru caracterizarea diversitii specifice sunt coeficientul de variaie
a abundenei s%a, coeficientul de variaie a frecvenei s%f i indicele diversitii specifice
Shannon-Wiener - Hs). n general, aceti indicatori ai diversitii specifice, care au fost
calculai, au tendin, aa dup cum s-a artat n capitolele anterioare, de cretere odat cu
creterea numrului de specii, ns, apar i abateri de la aceast situaie, de exemplu, coeficientul
de variaie a abundenei (s%a) la arboretele parcurse cu tieri, precum i indicele diversitii
specifice (Hs) la stratul arborescent scad cu creterea numrului de specii. La stratul
arborescent, diversitatea specific scade ca urmare a recoltrii de arbori, ceea ce duce la
dispariia unor specii din acest strat.
Dac analizm influena structurii orizontale asupra diversitii specifice, utiliznd
suprafaa de baz a arboretului (Gr), se constat scderea diversitii specifice odat cu scderea
suprafeei de baz. Tratamentul tierilor progresive ine cont de dinamica regenerrii, iar
recoltarea arborilor se face n funcie de dinamica seminiuluin consecin, are loc fie o
dezvoltare puternic a seminiului, care mpiedic instalarea altor specii vegetale, fie are loc o
cretere a diversitii specifice odat cu creterea suprafeei de baz; o alt cauz, o mai poate
reprezinta, de asemenea i distrugerea straturilor ierbos, arbustiv, dar i a seminiului instalat
dup ultima tiere, cu ocazia unei noi exploatri, fie pentru lrgirea ochiurilor, fie pentru
racordare.
-n fgetele pure, specia dominant este, fagul, aflat ntr-o proporie de 93-99%, prezente fiind i
specii ca bradul, molidul, dar n proporii foarte reduse 2-5%.
-La nivelul arboretelor de fag, aflate n amestec cu rinoase, specia dominant este tot fagul, dar
ntr-o proporie ceva mai redus 49-63%, acest fapt datorndu-se prezenei altor specii, n diferite
proporii: carpenul, paltinul de munte, gorunul, teiul, ulmul, frasinul, paltinul de cmp, aninul
alb.
- n ceea ce privete influena structurii arboretelor supuse celor
dou tipuri de intervenii
silviculturale asupra diversitii
productorilor primari
- Pentru arboretele parcurse cu rrituri, diversitatea specific (Hs) are o tendin cresctoare pe
msur ce suprafaa de baz scade.
- Dac se ia n calcul coeficientul de variaie a diametrelor, ca indicator al structurii orizontale, i
se urmrete variaia diversitii specifice sau bogia n specii, se constat aceeai dependen,
de cretere a acestora din urm pe msur ce diversitatea structurii orizontale scade.
- Influena structurii verticale asupra diversitii specifice, s-a manifestat ntr-un mod asemntor
cu structura orizontal.
Recomandri pentru producie
-S se evite pagubele i degradrile ce au loc la aplicarea tehnicilor de intervenie i de
exploatare a materialului lemnos.
- Aplicarea unor asemenea intervenii conduc att la creterea diversitii structurale a stratului
arborescent ct i la apariia i conservarea unui numr mai mare de productori primari n
celelalte straturi fitocenotice ale ecosistemului.
- S se aplice msuri ecologice de exploatare, adaptate condiiilor particulare din fiecare unitate
de exploatare n parte, n funcie de orografia terenului i de starea seminiului, pentru
asigurarea regenerrii naturale i conservarea biodiversitii.
Contribuii personale
Dintre contribuiile personale, cu caracter de originalitate, amintim urmtoarele :
- s-au cercetat diversitile specifice i structurale, n premier, a ecosistemelor forestiere
reprezentate de fgete, ct i n cele de fag n amestec cu rinoase, din Masivul Ciuca;
- s-a analizat comparativ influena rriturilor i a tierilor progresive, aplicate n zona studiat,
asupra diversitii specifice productorilor a primari;
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Scientific,
Name and first name
Prof.Phd. Eng. Darie Parascan
Phd.
