Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to Pimpas (1998) “All human being needs to be and feel safe, both

physically and psychologically because one of the most basic human needs is safety”

(Pimpas, 1998). Most of us protect ourselves within the changing environment by

functioning as healthy individuals who make decisions in a reasonable manner.

Disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the occurrence of disease,

such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and reduce its consequences

once established. Disease prevention is sometimes used as a complementary term

alongside health promotion. Although there is frequent overlap between the content and

strategies, disease prevention is defined separately. Disease prevention in this context is

considered to be action which usually emanates from the health sector, dealing with

individuals and populations identified as exhibiting identifiable risk factors, often

associated with different risk behaviors (adapted from Glossary of Terms used in Health

for All series. WHO, Geneva, 1984).

Health Promotion is the provision of information and/or education to individuals,

families, and communities that-encourage family unity, community commitment, and

traditional spirituality that make positive contributions to their health status. Health

Promotion is also the promotion of healthy ideas and concepts to motivate individuals to

adopt healthy behaviors. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and

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political process, it not only embraces actions directed at strengthening the skills and

capabilities of individuals, but also action directed towards changing social,

environmental and economic conditions so as to alleviate their impact on public and

individual health. Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control

over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. Participation is essential

to sustain health promotion action.

According to Pender’s Theory (1982), health promotion and disease prevention

should be the primary focus in health care, and when health promotion and prevention

fail to prevent problems, and then care in illness becomes the next priority. Health

promotion and disease prevention can more easily be carried out in the community, as

compared to programs that aim to cure disease conditions. This is because the people in

the rural area tend to go away from modern medical methods. Most of them, due to

financial reasons, choose to avail of the services offered by “herbolarios” and other folk

healers. In the local setting, promoting health to our fellow Filipinos is very crucial.

Though, there are campaigns provided by the government’s health agency, which is the

Department of Health (DOH), there’s still a big percentage in the population who live

unhealthily and many are suffering from different type of diseases.

The researchers chose this topic to be the center of their research study because they

want to know the level of disease prevention and health promotion and compare the

results to determine if there is a significant difference in the two community. This study

also aims to make a substantial contribution to the body of human knowledge and may

even help in determining the primary reason why illnesses are mainly prevalent in the

rural areas.
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Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored in the Betty Neuman’s System Model (1989). In this model

nurses goal is to keep the client stable in systems terms, the maintenance of stability

requires that interventions are directed towards counteracting movement to entropy or

illness. Neuman (1989) describes nursing interventions by using the term prevention. As

defined by Neuman's model, prevention is the primary nursing intervention. Prevention

focuses on keeping stressors and the stress response from having a detrimental effect on

the body.

Primary -Primary prevention occurs before the system reacts to a stressor. On the

one hand, it strengthens the person (primarily the flexible line of defense) to enable him

to better deal with stressors, and on the other hand manipulates the environment to

reduce or weaken stressors. Primary prevention includes health promotion and

maintenance of wellness.

Secondary-Secondary prevention occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is

provided in terms of existing systems. Secondary prevention focuses on preventing

damage to the central core by strengthening the internal lines of resistance and/or

removing the stressor.

Tertiary -Tertiary prevention occurs after the system has been treated through

secondary prevention strategies. Tertiary prevention offers support to the client and

attempts to add energy to the system or reduce energy needed in order to facilitate

reconstitution (K. Reed, 1993)

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In the early 1980’s, the initial version of Pender’s Health Promotion (HPM) appeared

in nursing literature (Pender, 1982). The HPM proposed a framework for integrating

nursing and behavioral science perspective on factors influencing health behaviors. The

framework offered a guide for exploration of the complex biopsychosocial processes that

motivate individual to engage in behaviors directed toward the enhancement of health.

Pender’s Health Promotion Model is based on the following assumptions, which

reflect both nursing and behavioral science perspectives. First, persons seek to create

conditions of living through which they can express their unique human health potential.

This is inherent in every person. Second, persons have the capacity for reflective self-

awareness, including assessment of their own competencies. Third, persons value growth

in directions viewed as positive and attempts to achieve a personally acceptable balance

between change and stability. Fourth, individuals seek to actively regulate their own

behavior. Fifth, individuals in all their biopsychosocial complexity interact with the

environment, progressively transforming the environment and being transformed over

time. Sixth, health professionals constitute a part of the interpersonal environment, which

exerts influence on persons throughout their lifespan. Lastly, self-initiated

reconfiguration of person-environment interactive patterns is essential to behavior change

(Pender, Murdaugh & Parsons, 2002).

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Conceptual Framework of the Study

Catalunan Pequeño
Residents
Disease
Prevention and
Health
Sto. Niño Promotion
Residents

Age
Gender
Family Income
Educational
Attainment

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

The above paradigm describes the comparison between the two communities, namely

Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño in response to their level of disease prevention and

health promotion in terms of their age, gender, family income, and educational

attainment.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the level of disease prevention and health

promotion among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

Specifically, this study answered the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

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a. Age

b. Gender

c. Family income

d. Educational attainment

2. What is the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected

residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño?

3. Is there a significant difference between disease prevention and health promotion

among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño as grouped

according to profile.

4. Is there a significant difference between disease prevention and health promotion

among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño?

Hypotheses

Problems number one and two are hypotheses free. For problems three and four the

following hypotheses have been derived:

Ho1: There is no significant difference between the level of disease prevention and

health promotion among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto.

Niño as grouped according to profile.

Ho2: There is no significant difference between the level of disease prevention and

health promotion among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto.

Niño.

Scope and Limitations

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The study focused on the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the

selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. This level of disease prevention

gleaned from the views and experiences of the people residing in Catalunan Pequeño and

Sto. Niño. Moreover, the study will also look into the practices towards health promotion

by the residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. The researchers conducted the

study on August 2009.

Furthermore, the study included respondents whose age is above 18 years old and

will be purposely chosen. This method of selecting the respondent poses limitations on

the generalizability of the findings.

Significance of the Study

This research is believed to be significant to the following:

To the Medical Practitioner. As soon as the level of disease prevention and lifestyle

of people living among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño have

been determined, medical practitioners can now identify the susceptibility of these

individuals to certain illness. Appropriate interventions and health teachings then may be

given to prevent them from acquiring diseases.

To the Society of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. Now in this contemporary time

compared to the generation of the grandparents have a shorter life expectancy because

most of people today are living with unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, alcoholism and

poor diet. Although they might have the advantage because of the modern technology and

drugs that can easily get rid of certain diseases but still prevention is the best way for
 8

them to be safe from these diseases. And this study is conducted to help individuals

increase their level of disease prevention and to get rid of their unhealthy lifestyle.

