ÆûÁÈÉ·°ÈȲ´¶
ogbup yhryxhp iht "sht rgs"
"dbuyhhm gahsuh gahbtu{ukhxbtr{y"
iybte{tc{nut it{ iup xts} hhz ipg^a rgst 'xbdhht
/ktu{ue
/ihnt, ,tmnu ,gdh
zhc 'yartp}gd rhntv}wn 'yfuzgd rhntv}wn
xghhb ihhe rtd} zht xg zt{ igdbtd{rgs rhngzwn
/uthe kg ca ckff iup vbhjc t{ iht rt}b 'yahb
dhre ykguu gyhhuum hs rt{p zht yxutuutc{ huu
chkum /hktr}e yty}a hs iht luxfx t{ ignuegdrtp}
rt}h iht ygsburdgd sm ihht yt}v luxfx ogs
'dbuyhhm gdhyfgryrgshb gdhmuna t{ v"mr,
gahsuh gahbt{uukhxbt{ry" ignt}b iwrgybut
ignt}b iwyhn ogbhht lrus icgdgdxhurt{ '"dbuyhhm
/rtn{ytx{ yt}ya hs iup xhhuu hcm ktuna
hs zt{ igdbubhhn t}s ouhv sg zht xg
ictv} gfkguu grgsbt{ iguugd igbgz rgcgdxhurt{
hcm ktuna igntb} ogs rgybut iyktv{tc{ lhz
ihhe yahb ignt}b rgs zht ubhbhbgk rgct /xhhuu
/taub hs um vbhn tepb
ygsburdgd zht dbuyhhm rgdhmuna rgs yt}
yt{k xwet{kt}p^ iht 'ohhjv ,hc ogbgdhht it{
ck cyh kves ohhjv ,hc ogbup yhukp^ iwrgybut
hshn ann "sht rgs" zht its{ ybhz – rtn{ytx{s
iup ift}uu khhy 'iyhhz yhn ykupgdbt} gucac guca
'iyhhz 20 zhc 16 iup ift}uu khhy iut 'iyhhz 10 zhc 8
kve vause vkve idge shhr-kshz iut ;nha yhn
iput it{ ;hut 'tahse vrcj hs iut rtn{ytx{s cyh
/sutn kgudn
',urua gdhzt}s hs iup rgchhra iwrt{p
iht igdbuyhhm gahsrj hhrs gkt{ ybhhk rgfkguu
t{ iguugd zht '"sht rgs" lhut ofu,cu 'erth} uhb
huu '"sht rgs" iht iyhhz gkhp hs igbgz :rgsbutuu
shhr .una khphuzt{ yhn ',f ogbup iuuhrc hs lhut
gbgdhht 'd"st ixbtb}t{ gdhxhhc ',umrnb ,ukke iut
ohbxnj\ohbkzd\ohcbd ,f rgs yt}v ?ohaushj
ikupumbt} rgkgyayphra gdhtgp gfkgzt{
yhn rgygkc rgcht rgygkc khphuzt{ lhkybfguu
?;ushdu ;urhj hrcs khphuzt{
gety{ zht xts} hm yrgsbutuugd ytv} xg
gfhkbg ltb} iut lt}b iut 'rgkgyhp^a iht idhk
iup xhurt{ ighhra gfkguu ohkuckc gyhhrsgm
/ghmtz{hktr{tn}gs :rgyxeg yrtu}u xgsgh
gbgdhht hs igdhskuat{c um yt}yabt{
/d/t ogs rgsbuzt{c iut 'rgrhprt{p\rgrhp
ogs iguugd ohhen ictv} gfkguu '"oghy iktd{gk"
iht gdtk{e gahrp t{ yrhpgdbhhrt{ iut gr ubmgh
yhn khhyrut it{ ybtv{ iht ictv} iwftb} 'yfhrgd
ishrpum ihhz yawrnukfn ybgegd yt}vwn gfkguu
xhut ign yxhd ',ukgc xgpg^ ignuetc{ ytv}wn zt{
ign iut vkvev hatr gfhkrg hs ;hut irtm} ogs
/izhhc xts}kt{ iht hhz ydhskuatc{
;hut ighhrgpnha hs it} ihua ighhd lhkybgdhht
/rth} cktv{ t{ sktc{ 'khyx idhswvbuan ogs
kukt asuj ogbgdbt{drt{p chuvbt} ybhz
irtu}ugd rypb ohmukp^ rgshhk zht xg iguu 'y"xa,
rgdhswvgrp^ rgs iut 'ktuh ,hre iup itn{rgdbuh t{
yt}v vru, ka ,sf iuy um yahb ,ubaeg
igbgpg um ohbaeg gdhegbyrt{v hs igdbutuumgd
yxtp}^ hs ;hut it} ynue dgy gdhymht hs iht
uuhrc t{ rt{nyt{xs ck cyh e"e hrcj um
,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f ogs lrus yehagdxhurt{
isbutuu hs lt}b iegk gfkguu 'hbuhmv ."dcu hnkugv
ytk{gpt^{ rgs xtu}u ktp{frus iwxuthn rghhz iup
ydbt{krgs hhz yt}v ert}h uhb iht yfhrgd
iwyhn 'trtu ,arp^ dt}yhhrp ogbgdbt{drt{p
hnkugv ,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f rgs zt{ khhyrut
oua ihhe iup iykt{vrg yahb kt}nbhhe ict}v
/vkvev hxfb hs rgcht ,ukgc gfkguu hhx yfhrgd
ohfkuv hs ict}v 'ygyfhrt{c ihua huu
irn iup ,uek,xv iwftb} icgdgdbhhrt{ ,utfrgc
gfhkyfhrgd ghhb t{ g"hz van lrc kgc e"vhcr
/rtn{ytx{s ck cyh kve hatr idge gdtk{ebt}
iguugd yahb igbgz gfkguu vkvev hatr gahrp
'its{ zhc irhpt^p{^ gfhkyfhrgd hs iht yahnrtp{
ihs ,hc ,uarc tka irtu}ugd ydtk}egdbt} igbgz
/vru, ihsk vbnzv gdhmbhht ihht it} ukhpt iut
,utfrgc ohfkuv hs ictv} gdt{ke hs yhn
xg gfkguu vkvev hxfb gkt{ ipt^f{rtp{ yktu}ugd
'iguugctr{tc{ um rghrp igdbukgd yahb hhz zht
rat ktuh ,hres ohhjv ,hc ogs ybfgrgdbhhrt{
ohausev ubh,ucr iup iupx eeujn ,ekj oa
ouen rgs lhut zht xg iut 'g"hz rtn{ytx{n
hs iut 'ktrah hkusdu ohehsm gkhp hs iup o,jubn
e"e iup ,uhbesm ohabu vagn habtu ohshxj
/rth} dhxhhrs gymgk hs iup rtn{ytx{
igbharg zht khhyrut ytk{gpt^{ rgs rtb} huu
t{ yzt}kgdp^t}rt{ hhbxt}sbup lhz yt}v
zht xg `,f igdhzts} ogs hhc ghmtz{hktr{tn}gs
igbge yahb yguuwn zt{ osgc luaj okug irtu}ugd
ohhc ychhkc xgkt"{ zt{ rea ogs iphuertp{ rgn
/"iykt{
oav kukhj ogs iwrzjwrgcht yahb ;rts{ ign
'vausev u,ru,u wvc vshrn hs 'trubvu kusdv
ohausev ubh,ucr sucfu vru,v sucf iuhzc ogs
iyargybuv ogbht gdt{ke rghhz yhn 'g"hz
irgfgv oum irhkgpt^{ ohhc ltb}rgs iut 'yfhrgd
irtu}ugd ohuen zht xg zt{ wv hsxjc rgct} /yfhrgd
"ohehsmv krud kg garv yca jubh tk" rgs
vag rat vcuyv kf kg ,"hav ichuk ign ;rts{
/rgyhhuu ;hut iygc dhyhhmfhhkd iut
rgpybg rgfhkyphra rgs iguugd zht xtu}u
?yfhrgd ytk{gpt^{ iht vkpn^ oum ,f ogbup
'g"a, tc wd yrhyt{s 'uuhrc rgdhyhhz hhuum t{
rgrtn{ytx{ gkt{ um yxtp}^ hs lrus yehagdxhurt{
"sht rgs" iht yeursgd lhut huu 'rgshkdyhn
',umrnb ,ukke yhn kup uuhrc t{ 'jkac ,arp^
-lhuc iut ighhrgmgv 'ighhrgkshz iut ighhrgpnha