Name and first name
Biol.Bucataru Aliona-Mihaela (Sava)
ABSTRACT
Introduction
Biodiversity characterizes all life, in all, given the variety of species, that genetic
diversity within a species and of ecosystems.There are many definitions of biodiversity, over
time, but Namkoong, G. (1984), believes that biodiversity is an attribute of the living world,
natural and artificial any attempt to increase diversity, if only the local part of the forest, is an
aberration.
However, over exploitation and habitat degradation caused an erosion of biodiversity the
forest ecosystem, thus weakening their ability to provide vital resources and services.
Biodiversity thus occupy a critical position between providing the necessary natural resources
and preservation of human society to a high quality of life on Earth.
The motivation of biodiversity research approach consists on the one hand the interest you have
such problems and on the other hand need beech forests and biodiversity knowledge mixtures of
beech and pine Ciuca, ecosystem less investigated in this field.
In this paper, we addressed the theme of biodiversity, because it is a current concept,
widely studied today - starting with the lowest life forms - microorganisms, is therefore a
concept that refers to the living world as a whole.
We chose Ciucas research area in which the various studies were undertaken
ecophyziolacal, phytocenologic, the testimony of his doctoral thesis Vlonga, St., respectively
Ciuc, M., but the fact that, at this solid was not addressed biodiversity of forest ecosystems, we
achieved in this thesis, a comparative analysis of diversity in the area; phytocoenoses by placing
him in the central part of the Carpathians, physical conditions and are disposed, Ciucas offers a
large and interesting floristic diversity. Thus, indices and indicators renowned, established
through a rigorous and well developed methodology was carried out an extensive comparative
research on forest biodiversity phytocoenoses represented by two types of stands, namely pure
stands of beech and mixed beech conifers forests stands.
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In our country there is a vast literature on geobotany and ecology of forest ecosystems, of the
largest beech forests are dedicated to: Pauc, A. (1941), the studies performed phytocenologic
Mountain Forest and Moma, Beldie, A. (1951) on beech mountain and Ialomita Valley of Buzau
Valley, Borza, A. (1959), the flora and vegetation of the valley basin Sebes, Morariu, I. (1968),
phytocoenology beech forests of the Magura Codlea.
The scientific literature of our country, the first approaches to the concept of diversity, the
meaning of the modern international started, belong to Botnariuc, N. and Vadineanu, A. (1982),
and Stugren, B. (1982).Beech and beech trees in the resinons mixture.
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ar.Limitele mountain to surrounding mountains are represented by river valleys and between
them and meet maximum height of 1000 m gradient.
Research Methods
For research in the field have done the following:
- Rigorous documentation of forest management plans OS districts Kronstadt, Braov County,
that OS Tarlungeni, the city Tarlungeni, Brasov;
- Analysis of maps of the respective management plans;
- General recognition of the land and its completion, to identify desired stands: pure stands of
beech and beech trees mixed with resin, at different ages: young trees, up to 70 years old and
stands up in 130 years;
- Every type of trees, were chosen experimental couples consist of two types: control and
covered with silvicultural work;
- Have been studied trees covered with works such rarerly works, respectively progressive cuts,
stands witness is taken up with maintenance, hygiene, have been chosen stands witness that
human impact has been as low as possible.
- To establish pairs of trees, consisting of the two variants (blank and completed the work), has
sought a better similarity in terms of site conditions and vegetation.
- As mentioned in the previous chapter, 24 couples were chosen experimental, with two options control and traveled with silvicultural work (a total of 48 variants). In developing research
methodology and works were consulted: Biri, IA (2001), Petrescu, M. (2004), Geambasu, T.
(2007), Danila, G. (2009).
Results of research
Minimum area determinated
In this paper, setting minimum area herbaceous layer was determined for both pure beech stands
(young and old) and in mixed stands of beech and pine (young and old), and in the end to make a
comparison species diversity found within these two types of trees, studied.
Were examined for 24 couples, with version control and covered with paper for pure stands of
beech, young and old, and mixed beech and pine, young and old.
Noted with "C", each couple experimental and different variants amenajistice units were marked
with "m" for options blank and "p" to pass by various work options (progressive cuts and rarerly
cuts).