To the DOH. The results of this study can help the department of health update their

information as regards to the level of disease prevention and health promotion in the

selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. Moreover, this study can help

empower the DOH to further improve their health promotion programs to communities

that needs assistance like the residents at Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

To the District III of Davao city. This research study can help promote awareness to

the people living at Davao City specifically people from Catalunan Pequeño and Sto.

Niño concerning the level of disease prevention and health promotion. So that in the

future everyone can better prevent the susceptibility to certain diseases. In addition this

study can educate respondents on how to prevent acquiring diseases by means of health

promotions.

To the Ateneo de Davao University. The results of this study can further help the

school in giving references to future researcher that is related to this study. Moreover this

study can further increase school’s knowledge about disease prevention and health

promotion.

To the Researcher. The results of this study gives the researcher more information

about the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected residents

of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. And hopefully in the future the researcher can apply

the knowledge about disease prevention and health promotion not only in the community

but to the world.

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To the Future Researcher. Results of the study may serve as a basis of information for

future similar researches to be conducted in the future.

Definition of terms

To guide and for easy understanding of this study, the following conceptual and

operational definitions of terms were presented:

Community. According to Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (2002) it refers to a

group of people living in the same geographic area and under the same government.

In this study, it refers to the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño in

which they will conduct this research study.

Disease. According to Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (2002) it refers to an illness

or a departure from a state of health caused by an interruption or modification of any of

the vital functions, and characterized by a definite train of symptoms.

In this study, it refers to the primary symptoms that the people living at Catalunan

Pequeño and Sto. Niño experiences like colds, fever, cough or stomach ache.

Health Promotion. According to Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (2002) it refers

to the field of medicine concerned with safeguarding and improving the health of the

community as a whole.

In this study, it refers to the interventions or health teachings that they will provide to

the people living at Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño to prevent them from acquiring

certain diseases.
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Level of Disease Prevention. According to Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (2002)

(2002) it refers to activities designed to protect patients or other members of the public

from actual or potential health threats and their harmful consequences.

In this study, it refers to the primary prevention and health promotion of the residents

of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

Prevention. According to Maglaya (2004) it refers to identification of potential

problems so that the nurse can minimize or probably even eradicate possible disability or

deformity in a population-at-risk to a negative exposure factor.

In this study, it refers to primary prevention of the residents of Catalunan Pequeño

and Sto. Niño.

Primary Prevention. According to Maglaya (2004) it refers to focusing on prevention

of emergence of risk factors and removal of the risk factors or reduction of their levels.

In this study, it refers to the activity that is concerned in preventing the specific

illness or disease to the people living at Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

Residents. According to Blackwell’s Dictionary of Nursing (2002) it refers to an

occupier, occupant, and inhabitant.

In this study, it refers to the people residing at Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Through the review of related literature and related studies, researcher was provided

the knowledge and background on the topic or subject being studied. Reading these

literatures and studies will help the researchers determine what has been done in the past

and will give the researchers pointers on how to develop or make some progress on the

status of its study.

Related Literature

Disease Prevention

Humans have been struggling with disease for thousands of years, and the problem

only became more pronounced when people began living in closely crowded areas. As

cities grew, so did the diversity of disease, along with a variety of colorful attempts at

disease prevention. Not until the 1800s did people really begin to understand the process

of disease, and start to take steps to prevent the spread of disease and to promote healthy

communities, ranging from washing hands between patients to pasteurizing dairy.

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Different nations have reached different levels in their disease prevention strategies.

In developed countries, for example, basic steps like sanitizing drinking water, providing

clean living conditions, and using widespread vaccination programs have proved to be

very effective at preventing disease in community at large, and doctors can focus on

individual patients. In the developing world, however, medical professionals are still

struggling with the basic rudiments of disease prevention, ranging from encouraging the

modification of cultural values to reduce the spread of disease to attempting to provide

basic medical care.

In communities, disease prevention is usually focused on providing clean living

conditions and promoting education so that people understand the mechanisms of disease.

Sewer systems, water purification plants, health codes, and the establishment of sterile

hospital facilities are all examples of infrastructure which is designed to prevent disease.

Many nations also have community education programs such as HIV/AIDS education

which tell citizens about how diseases spread. This two-pronged approach reduces the

risk of disease by eliminating conditions in which it can thrive.

For individuals, disease prevention can include the use of vaccination and prophylactic

medications, and the identification of risk factors which could make someone more prone

to disease. General wellness may also be promoted, as healthy individuals with strong

bodies are less likely to contract a disease.

Based on Maglaya (2004), “promoting health make up most of the nurse’s activities

in the community”. Disease prevention refers to identification of potential problems so

that the nurse can minimize or probably even eradicate possible disability or deformity in

a population-at-risk to a negative exposure factor. Disease prevention activities include

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provision of proper nutrition, safe water supply and waste disposal system, vector

control, promotion of a healthy lifestyle and good personal habits (Maglaya, 2004).

Disease prevention in a narrow sense, means averting the development of disease

that will manifest in the future. In a broad sense prevention consists of all measures,

including definitive therapy, that limit disease progression. Leavell and Clark (1965)

defined levels of prevention; primary and secondary. Although levels of prevention are

related to the natural history of disease, they can be used to prevent disease and provide

nurses with starting points in making effective, positive changes in health status of their

clients. Within the levels of prevention, there are five steps. These steps include: Health

promotion (primary prevention), Specific protection (primary prevention), early diagnosis

and prompt treatment (secondary prevention), disability limitation (secondary

prevention). Some confusion exists in interpretation of these concepts; therefore, a

consistent understanding of primary and secondary prevention is essential. The levels of

prevention operate on a continuum but may overlap in practice. The nurse must clearly

understand the goals of each level to intervene effectively in keeping people healthy

(Leavell & Clark, 1965).

On the other hand disease prevention is sometimes used as a complementary term

alongside health promotion. Although there is frequent overlap between the content and

strategies, disease prevention is defined separately. Disease prevention in this context is

considered to be action which usually emanates from the health sector, dealing with

individuals and populations identified as exhibiting identifiable risk factors, often

associated with different risk behaviors (Green & Kreuter, 1990).

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WHO also stated that disease prevention covers measures not only to prevent the

occurrence of disease, such as risk factor reduction, but also to arrest its progress and

reduce its consequences once established (Glossary of Terms used in Health for All

series, WHO, Geneva, 1984).

More over disease prevention is an approach to the effective provision of essential

health services that are accessible, acceptable, sustainable and affordable. Although

promotive health measures are emphasized in the availability an accessibility of curative

and rehabilitative services also affect peoples' health (Reyala, 2000).