yuy pt^}e rgs xtu}u 'ivhbhnk ohczfu ohrea 'ighhuu
/ighhrs iuprgs lhz
iktn} (yty{xty}tp} ydhhkgdhhc) uuhrc ogbht
vrcj iut vkvev hatr gfhkrg hs pt^r}t{ hhz
gyxdrt{ hs 'ohgar gdhyukcykt{e huu tahse
gfkguu 'rgxgrp-iaybgn 'rgxgrp-ykgd
hs iup ,ujp^an hs yarnukfn irhzhrt}rgy
isht zt{ irgv um lhz iguutetnxtp^ iut ohrypb
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
/,n xts ihhz rcue
dhsbgeheum 'vbnkt gyrgyhcrtp hs"
ygc um egra iut rgm iup zht ',ubuhzc hs
lhut hz zht dty } igsrgp oum iut igktp{gd
/igcrty } agd
gdhyrts} hs xtu}u rgct ogs chkum"
igrhpfrust{ ybte}gd yahb igctv } ohphe,
huu huzt{ – ,nv iuhzc igyrgvrgsnut rghhz
rzhhk ou,h rgnhrt} rgfhkehkdnut rgs
rgs iup igbt{yagdphut zht van
iht ignuegd iut g"k vgca rgykgpt ^ s}
igbguuts{ igkgya yktu}ugd lhz iut kvua
iwphut igrt}uugd rg zht 'sung iwrt{p
'cr igdhyrt}s iup kvgpgc
/sung iup igxhuyagdeguut{
um rtybgnte} rgsgh dhrgcht zhtwx"
hs um iut oav kukhj igdhzt}s ogs
iybt{nrgsbgchut ogs iup igkt{sbt{ex
irghut hs iht ltb} zbut ydbhkewx /kgwcuah
xtu}u 'rgnhz igdhrtp} iup oav kukhj rghhz
ytv } vkp, inz igdguu .bgrgphs t{ chkum
yztk}gd 'tr,ts trn cr rgdhyrts} rgs
ytv } xtu}u dbuyhhk vkve hs igprtu{upt ^ }
hs zt{ oav kukhj t{ huzt{ um yrhprgs
igdhkhhv igyhn iht ytv } ghrtn { rts{bta } z
iup igchrygdrgsbtb{up ohkkp, ^ n hs ,ca
/,xbfv ,hc
ykguu repv t{ igmbtd{bht ihua igs zht"
khp^a igdhbhzyfhhk t{ huzt{ kt}zwn zt{
iut gdhsgcgk iup sucf iwyhn igchhrynhrt{
gfhkypta { kgzgd gyxhsbhn hs ivt} ?gyhuy
"!yhhedhsbgyabt{
rgahsuh rgahbtu{ukhxbtr{y ogbup rgvt{ zhc
ybhhv ykt}uu rgbhhe xt}uu ghmehp t{ – dbuyhhm
t{ irhmhrct{p ige ign zt{ ychukdgd yahb
xt}uu ogs yahb iguu 'upux sgu u,kj,n gyfhagd
gckgz hs hubgd ybhhv yrhmustr}p^ "sht rgs"
/xghmehp
ehrum irth} yhn ltb} ykhhmrgs ict}v xg huu
hhuum rehgc iut 'ohshxj rgrt{nyt{x gykt{
'ruyatb}tn} htmuh rgcgkrgcht vnjkn gcuaj
2 : ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
/trcb tku whv tk xtu}u ghmte{hrctp{
iht igbharg zht xtu}u yfhrtc{ t{ ybhhk yt} "dbuyhhm gahsuh gahbtu{ukhxbtr{y" ogbup yhryxhp iht
rgahsht rgahbt{uukhxbt{ry igdhmuna ogs
:(yty{xty}t}p ydhhkgdhhc lhut ygz) dbuyhhm irn j"kjcvku g"hz rtn{ytx{n ohausev ubh,ucr ohrea iyhhrpa ^ rtp{ um sujh oak t{ yhn irtu}ugd
:yfhrt{c ogbup lgkpg^e hs /t"yhka rtn{ytx{n e"vdv 'rehgc iut ktrahc ,eukjn ihhz um vcrn 'ohczfu
iup oav kukhj rgzghktsbtex" ybhhk 'ihhkt{ lhht ydhhmrgcht 'ymht yt} zht um gdup^ itk{p^ igdhkhuuzhhc ogs ytv{gd hhz ictv}
vkve rgwruyatbtn igbth{muna hs huzth{uu 'iyty{xty}tp} hs ygz iut asue e"vhcr irn iup ausev usucfc ihhz
gahbtu{ukhxbtr{y ogbup iwab rc ihs ,hk iut hrcs kgc rtn{ytx{n g"hz c"y h"rvn ohasev
dty igy4- oum /dty 3 ydhk ,n t" ickgz ogs hubgd yrhpgd yt}v dbuyhhm gahsuh /ktuh
iup igcrtyagd vbnkt hs lhut zht h s r t } p g c o h s h x j r g r t { n y t { x i d g e ; n t { e -sbua rgs 'ydt}zgd rgxgc rgst 'dbuyhhm hs
iuhzc iut vauc hs igeueum /ztp}^ zt} 'ytr{uet{ /vnjkn ykguu gyhhuum gfhkyg iykt{vgdbt} yt}v gfkguu 'kygkcdukp
:yfhrtc{ rgs /vnsev kehya t{ osue rtb} gsgh lgkyhhz gfhkyg iup igbt{yat{c zht iut 'rth}
ruyatbtn iht zht ltu}u gdhrtp} hs" kygya t{ iguugd zht aggs iut ghbt{c iahuum ;rd ogs ykupgdbt} kegs um kegs iup ytv} 'ltu}u
chhk 'suh t igcrtyagd (zhhre rtnytx) rtn{ytx{ ihhe ruyatb}tn} iup irtp} um /ruyatb}tn} gfhkegra ';ushdu ;urhj hrcs yhn hgr ka
igbhutuu rgsbhe xbgfkguu 'etazht rgc /idtu}u t{ yhn vga gfhkyg yrghusgd ytv} iut g"hz iwhcr igdhkhhv idge 'ohrea iut ohkuckc
iht ybhutuu ivuz ihht zhukc 'tehrgnt iht i guu g d anan osue ytv} ruyatb}tn} iht yt}ya hs iht iv 'ohshxju ohshnk, gbhhz
gdhyrts} hs /kgysgya iybvtnrgsbgchut 'k " m z . r tu{ua kth,ueh hcr ehsmv iutdv ,ubcrc gkt{ iht iut hktr}e yty}a hs iht iv 'rtn{ytx{
ivuz rgs ydbtk{rgp ytv } 'vause vrcj e " v d v ir n iup 'esm hbct ,"ua e"vpx iht xtu}u /ourt{ lgkygya
rgytp ihhz xtuu cuj ogs igkvtm{pt ^ } ktz} cyhh rgs viuctuag",hztc{ ktcs}yzhhhtid'hgk"hhhvz icwkrtc{pyyhhchkhrgac
r g x t u
} u ictv} dbuxhdrtp{ yukc iut apb ,ndg ltx{t{
iup ixgdgdbt} lhz ovv ohnhc ohshxj rgrtn{ytx{
iut /vrcj rgs rt{p dhskua zht
/chan oht zht ck rgsgh xt}uu odv /hgr ka ;rd igdhmuna ogs
'gere hns hgk yrgsbuv ;bhp ogsrgxhut 'iuz ihhz cr yrts} irtu}ugd zht u,rhyp^ rjtk zht xg zt{ yxutuugd ytv} aybgn rgdhebgsyfgr
;fh, ytv } ivhz rgs igdtrygc igfkguu zht rgfkguu 'k"mz .rtu{ua ctz ihnhbc hcr m"vdv iuygd hhuu ytv} lt}s 'kegs um kegs iup rea ukuf
/yktm}gdxhut irtu}ugd zht its{) /j"mr, rth} iht irtu}ugd rypb ahrc ohuen rgshhk yrguu xg huzth{uu .rtv{ xts}
rgs iguugd cahhn lhz ytv } igahuumbht" k"mz ahp van ohhj hcr m"vdv 'ub,j yrts} cr rgs iut 'ohekt hftknc ohchgkn uhvhu rgs hkd
