TheLinearTriangularElement

Basic Equations
BasicEquations
The linear triangular element is a twodimensional finite element with both

local and global coordinates.

It is
shape
functions.
i characterized
h
t i d by
b linear
li
h
f
ti
This element can be used for plane stress or plane strain problems in elasticity.
It is also called the constant strain triangle (CST).
The linear triangular
g
element has modulus of elasticityy E, Poissons ratio , and
thickness t.
Each linear triangle has three nodes with two inplane degrees of freedom at each
node. The global coordinates of the three nodes are denoted by (xi, yi), (xj , yj ),
and (xm, ym).
The order of the nodes for each element is important. they should be listed in a
counterclockwise direction starting from any node.
The area of each triangle should be positive.

In this case the element stiffness matrix is given by

 It is clear that the linear triangular element has six

degrees of freedom two at each node.

Consequently for a structure with n nodes, the global
stiffness
matrix
iff
i K will
ill be
b off size
i 2n 2n.
Once the global stiffness matrix K is obtained we have
the following structure equation:
The above matrix is solved by partitioning and

Gaussian elimination. Finally once the unknown

displacements and reactions are found, the stress
vector is obtained for each element as follows:

is the stress vector in the element (of size 3 1) and u is the 6 1 element
displacement vector. The vector is written for each element as {} = [x y xy]T.

MATLABFunctionsUsed
functionA=LinearTriangleElementArea(xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym)
%LinearTriangleElementArea Thisfunctionreturnsthe
areaofthe
f h
%lineartriangularelementwhosefirst
% d h
%nodehascoordinates(xi,yi),second
di t ( i i)
d
%nodehascoordinates(xj,yj),and
%thirdnodehascoordinates(xm ym)
%thirdnodehascoordinates(xm,ym).
A=(xi*(yjym)+xj*(ymyi)+xm*(yiyj))/2;

f
i k Li
Ti
l El
S iff
(E NU i i j j
)
functionk=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,p)
%LinearTriangleElementStiffness Thisfunctionreturnstheelement
%stiffnessmatrixforalineartriangularelementwithmodulusofelasticityE,PoissonsratioNU,
%thicknesst,coordinatesofthefirstnode(xi,yi),coordinatesofthe secondnode(xj,yj),and
( ,y )
p
p
,
p
%coordinatesofthethirdnode(xm,ym).Usep=1forcasesofplanestress,andp=2forcases
%ofplanestrain.Thesizeoftheelementstiffness
%matrixis6x6.
A=(xi*(yjym)+xj*(ymyi)+xm*(yiyj))/2;
betai =yjym;
yj ym;
betaj =ymyi;
betam =yiyj;
gammai =xmxj;
gammaj =xixm;
gammam =xjxi;
B=[betai 0betaj 0betam 0;
0gammai0gammaj0gammam;
gammaibetaigammajbetajgammambetam]/(2*A);
ifp==1
D=(E/(1NU*NU))*[1NU0;NU10;00(1NU)/2];
elseif p==2
D=(E/(1+NU)/(12*NU))*[1NUNU0;NU1NU0;00(12*NU)/2];
end
d
k=t*A*B*D*B;

functionK=LinearTriangleAssemble(K k i j m)
functionK=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k,i,j,m)
%LinearTriangleAssemble Thisfunctionassemblestheelement
%stiffnessmatrixkofthelinear
%triangularelementwithnodesi,j,
%andmintotheglobalstiffnessmatrixK.
%Thisfunctionreturnstheglobalstiffness
%matrixKaftertheelementstiffnessmatrix
%kisassembled.
K(2*i1,2*i1)=K(2*i1,2*i1)+k(1,1);
K(2*i
1 2*i 1) K(2*i 1 2*i 1)+k(1 1);
K(2*i1,2*i)=K(2*i1,2*i)+k(1,2);
K(2*i1,2*j1)=K(2*i1,2*j1)+k(1,3);
K(2*i1,2*j)=K(2*i1,2*j)+k(1,4);
K(2*i1,2*m1)=K(2*i1,2*m1)+k(1,5);
K(2*i1,2*m)=K(2*i1,2*m)+k(1,6);
K(2*i,2*i1)=K(2*i,2*i1)+k(2,1);
K(2*i,2*i)=K(2*i,2*i)+k(2,2);
K(2*i,2*j1)=K(2*i,2*j1)+k(2,3);
K( *i *j) K( *i *j) k( )
K(2*i,2*j)=K(2*i,2*j)+k(2,4);
K(2*i,2*m1)=K(2*i,2*m1)+k(2,5);
K(2*i,2*m)=K(2*i,2*m)+k(2,6);
K(2*j1,2*i1)=K(2*j1,2*i1)+k(3,1);
( j , )
( j , )
(3, );
K(2*j1,2*i)=K(2*j1,2*i)+k(3,2);
K(2*j1,2*j1)=K(2*j1,2*j1)+k(3,3);
K(2*j1,2*j)=K(2*j1,2*j)+k(3,4);
K(2*j1,2*m1)=K(2*j1,2*m1)+k(3,5);
K(2*j1,2*m)=K(2*j1,2*m)+k(3,6);