Disease prevention is an activity designed to protect patients or other members

of the public from actual or potential health threats and their harmful consequences

(Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 2009).

Health

Health is defined in the WHO constitution of 1948 as: A state of complete

physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or

infirmity. Within the context of health promotion, health has been considered less as an

abstract state and more as a means to an end which can be expressed in functional terms

as are source which permits people to lead an individually, socially and economically

productive life. Health is a resource for everyday life, not the object of living. It is a

positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical

capabilities (Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, WHO, Geneva, 1986).

Health is also a state characterized by anatomical, physiological, and psychological

integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability
 15

to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress; a feeling of well-being;

and freedom from the risk of disease and untimely death (Stokes, Noren, & Shindell,

1982).

Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive

concept, emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities (Last,

2000).

Health Promotion

Health promotion is the combination of educational and environmental supports

for actions and conditions of living conducive to health (Green & Kreuter, 1990).

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to

improve their health (Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. WHO, Geneva, 1986).

"Health Promotion is the art and science of helping people discovers the synergies

between their core passions and optimal health, and become motivated to strive for

optimal health. Optimal health is a dynamic balance of physical, emotional, social,

spiritual and intellectual health. Lifestyle change can be facilitated through a

combination of learning experiences that enhance awareness, increase motivation, and

build skills and most importantly, through creating supportive environments that provide

opportunities for positive health practices"(O'Donnell, American Journal of Health

Promotion, 2009).

Health promotion is “the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to

move toward a state of optimal health” (O’Donnell, 1987).

Kreuter and Devore propose a more complex definition in a paper commissioned by

the U.S. Public Health Service. The state that health promotion is “the process of
 16

advocating health in order to enhance the probability that personal (individual, family,

and community), private (professional and business), and public (federal, state, and local

government) support of positive health practices will become a societal norm” (Kreuter

and Devore, 1980).

Health Promotion Approaches

Historically health promotion has tended to focus on specific disease, illness and

injury prevention. Contemporary health promotion identifies and acknowledges the

significance of underlying social determinants of health and uses a range of approaches to

address the many factors that determine the health of individuals and populations.

In the Socio-Environmental Approaches Health is often determined by factors

outside the immediate health system and the control of the individual. The socio-

environmental approach promotes health by addressing the broader or social determinants

of health (e.g. access to food, housing, income, employment, social isolation, early life,

transport, addiction and education) as well as creating healthy environments. Health

promotion actions commonly used in the socio-environmental approach include creating

environments that support health, working with communities to strengthen community

development and advocating for public policy. Examples of health promotion programs

that work within this model include health promoting schools, health promoting

workplace activities and school nutrition policy development.

In the Preventive Medicine Approach is the traditional approach where in health

sector understood health as the absence of illness and disease. This approach is directed
 17

at improving physiological risk factors, such as high blood pressure and lack of

immunization. This approach also focuses on the treatment and prevention of disease.

Health promoting action in this approach is commonly referred to in a series of stages:

primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Action usually comes from the health sector,

dealing with individuals and populations identified as having identifiable illnesses, risk

factors and risk behaviours. The preventative approach promotes health through the

following actions such as preventing the initial occurrence of an illness (primary

prevention); e.g. childhood immunization programs, stopping or slowing existing illness

(secondary prevention); e.g. cervical screening and reducing the re-occurrence and

establishment of chronic illnesses (tertiary prevention), e.g. effective rehabilitation.

The Lifestyle Behavioral Approach is generally based on the belief that giving

people knowledge and skills to adopt a healthy lifestyle will improve their health. This

approach is directed at improving behavioral risk factors, such as smoking, poor

nutrition, physical inactivity and substance abuse. It focuses at the individual or

population level and commonly uses health education, social marketing, self-help, self-

care and public policies to support healthy lifestyles. Examples of health promotion

programs that work within this model include walking groups for adults with health

concerns, oral health programs targeting primary school aged children and quit smoking

campaigns and strategies (http://www.healthpromotion.act.gov.au/c/hp?

a=da&did=1003708&pid=1150780477).

Primary Prevention
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Primary prevention is the stage of prevention covers all activities such as

immunizations, environmental sanitation, good personal hygiene etc. 5designed to

‘reduce’ the instances of an illness in a population and thus to reduce, as far as possible,

the risk of new cases appearing; in speech and language therapy this mainly covers

information and health education of a population, as well as training all those who have a

role to play with the population in question (Murray, Zentner, & Pangman, 2006).

On the other hand primary prevention also is directed to the healthy population,

focusing on prevention of emergence of risk factors (primordial prevention) and removal

of the risk factors or reduction of their levels. In communicable disease prevention,

activities on primary prevention are targeted at intervening before the agent enters the

host resistance, inactivate the agent (source of infection) or interrupt the chain of

infection through environmental manipulation/modification and prevention of spread to

human reservoirs and other susceptible human hosts. This can be done through personal

surveillance, quarantine, segregation or isolation (Spradley, 1990).

Kaufman stated that primary prevention targets generally health individuals to

decrease the probability that they will develop a disease or disability. A classic example

of a primary prevention strategy is fluoridation of public water supplies to prevent dental

caries. For chronic diseases, primary prevention strategies are those that influence the

entire population to adopt healthier life styles (Kaufman, 1990).

Pender also stated that primary prevention refers to providing specific protection

against disease to prevent its occurrence is the most desirable form of prevention.

Primary preventive efforts spare the client the cost, discomfort and the threat to the

quality of life that illness poses or at least delay the onset of illness. Preventive measures
 19

consist of counseling, education and adoption of specific health practices or changes in

lifestyle (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2006).

The primary prevention focuses mainly on health education and primary health

promotion. This activity is concerned in preventing the specific illness or disease. The

definition of primary prevention is to prevent the individuals in the onset of a targeted

condition. Examples of primary prevention we have, giving active and passive

immunization, teaching the client, maintaining normal body weight, maintaining the daily

diet, eating healthy foods, regular exercise and many others. Primary prevention also is

the most cost effective form of health care. Its target is the community as a whole (The

U.S. Preventative Services Task Forces’ Guide to Clinical Preventive Services 2nd

edition, 1996).

Health promotion/disease prevention objectives relating to nutrition for the adult

population will largely be achieved by primary prevention strategies. Information must be

widely disseminated to encourage consumers to follow the Dietary Guidelines for

Americans. Food markets, schools, houses of worship, libraries, and the media reach

consumers in their daily activities. Exercise, fitness, and smoking cessation programs

must be more broadly accessible. Incentives for food processors, restaurant chefs, and

school and work site cafeteria managers should encourage them to prepare and serve

foods lower in fat, calories, and sodium. Legislation and regulations can be enacted to

ensure more complete nutrition labeling (Kaufman, 1990).