iput ouac ige rg zt htcd tahse vrcj stx{ehcn rzghkt ,hrta kgc e"vdv ic 's"hv iygrygm rgshhk yrguu vausevu vru,v sucf
,uhv 'rypb ogs ihhz rcen igztk} yahb (/s"hv k"eumz /,umuj kf atrc
ogbup iuz rgs 'van rzhhk 100 iut 80 iahuum igbty{atc{ zht ruyatb}tn} hs zt{ 'isburdtc{ um ybtx{grgybht ihhz yguu
skgd xgpg^ dhskua zht 'ogbgcrtyargp ,jpa ^ nn iguugd yrts} zht c"ua rgs /,ujpa ^ n gahsuh gahbt{uukhxbt{ry" iup rgcgdxhurt{
ykvtm rg zhc ifc 'vru, ihs t igdguu /vrtupnv (rgdrgcmrguu) jczv hs :t,hhruts oharuh 'ubhbuctsk 'ict}v "dbuyhhm
ige 'hgk yrgsbuv ;bhp sbgzhuy xhut yahb hs rtn{ytx{ iht ignuegdrtp} zht xg iguu /"sht rgs" iup rgcgdxhurt{
/ignuertp} yahb rgytp ihhz iup vruce hs e"vhcr iup ,ubcr xts} rgcht vru, ihs gybte{tc{ igkehyrt{ gdhmuna hs iahuum 'rcsk whtru
yt}v van rzhhk rgnhrt} rgs" cr rgruyatb}tn} rgs ytv} 'g"hz ktuh hrcs kgc rgs" iht lhkybfguu rtp} imgz xtu}u ixbtb}t{ iut
it{ rg zht ,hatr 'sktu{ugd igdhragd ,gs ,uj iguugd ghnan k"mz ctz ihnhbc hcr iht tahse vrcj hs idge xgety{t{ hs igbgz "sht
/yahb yt}v rg iut rgyxha rgnhrt} hpk 'ytv} cr rgruy/a g"hz iwhcr ogs ,cuyk u,ru,
tbtn rgs sktc{huu zht
tahse vrcj if,hv ahphmgp^x iut 'ihhngdkt{
iguugd vzcn yarnukfn y"xa, kukt j"r ytv}
zht rg xtu}u xts} ynue huu 'xbhyhhuum ogbup gar haugu ohkuubn hs iup obhg ,utr iut vru, ka ,sf iuy um igdbtk{rtp{ lrus ,n t{
ihhz iup vruce rgs um 'dhskua ytu{uhrp^ 'dbuyhhm gahsuh gahbt{uukhxbt{ry igdhmuna kkf iup rghhp t{ iyfhka ktn}gkt{ rtp{ ktn}bhht
/rgytp} ktuh hrcsv e"vhcr irn yhn ,ufhha t{ ytv{gd /vru, ihs hhc ktrah
yrghusgdpt ^ } ytv} ahbgxhhrnhrt{ xts}" ygrc khm t{ irtu}ugd lhut rg zht 'g"hz rtn{ytx{n ieurs iup pt^} yahb lhz ign yktv{ dbtk{ iftu}u
ivgzgd ytv } ivuz rgs huu huzt{ iut dty hhrs /dbuyhhm gdhmuna hs iup ',ugsun gahrgmgv iut gdhkhurd "sht rgs" iht
ytv ';ux ihhe yahb yngb ,n iuhzc rgs zt ict}v dbuyhhm ogs iup rgcgdxhurt hs ,t rufz" euxp^ iwyhn vgsun t{ lhut hhz iahuum
iup ghrtyhrp hs um ygsbguugd lhz rg yhhrsgdxhut imbtd{bht xts} 'dburhxtp{^ t{ ignubgd 'rtn{ytx{s ck cyh kve idge "/// lk vag rat
igyxhre hhuum yehagdxhurt ytvwn igbtuu t{ lhkybpg ieurs iup iyktv{gdpt^} yahb lhz iut hshxju hshnk, ,uccr hs iut tahse vrcj rht
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
'(ohmk caun ichragd yahb rgha)
yftn{gdbt} xbhhkt{ lhz ictv} hhz xtu}u
ihs um yahb iut yfhrgd iht ihhd lrus
thv wv hp^ ,rcgv" rgs xgpg^ zht 'vru,
isbutuuart{p ohmukp^ "jkm, tk
/irtu}ugd
gdhyfhrphut it{ idgrp rtb} rhntk}
:gdtr{p
wv hp^ ,rcgv" rgyrguu hs igbgz
t{ ?gehktc} t{ gety{ "jkm, tk thv
ikhpa^ nurt{ lhz ige ign xtu}u gehktc}
yprt{uu 'ybhuk xg iguu iut 'yhnrgs
ybhuk xg iguu iut 'ogbgh rt{p xg ign
hs iht yxgp xg ign yktv{ 'yahb
?luaybgv
gdt{rp t{zt{ ;hut rgpybg rgs
hs hhc iguugd lhkbhhart{uu ykt}uu
ogbup rgsburd gynhrt{c dhrghury
:dbuyhhm rgahsuh rgahbt{uukhxbt{ry
iut ighhrgykga gdhmuna gahrp
grghhz hhc rgpybg rgs iut – xghmehp
.uy iahrp t{ :lhut zht oharuh gdhv
/,umrnb ,ukke yhn
/;xuhk grht ceghk grhta vn kf
yehagdxhurt{ ytv
trtu ,arp^ dtyhhrp ogbgdbtd{rtp{ yfhrgd ytk{gpt
iut hhap^t} xhurt{ ypur xg ukhpt
/rgyfgkgd
gahbt{uukhxbt{ry hs ypur ign iguu
',ubnzv hhrs yhn vru, ihs um oharuh
yfhrgd iht ign yhhd lt}brgs iut
lhz ykgya xg iut 'ihs ,hc ,uarc
iht gdtk{ebt} hs zt{ ;ux oum xhurt{
'iguugd jhkmn yahb yt}v yfhrgd
ihhksgv hs zht 'whvha ogy vzhtn
rgahbt{uukhxbt{ry igdhybhhv ogbht
tk thv wv hp^ ,rcgv" dbuyhhm rgahsuh
/"jkm,
oharuh gckgz hs iguu outrgshuu
'kt}nhhuum 'kt}nbhht 'yfhrgd iht ighhd
t}rt}c 'drucxnt{hkhuu iht 'kt}nhhrs
ihht ihhe it} 'uu"tt ktuh ,hre 'ertp{^
ihhe it} iut vru, ihsk vbnzv gdhmbhht
yrhkrtp{ ign iut 'ihs ,hc ,uar oua
ign yxgdrt{p ykt}ngs 'kusdc
,rcgv" rgyrguu xegz hs iup imbtd{bht
/"jkm, tk thv wv hp^
xhge yrute} t{ yrhkrtp{ rgbgh iguu
tk thv wv hp^ ,rcgv" ign yhhra
ybhhrp ogzuc gbgdhht hs iguu /"jkm,
dhxhhrs t{ rgcht yfgr t{ irhkrt{p
ktuh ,hre iht arsnv ,hc idhrgh
} hbuhmv ."dcu hnkugv ,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f rgs xtu}u khuugeatp{\^uuhrc rgs
^ { ogs irhkrtp{ iwftb} 'xrgcngn grht rtp{ yxtp}^ hs lrus
3 ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
/g"hz iwhcr igdhkhhv "ogbup" ichhra
iup ignt}b igdhkhhv ogs rgybut
ign yuy g"hz ktuh hrcsv e"vhcr irn
iguu inzc uc 'rgw,ubkxp^ hbhn kf pt^}
,ubuhzcu rgm oht ypt{art{p ign
gyxcrt{v hs yhn 'yuaes tnkgc
igdhkhhv ogs .tbn igbgz xt}uu ,urhcg
hs :tndus ihht zhukc /rgpgat{c
xhurt{ ignue xtu}u rgm iut ,ubuhzc
t{ xhut yfgrc xg iguu zt{ yetp{ ogbup
ohkusd grghhz xt}uu izhhre hs hhc luxfx
,urhjc hs iup ohrh,n iguugd igbgz
xg xt}uu hhz hhc ign yxhhuu ',utnyv
vktu" vrsx gdhsgft}uu hs iht yhhya
iut /"ovhbpk oha, rat ohypa ^ nv
hs iwrxt xt}uu hs teus 'rgshhk rgshhk
"rgrt{nyt{x" lhz ipur iut ,urhjc