K(2*j,2*i1)=K(2*j,2*i1)+k(4,1);
K(2*j,2*i)=K(2*j,2*i)+k(4,2);
K(2*j,2*j1)=K(2*j,2*j1)+k(4,3);
K(2*j,2*j)=K(2*j,2*j)+k(4,4);
K(2*j,2*m1)=K(2*j,2*m1)+k(4,5);
K(2*j,2*m)=K(2*j,2*m)+k(4,6);
K(2*m1,2*i1)=K(2*m1,2*i1)+k(5,1);
(
, )
(
, )
(5, );
K(2*m1,2*i)=K(2*m1,2*i)+k(5,2);
K(2*m1,2*j1)=K(2*m1,2*j1)+k(5,3);
K(2*m1,2*j)=K(2*m1,2*j)+k(5,4);
K(2*m1,2*m1)=K(2*m1,2*m1)+k(5,5);
K(2*m1
K(2
m 1,22*m)=K(2*m1
m)=K(2 m 1,22*m)+k(5
m)+k(5,6);
6);
K(2*m,2*i1)=K(2*m,2*i1)+k(6,1);
K(2*m,2*i)=K(2*m,2*i)+k(6,2);
K(2*m,2*j1)=K(2*m,2*j1)+k(6,3);
K(2*m 2*j) K(2*m 2*j)+k(6 4);
K(2*m,2*j)=K(2*m,2*j)+k(6,4);
K(2*m,2*m1)=K(2*m,2*m1)+k(6,5);
K(2*m,2*m)=K(2*m,2*m)+k(6,6);

Or
ElementDofs=[2 i 12i2 j 12j2 m 12m];
ElementDofs=[2*i12i2*j12j2*m12m];
K(ElementDofs,ElementDofs)=K(ElementDofs,ElementDofs)+k;

f
i S Li
Ti
l El
S
(E NU i i j j
)
functionS=LinearTriangleElementStresses(E,NU,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,p,u)
%LinearTriangleElementStressesThis functionreturnstheelement
%stressvectorforalineartriangularelementwithmodulusofelasticityE,PoissonsratioNU,
%coordinatesofthefirstnode(xi,yi),coordinatesofthesecondnode(xj,yj),coordinatesofthethirdnode
( ,y ),
p
p
p
,
p
%(xm,ym),andelementdisplacementvectoru.Usep=1forcasesofplanestress,andp=2forcases
%ofplanestrain.Thesizeoftheelementstressvectoris3x1.
A=(xi*(yjym)+xj*(ymyi)+xm*(yiyj))/2;
betai =yjym;
betaj =ymyi;
ym yi;
betam =yiyj;
gammai =xmxj;
gammaj =xixm;
gammam =xjxi;
B=[betai 0betaj 0betam 0;
0gammai0gammaj0gammam;
gammaibetaigammajbetajgammambetam]/(2*A);
ifp==1
D=(E/(1NU*NU))*[1NU0;NU10;00(1NU)/2];
elseif p==2
D=(E/(1+NU)/(12*NU))*[1NUNU0;NU1NU0;00(12*NU)/2];
end
S D*B*
S=D*B*u;

functionPS=LinearTriangleElementPStresses(sigma)
%LinearTriangleElementPStresses
%Thisfunctionreturnstheelement
%principalstressesandtheiranglegiventheelementstressvector.
R=(sigma(1)+sigma(2))/2;
Q=((sigma(1) sigma(2))/2)2+sigma(3)^2;
M 2*sigma(3)/(sigma(1) sigma(2));
M=2*sigma(3)/(sigma(1)
s1=R+sqrt(Q);
s2=R sqrt(Q);
th t ( t d(M)/ )
theta=(atand(M)/2);
PS=[s1;s2;theta];

E ample
Example
Consider the thin plate subjected to both a uniformly

distributed load and a concentrated load as shown in Figure.

Figure
The plate is discretized using twelve linear triangles. Given E =
210GPa, = 0.3, t = 0.025m, w = 100 kN/m, and P = 12.5kN,
determine:
1.theglobalstiffnessmatrixforthestructure.
g
2.thehorizontalandverticaldisplacements ateachnode.
3.thereactions atnodes1,4,and7.