Public Health
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The science and art of promoting health, preventing disease, and prolonging life

through the organized efforts of society and the government such as health care

programmes designed and implemented to aid in the needs of the people in the

community(adapted from the “Acheson Report”, London, 1988).

Public health is a social and political concept aimed at the improving health,

prolonging life and improving the quality of life among whole populations through health

promotion, disease prevention and other forms of health intervention. A distinction has

been made in the health promotion literature between public health and a new public

health for the purposes of emphasizing significantly different approaches to the

description and analysis of the determinants of health, and the methods of solving public

health problems. This new public health is distinguished by its basis in a comprehensive

understanding of the ways in which lifestyles and living conditions determine health

status, and recognition of the need to mobilize resources and make sound investments in

policies, programs and services which create, maintain and protect health by supporting

healthy lifestyles and creating supportive environments for health. Such a distinction

between the “old” and the “new” may not be necessary in the future as the mainstream

concept of public health develops and expands.

Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and

promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society,

organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" (Winslow, 1920).

Public Health is what we as a society collectively do to assure the conditions in

which people can be healthy” (U.S. Institute of Medicine, 1988).

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In conclusion, the general strategy of disease prevention and health promotions is to

promote the factors that prevent the occurrence or impede the progression of such a

disease and remove or diminish the factors that cause or contribute to the occurrence of a

disease.

Related Studies

International

The first International Conference on Health Promotion, meeting in Ottawa this 21st

day of November 1986, hereby presents this CHARTER for action to achieve Health for

All by the year 2000 and beyond. This conference was primarily a response to growing

expectations for a new public health movement around the world. Discussions focused on

the needs in industrialized countries, but took into account similar concerns in all other

regions. It built on the progress made through the Declaration on Primary Health Care at

Alma-Ata, the World Health Organization's Targets for Health for All document, and the

recent debate at the World Health Assembly on inter-sectoral action for health.

Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to

improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-

being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy

needs, and to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a

resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept
 22

emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Therefore,

health promotion is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond

healthy life-styles to well-being.

Good health is a major resource for social, economic and personal development and

an important dimension of quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural,

environmental, behavioral and biological factors can all favor health or be harmful to it.

Health promotion action aims at making these conditions favorable through advocacy for

health.

Health promotion focuses on achieving equity in health. Health promotion action

aims at reducing differences in current health status and ensuring equal opportunities and

resources to enable all people to achieve their fullest health potential. This includes a

secure foundation in a supportive environment, access to information, life skills and

opportunities for making healthy choices. People cannot achieve their fullest health

potential unless they are able to take control of those things which determine their health.

This must apply equally to women and men.

The prerequisites and prospects for health cannot be ensured by the health sector

alone. More importantly, health promotion demands coordinated action by all concerned:

by governments, by health and other social and economic sectors, by nongovernmental

and voluntary organization, by local authorities, by industry and by the media. People in

all walks of life are involved as individuals, families and communities. Professional and

social groups and health personnel have a major responsibility to mediate between

differing interests in society for the pursuit of health. Health promotion strategies and
 23

programmes should be adapted to the local needs and possibilities of individual countries

and regions to take into account differing social, cultural and economic systems.

Health promotion goes beyond health care. It puts health on the agenda of policy

makers in all sectors and at all levels, directing them to be aware of the health

consequences of their decisions and to accept their responsibilities for health. Health

promotion policy combines diverse but complementary approaches including legislation,

fiscal measures, taxation and organizational change. It is coordinated action that leads to

health, income and social policies that foster greater equity. Joint action contributes to

ensuring safer and healthier goods and services, healthier public services, and cleaner,

more enjoyable environments. Health promotion policy requires the identification of

obstacles to the adoption of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways of

removing them. The aim must be to make the healthier choice the easier choice for policy

makers as well.

Our societies are complex and interrelated. Health cannot be separated from other

goals. The inextricable links between people and their environment constitutes the basis

for a socioecological approach to health. The overall guiding principle for the world,

nations, regions and communities alike, is the need to encourage reciprocal maintenance -

to take care of each other, our communities and our natural environment. The

conservation of natural resources throughout the world should be emphasized as a global

responsibility.

Changing patterns of life, work and leisure have a significant impact on health. Work

and leisure should be a source of health for people. The way society organizes work

should help create a healthy society. Health promotion generates living and working
 24

conditions that are safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable. Systematic assessment of

the health impact of a rapidly changing environment – particularly in areas of technology,

work, energy production and urbanization - is essential and must be followed by action to

ensure positive benefit to the health of the public. The protection of the natural and built

environments and the conservation of natural resources must be addressed in any health

promotion strategy.

Health promotion works through concrete and effective community action in setting

priorities, making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them to achieve better

health. At the heart of this process is the empowerment of communities - their ownership

and control of their own endeavours and destinies. Community development draws on

existing human and material resources in the community to enhance self-help and social

support, and to develop flexible systems for strengthening public participation in and

direction of health matters. This requires full and continuous access to information,

learning opportunities for health, as well as funding support.

Health promotion supports personal and social development through providing

information, education for health, and enhancing life skills. By so doing, it increases the

options available to people to exercise more control over their own health and over their

environments, and to make choices conducive to health. Enabling people to learn,

throughout life, to prepare themselves for all of its stages and to cope with chronic illness

and injuries is essential. This has to be facilitated in school, home, work and community

settings. Action is required through educational, professional, commercial and voluntary

bodies, and within the institutions themselves.

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The responsibility for health promotion in health services is shared among

individuals, community groups, health professionals, health service institutions and

governments. They must work together towards a health care system which contributes to

the pursuit of health. The role of the health sector must move increasingly in a health

promotion direction, beyond its responsibility for providing clinical and curative services.

Health services need to embrace an expanded mandate which is sensitive and respects

cultural needs. This mandate should support the needs of individuals and communities for

a healthier life, and open channels between the health sector and broader social, political,

economic and physical environmental components. Reorienting health services also

requires stronger attention to health research as well as changes in professional education

and training. This must lead to a change of attitude and organization of health services

which refocuses on the total needs of the individual as a whole person.

Health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life; where

they learn, work, play and love. Health is created by caring for oneself and others, by

being able to take decisions and have control over one's life circumstances, and by

ensuring that the society one lives in creates conditions that allow the attainment of health

by all its members. Caring, holism and ecology are essential issues in developing

strategies for health promotion. Therefore, those involved should take as a guiding

principle that, in each phase of planning, implementation and evaluation of health

promotion activities, women and men should become equal partners

(http://www.crrps.org/download/OttawaCharter.pdf).