iht ighhd 'yfhrgd iahyxhbuhm iht ighhd
,hc ,uarc tka 'yfhrgd rgbte{hrgnt{
/vru, ihsk vbnzv oua ihhe it} 'ihs
iwrt{p xt}s zht rgm t{rt{pxt}uu
,uct gbhhz rt{p iut g"hz iwhcr
ogs rgcht g"b ohausev
ictv} xtu}u gfkgzt{ iup guuxyhretp}h^v
imub iut ignt}b ihhz yegazshhvgd
'etn{agd rghhz um vru, hs iup oheuxp^
"dbuyhhm gahbtu{ukhxbtr{y" ogbup yhryxhp iht
hhz utuu iup ipt} ikhhmrgs iut 'okugk
hs iut xghmte{hrctp{ gkth{bgd hs ipg^a
/iyte{tk{p^ iut ,ugsun hs rtp{ ,utjxub
hkgc gdhybhhv hs huu yebup^
;hut um ikgya rgehpt{rd iut ohjxbn
rgs rgyrguu gbhhke iht xbtb}t{ isgh
itp}gkgy iut gnrhp rghhz iup igntb}
uuhrc hs iut "sht rgs" yktu}u 'rgnub
,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f ogbup rgchhra
;hut igbgfhhmbt} ydgngd hnkugv
iut ixbt}bt{ gahrgmgv grghhz
';ushdu ;urhj yhn kup igkehyrt{
'xghmehp iut xghmt{ehrct{p
iup ignubgd" :,unukj iut xghzty{btp{
/"dbuyhhm gahsuh gahbt{uukhxbtr{y
xbymgk zht xt}uu '"sht rgs"
kg ca ckff ltu}u ltb} ltu}u ignubrtp{
out igntr}dtp}"^ iup ,urhcg yhn 'uthe
'"oharsn h,c irtp{a ^ pt^"} '"cuy ouh
iut xghzty{btp{ gckgz hs rgcht yhhe
rgs iht ichragd ytv}wn xtu}u ohkuckc
ohshxj rgrtn{ytx{ ;hut ohhvrgykt{
hs" zt{ rgst 'aggs iht igbhutuu xtu}u
um yrhprgs ytv} xtu}u dbuyhhk vkve
ghrtn{rts{bta } z hs zt{ 'wv kukhj t{ huzt{
hs yprt{sgd ,ca idhkhhv iyhnbht ytv}
,hc iup ichhryrgsbt{bup ohkkp^,n
/",xbfv
ogbup lt{rp^a hs lhht zht
dbuyhhm gahsuh gahbt{uukhxt{ry
lhkbhhart{uu xg yt}v rht ?ahnhhv
rgs" iht kt}n grgrgn ybhhkgd ihua
/"sht
ogbup oharuh hs
'dbuyhhm rgahsuh rgahbt{uukhxbt{ry
dt}y um ybhhv ahnt}e ict}v
hcr rgs" igntb} ogs yegazshhvgd
,utjxub gckgz hs iut "vfrck uburfz
um ymubgd ktn}t{ ytv} m"hy rgs xtu}u
'g"hz iwhcr igdhkhhv "iwphut" ichhra
um 'm"hy ogbup oharuh hs ybhhv imub
:
lhkcrgya iguugd v"g vbnkt hs zht
hs ignuegd zhtwx iguu g"k ebt{re
rypb zht v"g it{n rht zt{ vruac
'yty}a grgsbt{ it{ iht dhsbghhz irtu}ugd
yt}v xg iut 'ruyat}bt}n iup yhhuu
oht ytv}wn zhc rgdbgk dty} t{ ignubgd
vrucek ydbgrcgd iut ydbgrcgdnhhvt{
lhz ytv} iahuumbht iut 'ruyatb}tn} iht
ihhkt{ ytv} hz iut yrgdrgrtp{ cmn rht
dgy gfhkyg vnab hs yfhuvgdxhut
/rgygpa ^
ictv} ruyatb}tn} htmuh hs huu rgct}
hs zht 'gehrgnt{ iht t}s ihua ykhhmrgs
hs .uj 'gyfhagd gyeursgd gmbtd{
t{ huu rgn yahb iguugd 'iyetp{ hhuum
lkvn oum dbumgzrt}p gfhkybfguu
trebv hgr ka ;rd ogbup
um 'dbuyhhm gahsuh gahbt{uukhxbtr{y
t{ ytv{gd ytv} xtu}u isgh imunatc{
/rtn{yt{x yhn ,ufhha kehya
rgahsuh rgahbt{uukhxbt{ry rgs
um iyktv{gdpt^} yahb lhz yt}v dbuyhhm
"ekng lk vag rat ,t rufz" ichhra
gydhhkgdhhc gz) ubk ausev kf kg
yahb lhut lhz '(yt{yxt}yt}p
rgrtn{ytx{ imunatc{ iup iyktv{gdpt^}
ogkt{ yhn ygya grgsbt{ iht ohshxj
/izhhc
rgahbt{uukhxbt{ry rgckgz rgs
tr}uhc t{ ybhhv yt}v dbuyhhm rgahsuh
irgsbt{ it{ rgybut drucxnth{khuu iht
zht xtu}u tr}uhc t{ '"sht rgs" igntb}
yrhpgdrgchrt{ yahb rgha ymht
t{ iegs um ohkaurh ihhe irt}uugd
vkhku ouh ihc zht xt}uu gzhhr gfhkdhbge
/irtu}ugd ipurgdehrum
um rauh ihhe yahb yuap^ zht xg
iguugd ykt}uu xg /,uhrcv ,gs cbud ihhz
iht lgkrgchhra hs iup lhkaybgn
oac rcs rnut ihhz um "sht rgs"
vkutd thcn lt}s zht xt}uu urnut
ÁÈÉ·°È 9 4 :
gckgz hs
rusv hbmhk (c)
rtn
{ ytx{s ck cyh kve rcj 'ohshxjv sjt
;hut lt}b ige ign iut ehsm iwrt{p htbd ihhe yahb
/"ush kg vke, thcn v"cev iht" idtz} ehsm ogs
iup xgdt{rp gfhkyg idgrp lhz khuu ogs yhuk
rgrhpbt} rgs ytv} 'rtb} ydtz} :rusv hbmhk hs
,ubntb ihhz irhukrtp{ 'rtn{ytx{s vput ,hc ogbup
ogs igbgpg rgn ybgegd yahb iut 'v"ka, iht
jxp^ iht xtu}u ogs chkum 'u"ka, iht vput ,hc
yprts{gd lhz isht ,uccru ohpkt ictv} v"ka,
iht lgkmhhuu iup vkta gcrtv{ t{ yhn iguutr{px^
?xbutc igagd zht xt}uu ,umn hs
'kusdv vsxhhn ,uatrc 'rtn{ytx{ e"e ytv}
xj 'ktuh hrcs kgc g"hz ruvyvu ausev ubhcr irn
thnas t,ghhx iut ,ubntb irhukrtp{ rhfzvkn
zhc lt}uu gmbtd{ t{ ygnf ignubgd yt}v xg khhuu
iut 'vfkv hs iut iyetp{ hs iguugd rrcn ytv} ign
ign zt{ iguugd ghsun jxp^ ka hghca out yarg
iut rgsbhe xt}uu .t}ry 'iget}rc yahb rt}y
xbutcu dduac ihua ict}v isht gahzbfat
?its{ zhc yetr}cgd
iut v"ka, iup rusv hbmhk hs yhuk rapt
yhuk rgct /g"a, iup rusv hbmhk hs yhuk rapt
tz{t{ ltb} ukhpt zt{ 'rtk}e ydtz} cvz hruy rgs huu
iht ohehsm" iup kkf rgs rgyhhuu ykhd vagn
/"osh kg vke, thcn v"cev
xts} iwrzjwumrgcht dhrgcht lhkmbgd zht xg
'gsbhnk hgcs itn kfk oxrpnu gush zht xtu}u
gkgxhct{ rt}b zht xt}uu isgh rt{p
ohbcr hs zt{ ',nt ogbht yrhxgrgybhtrt{p
ict}v t"yhka ohrhafnv m"vutdv
hsf 'trnujk ;urehrum ogs yfhkybpgrt{p
,uraf iht yrts{bty{x iyxfgv ogs iyktv{umbt}
ign .tr}y 'igdbtk{rtp{ ihrsvnk ihrsvn hs xtu}u
hssm iut ,ukue dubgd ipgry ybgegd iguu yktu}u
'jxpk^ ktuh hrcs ruzjn iup dbumgzrgcht gahsht /ihhz um lnux lhz xt}uu ;hut r,hv