The richness of specific populations
In all experimental pairs, witness trees - trees covered with papers, the number of specific
populations vary, and are therefore fewer witnesses and more in one go with cuts. Also, the
increased specific populations identified is found in mixed stands, primarily in old mixed stands,
followed by the young. In pure stands, the number of populations is somewhat lower, this is
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explained by the fact that mixed stands show greater variability of species, both trees and shrubs,
especially grasses, making them more stable in time, giving them thus sustainability and
variability.
Abundance in specific populations
Abundance is a structural indicator, quantitative evaluation, the number of individuals of each
specific population, in the phytocoenoses. This indicator was calculated based on primary data,
collected from the field, for each layer of phytocenosis and to stand as a whole.
When analyzing pairs of variants covered with two types of work, rarerly and progressive cuts,
we can observe an increasing trend of the variation coefficient with increasing number of species
especially progressive variants covered with cuts, where the number of species identified is more
Density and species frequency
To determine the density were taken into account absolutely all species identified in each sample
area, the number of individuals of each species per hectare was reported and the frequency (in
her case was considered only herbaceous and shrub layers) was calculated by the coefficient of
variation of frequency.
Specific diversity - Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H s)
He watched how the Shannon-Wiener index variation (H s) to specify the number of species
diversity for all stands to witness variants compared rarerly traveled, progressive cuts
respectively.
Features on floristic diversity
As the minimum area determined, we can say that it has different sizes, depending on the
type of stand taken for investigation,In the 24 areas of research and 48 variants (control and
covered with cuts), we identified 261 species of vascular plants, the number of species is low in
control stands (110), in which anthropogenic interference was lower, higher number (216) being
driven with the cuts (rarerly, that gradually cuts). If we refer to each type of brush in hand, we
can say that, of all species identified, 17 are tree species, 18 species and 226 shrub species are
herbaceous.
For the abundance analysis, we used the coefficient of variation of abundance (and% a),
which increases with increasing number of species, but completely different for each layer of
vegetation in part. A more marked increase is found in the herbaceous layer, shrub layer scaled
to, and the lowest growth occurs in the layer tree, explaining that the number of species, which
decrease the herbaceous layer to the tree.
Frequency was analyzed only in the herbaceous and shrub layers as tree layer contains a
few trees. There is also the trend of increase of the coefficient of variation of frequency with
increasing number of species.
As the index Shannon - Wiener, was also analyzed in relation to the number of specific
populations identified. Just as the other indices studied, and values of this index increases with
increase in specific populations
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In group variations on types of trees, pure (young and old) and mixed (young and old),
there is increasing diversity in mixed stands, and especially the old, where the number of species
identified is greater .
Indicators of tree layer diversity
In this paper we refer to the tree layer diversity, diversity presented both in general, the mountain
and the seat is calculated in the base area of each type of stand studied (pure beech and beech
trees mixed with resin , young and old), with control options and covered with papers.
Composition of tree layer
Tree layer composition calculated using the base area
Tree layer composition was calculated as a percentage, depending on the base area for each
species that forms.
By analyzing the composition of the studied stands, we can say that a large proportion is
occupied by three species, namely - beech, fir and spruce. With much lower participation, may
appear hornbeam, mountain maple. A higher percentage plays beech, followed by pine and
spruce.
Indicators of horizontal and vertical structure
Were used distribution models the number of tree diameter categories, namely categories of
heights.
Influence of horizontal structure on specific diversity
Horizontal structure to represent the influence of specific diversity was used as a measure of
diversity, coefficient of variation of diameters by the number of species identified in each type of
stand taken studiu.De also higher values of the coefficient of variation of diameters meet in the
trees rather multi-year, compared to the relatively echienes.
15
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allows light to penetrate into a higher ground level, the mesh formed, allowing thus developing a
greater num species both herbaceous and shrub.
Indicators used to characterize specific diversity are the spread in abundance - and% the
coefficient of variation of frequency - and% f and specific diversity index Shannon-Wiener H's). Generally, these indicators of specific diversity, which have been calculated, have a
tendency, just as discussed, increase with increasing number of species, however, appear
deviations from this situation, for example, the coefficient of abundance variation (s% a) stands
covered with cuts and specific diversity index (H s) in tree layer decreases with increasing
number of species. The tree layer, specific diversity decreases due to harvest the trees, leading to
species extinction in this layer. Also, the values calculated, the ratios, and also show that were
not strictly observed the technical application of silvicultural work, they are made, sometimes
superficial, intensity interventions at odds with the protocols for these technologies, and mixtures
were not always done best, explaining thus the presence of a higher number of species in certain
amenajistics units.