National
 26

The Department of health released seven steps toward a healthier life to be a guide in

disease prevention and health promotion practices of the Filipino families. The 7 steps

toward a healthier life are inter-related, easy-to-remember steps that can help patients

achieve consistent improvements in health regardless of their age. Because behavioral

changes are broken into components, the patient and the APN have the flexibility to

choose 1 or more steps.

It is important for health care providers to stress to patients that it is never too late to

implement lifestyle changes and that no matter how small the change may seem, it is

important. Remind patients that while the damage from some lifestyle choices (eg,

smoking) seems to be greater than others, the body has an amazing ability to heal itself.

(A recent article in Time magazine supported these ideas and is written in a tone that

patients usually find reassuring and informative.)

Providers can have these 7 steps printed and given to their patients on wallet-sized

laminated cards with their office phone numbers and addresses on the back. Posters with

the 7 steps can be placed on examination room doors, waiting rooms, and elevators.

Many health-related organizations strive to promote good health and offer posters and

brochures and other teaching materials for patient and provider use.

Step 1: Eat Well But Not Too Much of the Wrong Foods. Nutrition counts.

Population surveys indicate that the age-adjusted prevalence of overweight adults in the

United States has increased from about 25% in the 1970s to 33% during the period from

1988-1991. The increase is evident for all race and sex groups. More patients eat out now

than in previous years, and relatively few patients participate in regular exercise. People

tend to gain weight as they age, particularly as their activity levels decrease. Permanent
 27

lifestyle changes that combine nutritional strategies and increased physical activity are

the most effective for weight management.

The APN can ask questions about patients' dietary practices; even a 24-hour recall is

helpful to understand how a patient manages nutritional intake. For some patients, a

review of the food pyramid is helpful. For others, a consultation with a nutritionist may

be required. Obesity is a difficult disease to treat and should be viewed by the APN as a

complicated medical problem, just as coronary artery disease and diabetes are. Therefore,

I believe that all patients who are obese and/or have a chronic disease should consult with

a nutritionist in addition to working with their primary care provider.

Children at risk for obesity should be identified early, and weight gain prevention

practices such as nutritional guidance and emotional support should be put into place by

the family.

Patients who have lost weight are always at risk for weight regain. Exercise is the

most effective method for weight maintenance. Individuals who burn about 2700 calories

weekly through exercising above their daily activity achieve better weight control results

than individuals who exercise less.(Standard exercise programs recommend burning 1500

calories per week, a substantial difference.) Many people cannot find the time to

complete 30 to 60 minutes of daily exercise. However, patients should be informed about

the level of exercise that will be required to maintain their weight loss.

Step 2: Quit Smoking. Nearly 50 million Americans smoke while long-term studies

now indicate that damage to the lungs from smoking is harder to undo than other damage,

patients still reduce their risk for lung cancer and other diseases if they quit. Patients may

experience benefits to the circulatory system immediately upon quitting. For details on
 28

how to help a patient quit smoking, an article by Schaffer says that, "Clearing the Air:

Brief Strategies for Smoking Cessation".

Health care providers should ask patients who are smoking if they have ever tried to

quit and, if so, what strategies they tried. Just because one strategy did not work does not

mean that others will not work. Patients should be encouraged to remain open-minded

about strategies. Even strategies that have been successful in the past may need to be

altered the second time around.

Step 3: Exercise Regularly. Exercise can make a person feel better immediately. It

also helps patients cope with chronic disease and stress by increasing the body's release

of endorphins and other hormones. Patients should be encouraged to avoid exercising too

much too soon, which can result in soreness and motivate the patient to quit exercising.

Any form of exercise that a patient is willing to undertake and is within his or her

physical abilities should be encouraged. For specific guidelines on exercise, see the

article by Padden, "The Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse in the Promotion of

Exercise and Physical Activity," published in this issue.

The benefits of exercise also are detailed in an online report from the National Center

for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Health care providers who want

specific information to share with their patients can print out this report, which is

available on the CDC Web site at http://www.cdc.gov/health/physact.htm.

The APN should ask patients what forms of exercise they like to participate in, feel

comfortable doing, or have an interest in learning. Encourage patients to be as active as

possible. If they cannot participate in a sport, encourage them to do small bits of activity

such as sweeping the floor, parking further away from the entrance to a building than
 29

they normally would, or perhaps moving around while talking on the cell phone.

Sometimes crossing and uncrossing one's leg is better than no activity at all.

Step 4: Maintain or Reduce Your Weight. Even a modest weight loss will have

positive health effects. A 10% to 15% reduction in body weight in obese patients lowers

blood pressure, decreases joint stress, and improves exercise tolerance. Patients were

once told that they needed to achieve a normal weight to experience the benefits of

weight loss. Although the full benefits of weight loss might be better realized if a normal

weight can be achieved, many patients are not able to reach their goal weight These

patients tend to become discouraged and depressed, which increases a sense of defeat and

may even result in more weight gain.

Step 5: Avoid Excessive Use of Alcohol and/or Other Drugs. Excessive use of

alcohol and other drugs is associated with a decline in patients' health status and a lack of

motivation for self-care practices in general. Patients who abuse alcohol and other drugs

are at risk for accidents and often don't sleep or eat well. Frequently, they use these

substances to self-medicate for anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms. The risks for

dental caries, sexually transmitted diseases, and unplanned pregnancy are known to be

higher in substance-abusing patients than in others.

Unfortunately, adequate mental healthcare has become a luxury in our society; most

insurance plans do not cover adequate treatment. Patients are stigmatized and fear asking

for help because of rejection from providers, family members, and employers.

There is a strong genetic basis for alcohol and drug abuse, and patients often

experience many relapses before treatment is effective. Again, prevention seems to be

key. Children and adolescents should be asked about substance abuse in their families. If
 30

there is a positive family history, they should be encouraged to consider choosing not to

consume alcohol or experiment with drugs.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms should be identified early and treated before

adolescents and adults decide to self-medicate. All patients should be asked about the use

of alcohol and other drugs when they experience an event, such as an accident or

unplanned pregnancy, associated with substance abuse. At routine visits, the provider

should ask about the use of alcohol and other drugs and any risk factors for substance

abuse.

Step 6: Get Enough Sleep. The National Sleep Foundation reports that more than one

half of adults surveyed (58%) experienced insomnia at least a few nights per week within

the past year. It is believed that serious health effects may be at least in part caused by

inadequate sleep. For example, a study reported at the American Diabetes Association's

61st Annual Scientific Sessions revealed that the incidence of insulin resistance was

higher in persons who received 5 or fewer hours of sleep each day. Other sleep disorders,

such as sleep apnea, have been reported to be associated with hypertension and

Alzheimer disease.