grghhz iup gbhht iht 'rusv hbmhk hs rgct
tscug vuv v"sc 'u"na ,ut 't"hr,, sung ,uhv zt{ 'iucaj ogs ift{n igkehyrt{ gdhsgpnha
t{ yft{ngd ign yt}v ktuh ,hre iht zhukc
yahb kt}nbhhe lt}b yt}v ign iut ';urehrum
irtu}ugd iptr}ygd zht xg zt{ 'v"ka, jxp^ sgunv kuj out gyfhagd t{ iguugd zht xg vyhjav ,hc oua ihhe iht ;urehrum ihhe yftn{gd
ietc{gd igbgz xtu}u ,umn hs iht irtu}ugd iktn } gm imbtd{bht yahb igbgz xtu}u lgkegrc .hhuu iup isgr yahb rhntk}) rt}h dhmfgz gymgk hs iht
rgxhurd t{ ogs iup irtu}ugd zht xg iut '(rtn { ytx{) vkve rgzbut iup hhrgegc iht irtu}ugd (/igue gyrhrgpt^{ hs rgst} xbehay gykshbgd hs
rg ytv } 'iguugd zht xg huzth{uu vagn hs ubhcr rtp{ ykhhmrgs ytv } ign iguu iut 'kgnuy ,ubntb ihhe rgn yahb ytv} ign zt{ whtr vzn zht
iurjt out ixg yahb ign rty } rth} ogbgh iht zt{ 'igntb} ihhz iht ipurxhut ktz} ign ikhuptc{ /thnas t,ghhx iut
/xetr}cgd jxp^ ka rgbhhk rgsgh xt}uu 'lhuv idgrp um lhz yxukd
rgs khhuu 'r,hv t{ iup dbubgpg it{ ipgry um yrhcurp^ ictv } vkve hs iup ohbhhs hs rgct} okgb zht :khya lhz hhc ydgrpgd ihua rgfhz ytv}
irgkgp ifuz gfkguu (rghhddhshhk) ,ubre hcauh hs zt{ yftz{rutrtp{ ytv } ltz{ hs iup ouxrp^ iup ,ubntb iut thnas t,ghhx hs irt}uugd
kuafn rgrgyhc tz{t{ xtu}u ogs chkum 'rtn{ytx{
ygz huzt{ zt{ dhsbgdtz} ihbg imbtd{ ogbup iygpa ^ ichuvgdbt} ihua ictv } 'isht gahsrj iht iht zhukc yrhxtp{^ yt}v ,umn hs iht lgkmhhuu huu
hs iup ohbhs gkt{ hhc rhnjn dhsbgya igbgz gfkguu isht gahsrj hs iup ohbp^ xts} xhut -tpt^p^ iht yahb 'hhrgegc vmn rgrtn{ytx{ hs
ovhbhnk igdbuyhhm gahyxhbuhm hs lhut ictv } 'ogs um ctd}um iht iut ',urap^ ihhe it} vru, rgrhyxgrge iht yahb 'hhrgegc vmn ohkvgm
chkum /vru, hrnua gfhkrg igngartp{ iut irgyxgk um rgdhhya rghhz huu 'yftn { gd ,ubmhk iut 'hhrgegc rgmta } ogbht yahb 'hhrgegc vmn
;rts{ ign zt{ 'vkve hs iup ohbhhs hs ybfgrgdbhhrt{ 'ydhhbgd ohnfj hshnk, gkhp ictv } ogs -ihat{n grht yhn .huugahbt{n hhc yahb lhut
/vfkv hp^ kg r,hv t{ ifuz xg zht g"hz ohhj hrcs igdhkhhv iwyhuk xtu}u ,umn
yktu}ugd yahb ytv } rg iut yhherty { a t{ yhn xwbhhz hhc igbty{ agd zht hcr rgs rgct} ?rund .nj
ihhz iht ipurxhut ktz} ign zt{ rgyrguu gbhhz ywrzjwgdrgcht ytv } rg iut 'iuprgs irgv gynhrtc{ hs zt{ 'ohcrk gush rcs t{ zht xg
xg zt{ ydhhkgdum ytv } rg iut 'jxp^ ka iurjt out vmn hs igetr}c ;hut ruxht it{ igntb} igbgz gfkguu 'ktrah .rt iht ,urafv ,ufrgn
rgn ihua ictv} 'ktrah ,umup, kfc ignubgdbt}
ikguu rusv hbmhk hs xtu}u iut idtz} ikguu xtd{ hs iup iaybgn xtu}u yahb imbtd{bht oht yrt{ ouan gety{ 'iyeustr}p^ ipurgdehrum ktn}bhht huu
iup sucf ogs ichuvrgs yhnrgs yrguu vfkvu ihs t{ ;hut esesn zhtwn iguu khhuu 'idtz} ,uraf gybtr{e iut gyxbrg igbgz hhz khhuu 'tv
yahb ;rts{ ign iut yahbrtd} zht sucf rgzbut outrgshuu iut 'vru, ihhz iut iyargchut rnanv kg ohsnug igbgz gfkguu xghmtz{hbtd{rt}
/;hurgs iyhv igagd zht xtu}u kuafn t{ ypt^f{ ign chut iut
ihhz xtu}urtp{ irtu}ugd rtk}e yud oht zht ymht zt{ 'ydtz}gd yktn } gs ytv } hcr rgs vzu 'yeustr}p^ ogs ehrum lhhkd ign ypur 'xbutc
ihhe ixg um yahb iguugd rhnjn erty { a huzt{ ytv } g"hz van jnah kgc irn gshhz rgdhkhhv ,uraf gxhurd hs ict}v /o,rtp,u osuv
,urnuj iut ,urhvz gkt{ hs ltb} chut khhuuu 'rsx ohhc yfgb hhuum gyarg hs rgxhut ,umn t,ghhx iut ,ubntb xts} irhukrtp{ xghmtz{hbtd{rt}
ktz} ign zt{ xbhuzt{ irhxtp{^ .kt{ ltb} ige hhrgegc vmn rgzbut iht yrhpgdbhht igbgz xtu}u yrguu huryum rghhz 'vcrst /ihhb iut ihhb ?thnas
/g"hz van jnah ogbup dvbn ogs yud ign yhhyartp{ 'lgkgegrc .hhuu ,umn hs iht ipgry /ruchm ohhc rgergya khp ogsfrus
'ahhkp rgcht ,ubntb iup ysgr ign zt{ iut
ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
iht ltu}u gbgdbtd{rtp{ ictv} rusv hbmhk hs
ogbgyktv{tc{nut it{ ignubgdrgybut "sht rgs"
ahhkp grghhz ichhv um ihhp^nt{e iuuhxgrdt{
iert{ya ogs igdhsga ikguu um iut iypgagd
,rsuvnv vyhjav ,hc ogbup s"xc vjkmv
'igkehyrt{ gdhsbgykga-kup yhn 'ktuh ,hres
t,ghhx" ogs rgcht lgkygap^ gmbt{d yhn
vyhjav ,hc rgs xtu}u ",ubntb" iut "thnas
iwftb} yahb rgst th} ytv} ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv
,truv h"pg^ 'ahhkp geayte{ hs iup ;urehrum
/t"yhka ohrhafn hkgcv m"vutdv ohbcrv
yahb lhz rhn iykt}uu rcs ka u,hntk
gdhsgpnha grghhz yhn ihhz kp^yn yprt{sgd
rgs zt{ rt}ke ygz ign xt}uu igkehyrt{
zht vtba gbgxgdgdbhht hs iut drtz} rgkghmbtb{hp
/igkehyrt{ hs iup yptr{e-chhry yp^huv hs
gckgz hs" 'rntn rgyarg rgzbut huuhuzt{ rtb}
iert{ya t{ rt}d yt{vgd yt}v '"rusv hbmhk
rgdhksbgm rtd} rapt iut 'rgybzhuy `dbtk{ept^}
varp^ t{ iup irtu}ugd rhutuugd igbgz 'rgybzhuy
huzt{ yahb iykt}uu rusv hbmhk gdhybhhv hs xtu}u
yahb rgfhz iut 'ixhuu iuprgs kt}z ign yktu}ugd
zt{ ,urua hs iup rgchhra rgs yrhp^a 'ichhra