Solution
Step 1 Discretizing the Domain
We subdivide the plate into twelve elements and eleven

nodes.
The
Th totall force
f
d to the
due
h distributed
di ib d load
l d is
i divided
di id d
equally between nodes 5 and 10.
Since the plate is thin,
thin a case of plane stress is assumed.
assumed
The units used in the MATLAB calculations are kN and
meter.

 Step2 WritingtheElementStiffnessMatrices
The twelve element stiffness matrices are obtained by making calls to the

MATLAB function LinearTriangleElementStiffness.

LinearTriangleElementStiffness Each matrix has size 6 6.
6

E=210e6;
NU=0.3;
t=0.025;
k1=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,xi,yi,xj,yj,xm,ym,p)
k1=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0,0.5,0.125,0.375,0.25,0.5,1)
k1=
1.0e+006*
1.94710.93751.00960.86540.93750.0721
0.93751.94711.00962.88460.07210.9375
1.00961.00962.019201.00961.0096
0.86542.884605.76920.86542.8846
0.93750.07211.00960.86541.94710.9375
0.07210.9375 1.0096 2.88460.93751.9471
0.07210.93751.00962.88460.93751.9471
k2=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0,0.5,0,0.25,0.125,0.375,1);

 k3=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.125,0.375, 0.25,0.25,0.25,0.5,1)
g
(
k4=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.125,0.375,
0,0.25,0.25,0.25,1))
k5=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0,0.25,0.125, 0.125,0.25,0.25,1)
k6=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0,0.25,0,0, 0.125,0.125,1)
k7=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.25,0.25, 0.125,0.125,0.25,0,1)
k8=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.125,0.125, 0,0,0.25,0,1)
k9=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.25,0.25,0.25, 0,0.375,0.125,1)
k10=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.25,0.25, 0.375,0.125,0.5,0.25,1)
k11=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.25,0,0.5,
k11 Li
T i l El
tStiff
(E NU t 0 25 0 0 5 0,0.375,0.125,1)
0 0 375 0 125 1)
k12=LinearTriangleElementStiffness(E,NU,t,0.375,0.125, 0.5,0,0.5,0.25,1)

S AssemblingtheGlobalStiffnessMatrix
A
bli h Gl b lS iff
M i
Step3
The size of the global stiffness matrix is 2222.
p a zero matrix of size 2222 then make twelve calls to
To obtain K we first set up

the MATLAB function LinearTriangleAssemble since we have twelve elements in

the structure.

K=zeros(22,22);
e os( , );
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k1,1,3,2);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k2,1,4,3);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k3,3,5,2);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k4,3,4,5);
K Li
Ti
l A
bl (K k
)
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k5,4,6,5);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k6,4,7,6);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k7,5,6,8);
g
( 75
)
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k8,6,7,8);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k9,5,8,9);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k10,5,9,10);
K LinearTriangleAssemble(K k11 8 11 9);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k11,8,11,9);
K=LinearTriangleAssemble(K,k12,9,11,10);

Step 4 Applying the Boundary Conditions

The boundary conditions for this problem are given as

U1x = U1y = U4x = U4y = U7x = U7y = 0

F2x = F2y = F3x = F3y = F6x = F6y = F8x = F8y = F9x = F9y
= F10x = F10y = F11x = F11y = 0
F5x = 0, F5y = 12.5

 Step 5 Solving the Equations

Solving the system of equations for this structure will be

performed by partitioning (manually) and Gaussian

elimination.
k=[K(3:6,3:6) K(3:6,9:12) K(3:6,15:22) ;
K(9:12,3:6)
(9 ,3 ) K(9:12,9:12)
(9 ,9 ) K(9:12,15:22)
(9 , 5 ) ;
K(15:22,3:6) K(15:22,9:12) K(15:22,15:22)]
f=[0;0;0;0;0;12.5;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0]
f [
]
u
u=k\f
k\f

u=
1.0e005*
0.1158
0.3010
0 0432
0.0432
0.1657
0.0013
0.4170
0.0409
0.1762
0.1340
0.3528
0.0530
0.4526
0.4526
0.0083
0.5114
0.1270
0.5290

Step 6 Postprocessing
We obtain the reactions at nodes 1, 4, and 7 using

MATLAB as follows. We set up the global nodal

displacement vector
ector U,
U then
th we calculate
l l t the
th global
l b l
nodal force vector F.
U=[0;0;u(1:4);0;0;u(5:8);0;0;u(9:16)]
F
F=K*U
K U