Health care providers can suggest various educational and behavioral strategies to

reduce insomnia. It is important to teach patients about the kinds of behavior that disrupt

sleep. For example, the bedroom should be reserved only for sleeping and sexual

activities rather than more general activities such as watching television or reading.

Strategies such as going to bed only when sleepy and getting out of bed after 15-20

minutes if unable to sleep and returning to bed later have been shown to re-establish the

psychological connection between the bedroom and sleeping. Pharmacotherapeutic

 31

management can be effective with patients who don't respond to relaxation techniques

and sleep hygiene practices. Cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to be superior

to relaxation therapy or placebo for chronic primary insomnia.Patients will find that if

they concentrate on some of the other steps for healthy living, their insomnia may also

improve.

Step 7: Practice Some Method of Relaxation on a Daily Basis. Stress-related

hormones such as cortisol and epinephrine help people adapt to their environments, but if

they are secreted in excess, body systems can be damaged. People today do not contend

with the same threats as their ancestors did. Today's threats -- loss of self-esteem,

socioeconomic losses, interpersonal conflicts -- often involve ill-defined, diffuse

situations that are not resolved by a "flight or fight" response. However, today's threats

are usually chronic and over time can cause the adaptive physiologic response to become

maladaptive.

Stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic processes, heart

disease, hypertension, and stroke. While direct evidence that stress causes cardiovascular

dysfunction or disease is not always conclusive, there is enough evidence for Health care

providers to be concerned about stress levels in patients and to make recommendations

for stress reduction. Patients frequently use nontraditional methods such as yoga,

biofeedback, and acupuncture with success. Psychotherapy can help patients modulate the

effects of chronic stress by teaching them how to recognize when they are stressed, what

particular stressors seem to provoke physiologic responses, and how to cope in other,

more healthy ways. Several of the other steps, such as exercising regularly and getting
 32

adequate sleep, will also help mitigate the effects of stressful life situations (Department

of Health, Retrieved on August 14, 2009).

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, respondents of the study,

sampling technique, research instrument, research procedure, and statistical treatment of

the data.

Research Design

In this study, descriptive comparative design was used. This type of research is

utilized since it would determine the difference between the disease prevention and health

promotion among the residents in Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. Descriptive research

is designed to summarize the status of phenomenon of interest as they currently exist.

Research Locale

This study was conducted among the residents of the two communities in Davao

City; Catalunan Pequeño, with a household of 792 and Sto. Niño with a household of
 33

1178 (National Statistics Office, 2000). The site is selected due to its accessibility and to

achieve a more comprehensive study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondent of the study consisted of the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño

and Sto. Niño above 18 years of age. The researchers chose them because they came

from a community who rarely seeks for medical assistance when not feeling well.

Through these respondents they aimed to determine the level of disease prevention and

health promotion of the two communities. The researchers also believe that these

respondents will be honest and truthful upon answering the questionnaires.

Table 1

Distribution of the Respondents

Community Actual No. of Household n (Sample Size)

Catalunan Pequeño 792 133
Sto. Niño 1178 199
Total 1970 332

Table 1 shows the actual number of household in Catalunan Pequeño which is 792

while in Sto. Niño is 1178 (National Statistics Office, 2000). Thus, the total number of

households in the 2 areas is 1970. The number of households that will be the respondents

of this study in Catalunan Pequeño is 133 while in Sto. Niño is 199 and the total sample

size of the two areas is 332. Proportion and allocation is use to distribute the respondents.

Sampling Technique
 34

Multi-stage random sampling is the method used in this study. The researchers use

this method because the respondents in this research study involves the whole household

and that researchers just chose randomly one representative each household. The

researchers use the Slovin’s formula to determine the sample size of the two communities

that was the respondents of this study as shown below:

n= N _
(1 + Ne2)

Where:

1 - constant

N- population size

n- sample size

e- margin of error

n=_____1970_____
1+1970 (0.05)2

n=_____1970_____
1+1970 (0.0025)

n=_____1970_____
1+4.925

n=____1970______
5.925

n= 332.4894515

The total sample size of this study is 332.

Research Instrument
 35

The researchers utilized a survey questionnaire in determining the respondents’ level

of disease prevention and health promotion.

After a set of instructions and reminders, the researchers had set down the questions

for the survey proper. The instrument aimed to measure the level of disease prevention

and health promotion practiced by the community of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

The survey questionnaires will be prepared according to the level of understanding of the

respondents. Pretesting and revision of the questionnaire was done to improve the choice

of words and sentence construction, check the validity and reliability of the questions,

eliminate unnecessary questions, and therefore, eliminate errors and perfect the data

collection instrument (Arboleda, 1998).

The researchers hope that people who are interested in the disease prevention and

health promotion among the residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño wascome

more aware and active in the policy-making process. They want the residents of the said

baranggays to pay attention to not only the questionnaires they have to answer but also

the importance of the study in their day to day living. The researchers chose 10

respondents to participate in the pilot study that is not included in the actual respondents

of this research. Through them the researchers hope that there would be an improvement

in the content of the questionnaire.

The scale below is found in the survey questionnaire and was use as the basis in

determining the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected

residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

Rank Interval Interpretation

4 3.27 - 4.0 Excellent

 36

3 2.52 – 3.26 Very Good

2 1.36 – 2.51 Good

1 1.0 – 1.35 Poor

Research Procedure

Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the baranggay officials of

Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño through a communication signed by all the researchers

and noted by the adviser and the dean. Once permission to conduct the study was granted,

the questionnaire was administered by the researchers and it was also retrieved after the

respondents had finished answering it. After, the data collected were then be tallied and

statistically treated.

Statistical Treatment

Data were collected, collated and tabulated. Both parametric and non-parametric

statistical tools were utilized. Data were encoded and treated through the SPSS 17.0

program using 0.05 level of significance.

Statement problem number one was answered using frequency and percentage.

Statement problem number two was answered using weighted mean.

Statement problem number three was answered using 0.05 as its level of

significance, is the t – test and ANOVA.

Statement problem number four was answered using t - test.

 37

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of statistical data

on the Level of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion among the Selected Residents

of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño, Davao City.

Profile of the Respondents

Table 2 presents the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender,

family income and educational attainment per baranggay. According to age, the data

gathered shows that most of the respondents in Baranggay Catalunan Pequeño and

Baranggay Sto. Niño were in the range of 30 yrs old and below earning 44.4 % and

48.7%. In terms of gender, the data gathered shows that most of the respondents were

females garnering 57.1% and 56.3%. According to family income, the data gathered

shows that most of the respondent’s highest monthly income appeared in the range of

4000 – 5000 pesos with 35.3% and 28.6%. Lastly, according to educational attainment
 38

the data gathered shows that the majority of the respondents are high school graduates

with 51.1% and 45.7%.