ltb} xtu}u ts} zht xg `rsd,vk uk ujhbv ouen ihhsg
iht lgkmhhuu hs iup varp^ hs iup igbrgkumxhurt{
/v"ka, rth} iht ,umn rgrtn{ytx{ hs
hbmhk gdhybhhv hs ikhuu ist}ygn gfkguu yhn
irgayuc grghhz iht xkhgx gbgdhht hs ichhv rusv
vyhjav ,hc ogs igdhsga um irhcurp^ iut
?ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv
iut "thnas t,ghhx" iup iudhb t{ igdbhz lrus
/",ubntb"
ogs igdbhz rhn ikguu 'iudhb t{ igdbhz hhz zt{
trnd kehya t{ igbrgkpt^} rghrp iut 'iudhb trnd
,ufhha t{ ytv} xt}uu 'c"g c"x ;s ihkuj ,fxn iht
tpp^^ cr zt{ 'trnd hs ykhhmrgs yrts} /ihbg oum
yxhhv xtu}u ;ug it{ iguugd rh,n osue ytv}
oac trnd hs ykhhmrgs /"tndts t,kudbr,"
zt{ igzgd ohnfj hs ictv} rgygpa ^ zt{ 'rnhrn
xg ign ytv} ',xrus t{ th} zht tndts t,kudbr,
/ywrxtwgd
vagn hs chkum 'trnd kehya ogs iup gety{
iut ;ug ogs iguugd rh,n ohnfj hs ictv} osue zt{
;ug it{ zht xg zt{ igzgd ihhkt{ hhz ictv} rgygpa ^
zt{ vfkv hs xhurt{ .tk{p^ iwphut h"ar ybrgk 'tny
/;ug hhc vruxn t{ ictv} ;rts{ ign
inhx s"uh iht cvz hruy rgs ogs ;hut ydgrp
ybgegd ltz{ tz{t{ ytv} huzth{uu vrutfk 'ws e"x c"p^
thcn v"cev iht ohehsm" lts} idtz} k"zj 'irhxtp{^
zht xts} zt{ lts} ydtz} ,upxu, iut '"osh kg vke,
irhxtp{^ ybgegd ytv} huzth{uu /vkhfts hshnc teus
?;ug ogs ihhz rh,n ktz} tpp^^ cr zt{
iht ,upxu, oac 'cvz hruy rgs yrgkerg
yxg ihhkt{ ehsm rgs chut rtb} zt{ 'ihyhd ,fxn
rgs rgct chut /htbd t{ xg zht ruxht rcs ogs
,truv h"pg^ ruxht ogs ixgdgd ytv} og iunv
/ehsm iwrtp{ htbd ihhe yahb xg zht 'ohkusdv
yetp{ t{ irhytb} um dhsrhuuergn gety{ zht xg
hrcs ruzjn iht ydbgrcgd lhut yrts} yrguu xtu}u
rth} ogbgh iup ,umn gbgdhht xbwhcr ohhc zt{ 'ktuh
khhuu 'aaj rgs iguugd yahb kkfc zht v"ka,
hs rgyxeg ichkegd lts} ign ytv} iwhcr iwrtp{
aujc igzgd ytv} ign /rgyxeg ietc{gd iut .hhuu
/osh kg vke, thcn v"cev iht ohehsm ogs
xg iguu zt{ rtk}e ts} ydtz} cvz hruy rgs rgct
iunv rgs iut ',ugy xbut it{ ktn}t{ u"j yrhxtp{^
kkfc xg zht 'ohbcrv ,truvc ruxht it{ yxg og
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
t{ rt}h gfhkyg ihua rusv hbmhk hs irhp
vbe,u euzhj rgsgh zt{ ihhpn^te{-.gv
iup ltb} ysgr rguu iut ',uraf hbhbgc
hkusd hs xt}uu trnuj gahrp gsgh
ict}v ohnsuev ,urusn vru,v
igbgz ovv ohnhc rtb} 'umrgs ymfgkgd
xt}uu iyhhefhkdgn hs iguugd yahbftb}
rgzbut rtp{ igebta } gd th} ytv} ,"hav
hbmhk hs ighhra 'iftz{ gkt{ hs `rus
zht ign /"ohhubha" rtd} igbgz 'rusv
ausev ubhcr iup lrs iup vban
/g"hz ruvyvu
iutdv iup raf rac ;hut vjdav
cr rgs k"mz ;xuh cegh hcr ehsmv
yrgsbuv huu rgn 'ert}h uhb iup kkufv
yhhyartp{ huzt{ 'u,uek,xv rjtk rth}
gfhkyg iup vpue, t{ ltb} zt{ rgsgh
xhut xhuugd ykgp irt}h dhksbgm
hsuxh hs ihhz um ezjn hhbxt}sbup
,hcv hesc hs ihhz ie,n iut ,usuxhv
irgfhzrt{p um ,usvhvu ,uraf hbhbg hhc
/vfkvfu ,sf lhz yrhp xgkt{ zt{
iut gdhswvru, gkt{ hs .tr}y –
lt}s ',urcx gfhksbgyart{p-ahdt}k
5 :
/iguugd oxrpn
gfhkyg ihua irhp rusv hbmhk hs
.tr}y zt{ ihhpn^te{ igdhypgv t{ rth}
zht g"hz ktuh hrcs kgc irn e"vhcr
'ihsv tnkgc yahb rt}h dhxhhrs ihua
ohna trh rgsgh xtu}u ogsmtr}y iut
ohbav lanc zt{ yhhyartp{ ,gs rcu
gkty{bgnts{bup vnfu vnf jbzb irguu
,usvhvu ,sv ,usuxhc ohbhbg
yguu rgbhhe huu yebup^ iut ',urafvu
ybhhv lhz kt}z ign zt{ idt}z yahb
gdhswapb ,rhxn hs ;hut izt}krt{p
rusv hbmhk gckgz hs
iyhhuum ohhc ihua iykt{v rhn zt{
ikgpxhut yahb kt}zwx hsf iut 'rntn
ikguu 'rntn iyhrs t{ um irgeumnut lhz
yhhvbdgkgd hs imubxhut rhn
tr{tp{xtu}u ck hnhn, rtp{ iegsumphut
hs yt}p^a kehya yud iut ,ubmhk
xbymgk ict}v rusv hbmhk gdhckgz
ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
'rusv hbmhkv ,yhak rt}b 'ign ydgrp
ohhj ktrah hcr m"vdv ihhs rgs ytv}
irhukrt{p t"yhka it{nsghrp vabn
ihhz rgybut iguu ',uraf rgcht ,ubntb
ign iut isbue ign yrtb{rtp{ igntb}
uc zt{ ',nt ogs yahb hhz ykhhmrtp{
ichragd yt}v ihhkt{ ihhs rgs xt}uu inzc
ogbht vjdav ihhz ygd rg zt{ ush c,fc
xtu}u – lkhtu vjhknn rt}b rgayuc 82
xtu}u ahhkp iwphut rtb} 'zht yap^ rgs
82 iup ypgagd ogbht ymktz{ ign
rgdhyahb t{ zht xts} xtu}u 'rgayuc
iwfrus yphuertp{ yrguu xtu}u ybgmtr}p^
yhhm gckgz hs iht – rgayuc 82
iht iut igdbuyhhm hs iht ign yrhxbtb}t{
it}pgkgy iut iygkeuc gkt{
ahhkp gmbt{d hs zt{ xhrt}yegrhs
hs rgybut yhhya 82 iup ghmeustr}p^
ogbup vjdav gdhsbgya iut gdbgrya
vp^ vmup^ ihtu 't"yhka ihhs
iup ,ubreau ,utnr xts} igbgehhkumpt^}
,ubntb xts} um xts} yngb /ixbtb}t{ hs
?t"yhka ihhs ogbup thnas t,ghhxu
yguu ,urua hs iup rgchhra rgs
rt}b 'ihhz ghrfn yahb lhkeursxhut
iut ohbhhs 'ohbcr rt{p izt}krgcht
zht xg xt}uu ihhz keua ohnfj hshnk,
– geayte{ huute{xun ixg um :rgcrtv{
'huute{xun gbhhr t{ ihhz ktz} xg ukhpt
srt{kun gyahngd t{ iup aaj t{ yahb
ybtk{tx{ ktuna hcr e"vdv xtu}u –
ubhs ,hcu cr rgnhkaurh rgs k"mz
hs zt{ iguugd rrcn ict}v esmv