If we analyze the influence of horizontal structure of specific diversity, using the base
area of the stand (Gr), there is specific diversity decreased with decreasing base area. Treatment
of progressive cuts into account the dynamics of regeneration and harvesting trees is based on
seedling growth. As the seedling grows, shades the soil and herbaceous species limited installed,
competing, in fact and shrubs. The base area of the stand can be even greater than when the first
intervention, as a result of activation increases in diameter (Avcriei, 2005). Consequently,
there is either a strong development of seedlings, other plant species that prevent installation or
there is a specific increase in diversity with increasing base area, a different case, one can
represent also the herbaceous layer destruction, bush, and installed after the last cutting of
seedlings, at a new mine, or for enlarging holes or for connection.
In terms of a horizontal structure was used as an indicator of the spread in diameter and it
was concluded that regression takes place in reverse, which means that species diversity
increases with decreasing of diameters variation.It result that spread in the diameter decreases ,
thanks to the number of urge extraction a smaller tree, of medium diameter classes, resulting in
thinning stands that by the amount of light reaching ground level, is more intense.
In terms of vertical structure, there is a slight increase in specific diversity or the number
of species with decreasing coefficient of variation of heights.The influence of structure on
specific diversity manifests it self indirectly through seedlings. Growth coefficients of variation
of diameter and height, increase the surface occupied by seedlings, affecting the development
herbaceous and shrub layers.
Regarding the rarerly cuts, they were made only in the young trees (beech and pure beech
stands mixed with resin). In these types of trees, their structure differs in that it is both relatively
echienes and relatively multi-year. In terms of composition, we can say that the beech, which is
the dominant species, is a much higher percentage, especially in pure beech, as we mentioned in
section anteriror. In the pure beech forests may appear in a lower percentage fir, spruce and
mixed stands in may occur with these two species and hornbeam, poplar tree, alder, larch.
As shown, specific diversity indicators tend to increase with increasing number of
species, but there appear deviations from this situation, for example, the spread in abundance (s
% a) the stands covered with cuts, and and index of specific diversity (H s) in layer tree decrease
as the number of species, but it should be noted that following of rarerly cuts, draw a relatively
small number of trees that uniform, so that the number of species that are installed, is more
reduced compared with cuts taken progressive stands. The tree layer, decreases specific diversity
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here, but slightly, following the harvesting of trees, leading to the extinction of species in tree
layer.
f we analyze the influence of horizontal structure of specific diversity, using the base area of the
stand (Gr), there is also specific diversity decreased with decreasing base area, as in the previous
case, and if used as an indicator of horizontal structure coefficient of variation of diameters and
specific aims diversity index (H s) or number of identified species, species diversity increases
with decreasing diameter variation, but in a narrower sense.
General conclusions:
Following research and results in forest ecosystems Ciucas, we draw the following conclusions,
namely:
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-To avoid damage and degradation that occur in intervention techniques and exploitation of
timber.
- The application of such interventions lead to the increase structural diversity of tree layer and
the appearance and preservation of a greater number of primary producers in other phytocenotics
layers ecosystem.
- Apply operating environmental measures adapted to the particular conditions of each operating
unit, depending on the orography of state land and seedlings, to ensure natural regeneration and
biodiversity conservation.
Personal contributions
Contributions of personal, original character, remember the following:
- Were investigated and structural diversity that characterizes the first time represented by beech
forest ecosystems and in the beech mixed with resinnons, the Ciucas Massif;
- To weigh the influence of rarerly and progressive cuts applied in the study area, the specific
diversity of primary producers;
- Was established in species richness, abundance, density, frequency and specific diversity, the
indicators renowned for the region taken in research;
- Were studied, biodiversity indicators, compared, for both research taken for each intervention
separately, and each layer fitocenotic, analyzed separately;
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