In accordance to age, this implies that majority of the respondents belong to the age

group that is particular with health promotion and disease preventive measures since this

is a crucial time where in people tend to be cautious because of death causing illnesses

experienced by their older relatives. In accordance to gender, one lifestyle factor

accounting for the gender gap in mortality is that men are more likely prone when

compared with women to engage in potentially risky behaviors such as smoking and

drinking. Another gender difference in health habits is that women make greater use of

preventive health services and are more likely to seek medical treatment when they are

ill. Women’s greater tendency to visit the doctor’s office suggests that they are more

health conscious than men. In accordance to family income, 4, 000-5, 000 pesos being the

highest monthly income by both baranggays might not be enough for a family to supply

their daily needs such as food because if you would divide presuming the highest income

with P5000 to 30 days the result would be approximately P167 per day. Their income

would basically be used up only for their daily needs and they cannot afford to buy other

necessities for health such as vitamins and food supplements. Lastly, in accordance to

educational attainment, Hill, Hoffman and Rex (2005) state that acquiring higher

education is a form of human capital investment, and it generally leads to higher worker

productivity, greater output, and enhanced economic prosperity. Lack of education can

greatly affect the chances of finding a good job with good pay which may cause future

problems in the community.

 39

Table 2
Profile of the Respondents

Category Catalunan Pequeño Sto. Niño

Age Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
(n) (%) (n) (%)
30 yrs old and below 59 44.4 97 48.7
31 - 40 yrs old 30 22.6 49 24.6
41 - 50 yrs old 26 19.5 32 16.1
51 - 60 yrs old 13 9.8 18 9.0
61 yrs old and above 5 3.8 3 1.5
Total 133 100 199 100

Gender Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

(n) (%) (n) (%)
Male 56 42.1 87 43.7
Female 77 57.9 112 56.3
Total 133 100 199 100

Family Income Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

(n) (%) (n) (%)
1,000-2,000 11 8.3 31 15.6
2,000-3,000 16 12.0 36 18.1
3,000-4,000 36 27.1 43 21.6
4,000-5,000 47 35.3 57 28.6
5,000 and above 23 17.3 32 16.1
Total 133 100 199 100

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

(n) (%) (n) (%)
Elementary Graduate 8 6.0 18 9.0
High School Graduate 68 51.1 91 45.7
 40

College Graduate 48 36.1 69 34.7

Others 9 6.8 21 10.6
Total 133 100 199 100

Level of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion among the Selected Respondents of

Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño

In the 40-item questionnaire given out, the researchers ranked the mean score in both

baranggays into highest and lowest and compared the difference between the two

baranggays. The highest mean score in Catalunan Pequeno is 3.58 which means that most

of their respondents always takes a bath every day, while in Sto. Niño has a highest mean

score of 3.53 which means that their respondents also do the same thing. This implies that

most of the respondents of both the community knows the importance of proper hygiene

and applies it to themselves not only as a means of preventing diseases but also as a

means of promoting health and well being.

The lowest mean score in Catalunan Pequeno is 1.90 which means that their

respondents sometimes drink alcoholic beverages, while in Sto. Niño has a lowest mean

score of 1.94 which means that their respondents also do the same thing. This implies that

most of the respondents of both the community have a good reputation in taking alcoholic

beverages occasionally.

The rest of the items are not interpreted as poor but rather good, very good and

excellent, this implies that both the communities has developed in keeping self-care
 41

practices by doing proper hygiene in order to prevent diseases and promote healthy

lifestyle for the benefit of their children.

Table 3
Level of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Among the Selected Respondents of
Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño

Items Catalunan Pequeño Sto. Niño

Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
1. Exercises regularly. 2.26 Good 2.49 Good
2. Sleeps eight hours a day. 2.67 Very Good 2.66 Very Good
3. Regularly intake of vitamin and mineral 2.30 Good 2.41 Good
supplements.
4. Avoids drinking alcohol. 1.90 Good 1.94 Good
5. Avoids smoking. 2.01 Good 2.00 Good
6. Takes a bath daily. 3.58 Excellent 3.53 Excellent
7. Brushes teeth 3x a day. 3.56 Excellent 3.25 Very Good
8. Cleans ear once/twice a week. 3.40 Excellent 3.03 Very Good
9. Regularly keeps the nails trimmed nail short. 3.11 Very Good 3.00 Very Good
10. Changes clothes everyday or as needed. 3.40 Excellent 3.33 Excellent
11. Prefers eating vegetables every meal/day. 3.29 Excellent 3.02 Very Good
12. Regularly eats fruits every meal/day. 2.99 Very Good 2.79 Very Good
13. Limits intake of fatty foods such as meat. 2.88 Very Good 2.68 Very Good
14. Eats three times a day. 3.38 Excellent 3.23 Very Good
15. Regularly drinks milk. 2.98 Very Good 2.67 Very Good
16. Washes hands before and after eating meals. 3.30 Excellent 3.31 Excellent
17. Washes raw food before eating. 3.24 Very Good 3.16 Very Good
18. Properly stores food. 3.24 Very Good 3.43 Excellent
19. Cleans the kitchen daily/weekly. 3.35 Excellent 3.17 Very Good
20. Sterilizes kitchen utensils weekly/once a month. 3.10 Very Good 3.04 Very Good
21. Washes hands every after using the toilet. 3.25 Very Good 3.27 Excellent
22. Uses toilet bowls when defecating. 3.32 Excellent 3.34 Excellent
23. Flushes toilet bowl every after use. 3.34 Excellent 3.32 Excellent
24. Keeps toilet clean and odor free. 3.32 Excellent 3.26 Very Good
25. Disinfects toilet daily/weekly. 2.92 Very Good 3.09 Very Good
26. Disposes garbage properly. 3.20 Very Good 3.21 Very Good
27. Segregates biodegradable from non- 2.92 Very Good 2.83 Very Good
biodegradable wastes.
28. Recycles non-biodegradable wastes. 2.76 Very Good 2.73 Very Good
29. Composting the biodegradable wastes. 2.86 Very Good 2.54 Very Good
30. Avoids burning garbage. 3.41 Excellent 2.58 Very Good
31. Keeps the yard and its surroundings clean. 3.29 Excellent 2.84 Very Good
 42

32. Avoids having stagnant waters at the yard. 3.22 Very Good 2.87 Very Good
33. Cleans drainage every week. 3.15 Very Good 2.82 Very Good
34. Practices fogging weekly/once a month. 2.86 Very Good 2.85 Very Good
35. Trims grasses around the backyard. 3.04 Very Good 2.91 Very Good
36. Appreciates the importance of immunizations. 3.22 Very Good 3.17 Very Good
37. Emphasizes the need to complete the required 3.35 Excellent 3.25 Very Good
immunizations in the family.
38. Always aware of exisiting DOH programs 3.10 Very Good 3.17 Very Good
related to immunizations.
39. Avails the free immunizations given by the 3.19 Very Good 3.20 Very Good
baranggay health centers.
40. Knows the significance of completing the 3.08 Very Good 3.20 Very Good
immunizations.