rgs hm 'ixg um r,un zht huute{xun
xt}uu ,umn hs iht lgkmhhuu iup kuafn
lurg ijkua iht t"nr iut rcjn rgs
/ihua igksbtv{tc{ z"x, inhx d"j j"ut
ixhkat{c um ihhke um igbgz rhn
iht rgxgrd zht ogkct}rp^ gfkguu
rgst ',umn hs iht lgkmhhuu hs 'vfkv
iwrxt rusv hbmhk hs xtu}u ,upug hs
.tr}y 'ohkf ,rafv hsf sg ,uyapc^
rgs zt{ ixhhuu rusv hbmhk hs xt}uu
ihaztk}tu}u iup c"hmb rgs iutd rgxhurd
'iguugd rh,n aurhpc xts} ytv} k"mz
huu `k"mz kthfkn hrcs rgs ung u,tu
vcua, hfrs kgc e"vdv lhut
c"hmb ogs um ydbgrc g"hz ayte{bunn
hrcs hs yahb ybt{nrgs iut r,hvk
rzb hbct igdhkhhv iwyhuk iut `ohrxutv
vfkv hs rtk}e xhurt{ lhut ynue g"hz
/huzt{
iztk}rgcht rhn ikguu vgrfv hs yt}
ohbcr iut ohnfj hshnk, hs rt{p
vtruv vrun igbgz gfkguu ohbhhsu
/vru, ka v,hntk ktrahc
hs iup lkvnu aushj iwyhuk
-yxckgz ghhb hs 'rusv hbmhk gdhybhhv
rgcht iygyhrtyhut gybhuregd
zht 'thnas t,ghhx iut ,ubntb
iwrgcht rt}ke yahbft}b vrutfk
e"e iup ,ubntb iut thnas t,ghhx
ytv} ign hm 'v"ka, rth} iht rtn{ytx{
ihht rgct} /yahb hm irhutuugdbt} xts}
hs zt{ 'ihhz vsun rt}ke rgsgh yguu ltz{
hrcs ruzjn iup uhjha rutk ohthmun
t,ghhx gbgykgz t{ ytv{gd ictv} ktuh
i,ht suxh t{ ikgyaumeguut{ thnas
icgdrgcht iut 'ohtcv ,urusk
lhz yguu xg iguu 'ghrty}xhv gkgxhct{
vbg" ogs ifhkerhuurtp{ um igdbtk{rtp{
/"u,kutf khxf
'idgrp gfbtn{ ',ujm lrscu cdtu
hs" kehyrt{ igdhzt}s ogs ychhra rguu
zht rgpybg rgs ?"rusv hbmhk gckgz
iup rutk ohthmun hs :yuap^ rghhz
ict}v gfkguu hs 'ktuh hrcs ruzjn
,urus hrusk irhyt}b um whfz hs ytv{gd
varp^ hs hhc igdbtd{gdrtp} zht xg xtu}u
hs yt} ',umn hs iht lgkmhhuu hs iup
kehyrt{ xts} zt{ ,ufz ogs ictv} isht
sungh kusdv o,ufzu 'ichragd yrguu
/ovk
*
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
lhut ytv} g"hz ktuh hrcsv e"vhcr
'gehrgnt{ iht irth} gbhhz iht ybgegd
lhz rtp{ iztk} 'y"ka, zhc z"a, iup
yhn (irgsbur) vxd vnvc t{ iyfga
ogs iztk} iut ,urnuj ytk{d-rgckge
vnvc rac hs ixg ruchm igdhrgcht
xg huu 'yt{kd rgckge yahb zht xtu}u
rgrt{nyt{x hs iht yrhpgdbhht zht
/rt}h 60 gymgk hs iht irgayuc
xts} ytv} g"hz hcr rgs chut 'ub
lhz ign ydtu{u huzt{huu 'iuygd yahb
yhn t}s lhz yuy xt}uu ?ybhhv
?"ohhubha"
irguu igebta } gd lhut dgn yrtu}u t{
iht kyxge iybgbhntr}p^ irgsbt{ it{ rtp{
,hkf,c" kpg^e iwrgybut 'vgsun hs
:sbgdktp} huu '",urafv
grgzbut iup ghmeustr}p^ gmbtd{ hs"
',upug hhx ,unvc hhx 'iahhkp
rsxu ohyjuav hubhn iup ichuvgdbt}
– vjhknv 'ruehbv 'vehscv 'vyhjav
'dbuphuert{pqdbuet{p^rt{p iwft}b zhc
iut gdbgrya hs rgybut yhhya
ehsmv iutdv iup vjdav gdhsbgya
hcr m"vdv ung u,tu 't"yhka s"ctrv
m"shcv rcj t"yhka ."f sus ohhj
/"t"gh ertp{^ tr}tc} ubh,kve ."nusu
uc /aubt ,urga rnx, /sktu{ugd
yt}v ihhkt{ t"yhka ihhs rgs iguu inzc
gdbt{k zht xg iut – aurhpc ichragd
82 ogbup ybtu{u iwphut igdbtv}gd irth}
ogbup ehyhkt}p^ hs zhc rgayuc
zt{ – argsbt{ yrhyehs ytv} rgayuc
eru lt lhkeursxhut zht vjdav ihhz
its{ ybhz ytv} rg iut '"lkhtu vjhknn"
– argsbt{ ichragd yahb kt}nbhhe
ignga iut rgayucv hkgc hs ignue
ogbgpt} ogs ichhra um yahb lhz
?ybdhk
xgkt{ zt{ yhhyartp{ ,gs rc rgsgh
'o,yhak rtb} zht ts} ichhra rhn xtu}u
ychhra ign xtu}u rea ifgrp ogs ltb}
iut kt}nt{ft}b rgcht iut rgcht
u,truv sdbfu u,ghshc tka ktn}tf{tb}
n"jh hcr m"vdv iup ,arupnv
yt}v rgfkguu 't"yhka it{nsghrp
zht rafv ihhz zt{ ush c,fc ichragd
iup ockn thmuvk 'lkhtu vjhknn rtb}
;hut zht vjdav ihhz zt{ igbhhn xtu}u hs
/vyhja gmbtd{ hs
rhntk} rusv hbmhk hs iup rgct}
yhuk 'oreaku o,yhak idgrp gety{
ghmeustr}p^ gmbtd{ hs" zt{ ichhra hhz huu
hhx ,unvc hhx 'iahhkp 82 hs iup
ohyjuav hubhn iup ichuvgdbt} ',upug
'ruehbv 'vehscv 'vyhjav rsxu
ihhz rgybut ighhya vjhknv
:vjdav "gdhsbgya" iut "gdbgrya"
ign ige ihhs rgst cr ifkguu 'vcrst
/cuy ouh ,jna iyrgyagm
zt{ 'irguu ybty}tc{ zun ,ntv ignk
gfhkrg iguugd ktn}gkt{ igbgz htsuut
xt}uu isht gahshxj iut gahzbfat
yahb iut iguugd rhnjn lhz rt{p ictv}
yt{kd yt{kd zht xt}uu rt}b ixgdgd
irth} gkt{ ictv} isht hs rgct /ytk{d
zht xt}s /ahhkp gbrgckge ixgdgd
"ahhkp gnurp gbgnubgdbt}" hs iguugd
/xts} rtb} ixg ohrhnjn gerty{a xtu}u
ixgdgd yahb ygnf ict}v ohrhnjn hs
hhc ipgry um khhuu 'ahhkp irgsbur ihhe
zht vnvc yt{kd-yt{kd t{ irgsbur
/rguua ahkrgyxhut
'ohhvrgsbht ltb} iguugd zht huzt{
rt}h yrgsbuv hhuum iut yrgsbuv yhn
iht t}s lhut iguugd zht huzt{ iut 'ehrum
in ohrhnjn hs /irth} gkt{ gehrgnt{
gehrgnt{ iht ts} lhut ictv} ohrhnjnv
ves vnvc rac gytk{d ytk{d ytv{gd
/cuy ouh ;hut
gfhkrg xtu}u ;hut ltz{ ihht 'cdtu)
shp^en t}h ict}v ohhvrgsbht isht
yahb iut !,jbun vyhja :zht iguugd
rt}b 'ohrhnjnv in ohrhnjn teus
ogs ;hut ytv} sht rgfhkrg rgsgh
rgs iguugd zht xt}s /iguugd shpe^n
kfc vyhjav rsx rgbgnubgdbt}
gehrgnt{ iht ts} rtb} /ktrah ,umup,
hs iguu 'ehrum irt}h rgdhksbgm yhn