Difference Between Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Among the Selected

Residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño as Grouped According to Profile.

Table 4 shows the significant difference between level of disease prevention and

health promotion among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño as

grouped according to profile.

According to age in Catalunan Pequeño the computed f value is 1.064 while the p

value is 0.377 at 0.05 level of significance indicates that there is no significant difference

between the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected

residents of Catalunan Pequeño in terms of age therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.

In Sto. Niño the computed f value is 2.340 while the p value is 0.57 at 0.05 level of

significance indicates that there is no significant difference between the level of disease

prevention and health promotion among the selected residents of Sto. Niño in terms of

age therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.

According to gender in Catalunan Pequeño the computed t value is 0.100 while the p

value is .921 at 0.05 level of significance shows that there is no significant difference

between the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected

residents of Catalunan Pequeño in terms of gender therefore the null hypothesis is

 43

accepted. In Sto. Niño the computed t value -.950 while the p value is 0.343 at 0.05 level

of significance shows that there is no significant difference between the level of disease

prevention and health promotion among the selected residents of and Sto. Niño in terms

of gender therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.

According to family income in Catalunan Pequeño the computed f value is .926

while the p value is .450 at 0.05 level of significance shows that there is no significant

difference between the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the

selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño in terms of family income therefore the null

hypothesis is accepted. In Sto. Niño the computed f value 1.452 while the p value is

0.221 at 0.05 level of significance shows that there is no significant difference between

the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected residents of Sto.

Niño in terms of family income therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.

According to educational attainment in Catalunan Pequeño the computed f value

0.773 while the p value is 0.551 at 0.05 level of significance shows that there is no

significant difference between the level of disease prevention and health promotion

among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño in terms of educational attainment

therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. In Sto. Niño the computed f value 1.078 while

the p value is .359 at 0.05 level of significance shows that there is no significant

difference between the level of disease prevention and health promotion among the

selected residents of Sto. Niño in terms of educational attainment therefore the null

hypothesis is accepted.

Table 4
Difference Between Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Among the Selected
Residents of Catalunan Pequeño as Grouped According to Profile

Catalunan Pequeño f or t value p value Remarks

 44

Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to Age 1.064 0.377 Accept Ho
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to Gender 0.100 0.921 Accept Ho
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to Family 0.926 0.450 Accept Ho
Income
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to 0.773 0.551 Accept Ho
Educational Attainment
Sto. Niño f or t value p value Remarks
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to Age 2.340 0.57 Accept Ho
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to Gender -.950 0.343 Accept Ho
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to Family 1.452 0.221 Accept Ho
Income
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion according to 1.078 0.359 Accept Ho
Educational Attainment
Difference Between Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Among the Selected

Residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño

Table 5 shows the significant difference between the level of disease prevention and

health promotion among the selected residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño.

According to data gathered the computed t value is 2.215 while the p value is 0.028

at 0.05 level of significance indicates that there is a significant difference between the

level of disease prevention and health promotion among the selected residents of

Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

Table 5
Difference Between Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Among the Selected
Residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño

Baranggay t value P value Remarks

Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Among the 2.215 0.028 Reject Ho
Selected Residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño

The two communities have a significant difference in their level of disease

prevention and health promotion. Even though the two communities are both rural areas,

the data that the researchers have gathered shows that there is a difference in both the

communities’ health practices. This implies that a health promotion and disease

prevention practice varies in every person regardless of their age, gender, family income

and educational attainment.

 45

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the study, the findings, conclusions based on

the findings of the study and recommendations for future studies.

Summary

This study aimed to prove if there was a significant difference between the level of

disease prevention and health promotion among the selected residents of Catalunan

Pequeño and Sto. Niño. The variables are the residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto.

Niño, being the independent variable and the level of disease prevention and health

promotion, being the dependent variable. This study used a descriptive comparative

research design. Survey questionnaires were prepared having the level of disease

prevention and health promotion of the two communities. The respondents were the

selected residents in Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño. The researchers used multi-stage

sampling technique because the respondents in this research study involves the whole

household and that the researchers just chose randomly one representative each

household.
 46

On August 2009, the researchers had their thesis title proposal. After which,

revisions were made and the survey questionnaires were handed out to the said

respondents. After all survey questionnaires were handed out, tallying began, the data

was collated carefully using the SPSS 17.0 program to determine the percentage

distribution of the respondents’ profile, measure the Level of Disease Prevention and

Health Promotion, to determine if there is a significant difference in the Level of Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion among the Selected Residents of Catalunan Pequeño

and Sto. Niño, Davao City according to profile and if there is a significant difference in

the Level of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion among the Selected Residents of

Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño, Davao City.

Findings:

1. The profile of the respondents in terms of age, majority are 30 yrs old and below.

2. The family income mostly appeared is P4000 – 5000.

3. Most of the respondents are female.

4. In terms of educational attainment the results showed majority of the residents are high

school graduates.

5. The overall level of disease prevention and health promotion of the respondents are

very good.

6. There is no significant difference in the level of disease prevention and health

promotion among the Selected Residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño, Davao

City as grouped according to profile and

7. There is a significant difference between the Level of Disease Prevention and Health

Promotion among the two community.

 47

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the researchers concluded that there is a

significant difference between the Level of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

among the Selected Residents of Catalunan Pequeño and Sto. Niño, Davao City.

Recommendation

Based on the results of this study, the researchers recommend that the local

government would further extend their efforts in helping the rural communities to

improve their health practices by developing and implementing effective health programs

and services such as “Free Medical Check-ups”, “Medical Mission”, “Free Animal

Vaccinations” etc. For the residents of the rural communities the researchers recommend

that they should also take the initiative to avail and participate in the programs that are

being implemented by the government and not be apathetic. Lastly, the researchers would

like to recommend to the school especially to the nursing division to continue their efforts

in imparting the skills and knowledge of their students about health during the

community exposures.