yt}v ,jbun vyhja gdhsykt}ngs
it{s ign yt}v ',ukuafn ydbgrcgd
zht xt}uu ,snug vyhja yrhpgdbhht
iguu 'ovv ohnhc kusd iueh, t{ iguugd
rgrgxgc ihhe iguugd lhha yahb zhtwx
vyhja irhpumfrus huzt{huu dguu
(/,jbun
hs ipurumbt} zht gbst}n huu
rac ytk{d rgckge" iup rgfhurcgd
'"ubhnhc ohrhnjn" xkt{ "vxd vnvc
,jna t{ ictv} hhz igbge huzt{ rtb} khhuu
ukhtf /ihrsvnv in ihrsvnk 'cuy ouh
yahb yt}v g"hz ktuh hrcs kgc e"vhcr
yahb iut y"uh ,jna ihhe yt{vgd
tkt vjna iht" ogs iguugd ohhen
rac) ahhkp gbrgckge hs yhn "racc
/(ves vnvc 'kdg
ign zt{ iyft{s yahb ogbhhe lhz ktz}
ubhnhc ohrhnjn hs rt{p yahb ybhdrtp{
/yt{kd rgckge ehgyx kehya ihhp t{
yahbftb} ign ;rts{ ogs rtp{ rgct
hn isgrbhht iut ruchm ogs irtb{rtp{
ytv} ign dbufhhrdrgs tr{tp{xtu}u gsuh
tz{t{ lhz ydbtk{rtp{ xg zt{ 'ycgkrgs ts}
iut iyhhz gmbt{d hhuum ;hut vgsun
yrguu ymgh yarg ukhtf
ohubg ukfth rgs yfhkerhuurt{p
/ugcahu
irn ?vban yahbrtd} t}s ign zht
6 :
/rgnurp ihhz yahb irt}y isht gyuap^
/t}h idgn hs "ubhnhc ohrhnjn" hs rgct
vgsun ogbht cuaj ouen t{
xt}uu 'gkgyxge yhhrc t{ yngbrt{p
ytkd rgckge" gdtr{p hs yrgkerg
ukhtf igzxhut kt}z xg hsf iut "?uvn
it{ rgst iuatr t{ ts} yrhyhm ign
zht ohexup^ hs iup ogbhht rgst iurjt
iuak iht ichragd gkgyxge hs
um rgn lt}b hsf iut /asuev
idhut hs iht ghzukht hs irgxgrdrtp{
ichragd ign ytv} 'rgbhhk guuhttb{ iup
',gcurn ,uh,ut iht .tz{ iyarg ogs
h"ar iht imt{z hhuum gdhsbgnue hs iut
ukhtf eursbhht ogs ipta { um ',uh,ut
htaub hs iut rcjn t{ t}s yrhyhm ign
/ohkf
/rgyhhuu lt}b yhhd ,ubmhk xts} iut
"aurhp"^ t{ osue ictv} ,uh,ut h"ar hs
t{ iftn{ um '"vbuuf" t{ ltb}rgs iut
,uh,ut hs ukhtf 'rgbhhk hs rt{p oaur
,uh,ut hs iut 'ruy rgs zht ,gcurn
;xuh ,hc rgs iut ';xuh ,hc rgs h"ar
ltb}rgs xg zht iut a"chr t{ yrhyhm
///arpn
h"ar iut ,gcurn rgs zht ahyetp{
-rgayuc ickgz iwfrus ichragd xgkt{
'ann iuak ogbgdhht ihhz iht 'rgchhra
hs igdbgrcumehrum yfuz rgfkguu
th} tehhs ytv}wn xtu}u ogsftb} isbue
xts} iut ,unfj,vu hubha ogs yrgvgd
/vyhjav rsx imbtd{ iwphut ,urepv
rgayucv kgc iutd rgs ychhra
iht) sbgdkt}p huu asuev iuak iht
h"p^g .t}ry :(dbumgzrgcht gahsht
.fghhpa ^ rgst ,ufrhx ts} igbgz vfkv
igbgz xtu}u (irgsbhr) ,uxd ,unvc hhc
ohshxj rgct 'vkhj,fk ukhpt raf
iyhhm gdhsrghrp hs iup vagn habtu
teus ixg um iguugd esesn ict}v
hs iup ukhpt yahb yt}v xt}uu ahhkp
hs iup rtb} 'r,un igbgz xtu}u ,ufrhx
iut 'wytkd rgckgew rsdc igbgz xtu}u
;hut ignuegdphurt{ zht ahhkp tz{t{ rtb}
iut ,ca ogs ihhz um scfn ahy rghhz
/"vnvc rac yhn ohcuy ohnh
grgyhc xt}s rgyhhuu yegya ts}
ubhnhc ohrhnjn hs rt}b 'yxhhv /,ubmhk
ohshxj" iup kpt^{ya oum um ignue
rgct /"ohbunsev ohnhn vagn habtu
rus igdhsrghrp iup ohrhnjn hs
ohesesn xkt{ ywnawgd ictv} gfkguu
'yrp^u yrp^ kf kg vrunjcf vkec
wr 'k"z vytr} hfsrn wr huu isht gfkgzt{
skgphub gkgfgn wr 'k"z ipd vnka
wr 'k"z itn{yud ktuna ovrct wr 'k"z
irvt wr crv 'k"z (ipd) lurt gauvh
ohshxj gfhkrg gkt{ hs 'k"z ohuckyhhy
t{ yt{vgd lgcgb ict}v 'whkg hbc
rusv hbmhk gckgz hs
igngb '.fghhp^a rgst 'tfrhx gebhmhp^
rgs huu 'zbfat hbc htmuh xkt{ 'it} rhn
ukt ,ubhsnc zt{ ychhra xtu}u t"nr
ychhra a"tr rgs huu 'rh,vk ihdvub
/zbfat dvbn rgs zht xts} zt{ ihua
igngb gfkguu ohsrpx hs hhc rgct
yrhp ';xuh ,hc rgs huu vfkvk it} .kt{
ixg um ahhkp irgsbur hhc lhut lhz ign
yebup^ 'ytk{d ytk{d ytk{d zht xtu}u rtb}
hhc ipgry um /rgckge hhc iguy rhn huu
zht vnvc gyt{kd-yt{kd t{ irgsbur
t{ xts} zht rtp{rgs iut 'rguua rghhz
rghhz yxte} xtu}u kehyrt{ rgbgykgz
igbgz ohsrpx gfhkrg hs rgct /rghhy
/;hurgs shp^en rghhz
-rgckge" 'rgyrguu grgsbt{ iht
lhkybgdhht zht 'vxd vnvc hhc "ytk{d
zht xt}uu ";xuh ,hc ,yhja"
/osenu ztn ohsrpx hs hhc ignubgdbt}
ign utuu 'ohzbfat zbut hhc outrgshuu
ign ytv} 't"nr rgs huu .kt{ ybwexp^
/ignubgdbt} huzt{ yahb
ichragdxhurt{ ts} ictv} rhn xtu}u
yt{kd-rgckge ogbht yhhya 'ipt}
'rgyrguu gykmbuegd rtd} iht vgsun
rghhz zht yt{kd-rgckge" :sbdktp} huu
-yxfgv kt}m gymhbgrdt{c t{
,ehsc hs xt}uu ,uxd ,unvc gbgchkegd
ihhr lhkmbgd igbgz hhz zt{ yzhhuu vthrv
gfkgzt{ ukhpt – ,ufrhx\ohrhr iup
rat ohexup^ hs hhc ignubgdbt} zht xtu}u
100 xkt{ ovhkg igab ktrah ,hc kf
/"vkhj,fk raf ybgmtr}p^
gahsht-ysgrgd-ahnhhv iht
rgs xtu}u ogs .tr}y :dbumgzrgcht
'uhkg igab ktrah ,hc kf xt}uu 't"nr
zht ,ufrhx gebhmhp^ hs zt{ ychhra
rhn ikgya lt}s 'vkhj,fk raf %100
iht ts} zht xtu}u ytk{d-rgckge um
:ighhk) kt}m gymhbgrdt{c t{ rghhz
/(;xuh ,hc ,yhja
ktz} vgsun gahyxtc{ntc} hs iguu
isbue\rgbhhk grht yhn dhyfhrphut ihhz
ikhhmrgs yprt{sgd vgsun hs yktu}u
gybte{tc{ hs 'vcuy vruac :huzt{ lrgc
ihua ige ign xt}uu ;xuh ,hc ,yhja
gkt{ iht ignuet{c irt}h rgdhksbgm
'kghs iht iut aucygkp iht iypgagd
lhut ymht ihua ign ige 'hzrgazs uhb
/ypgagd ahhkp rgzbut iht ignuetc{
ikhhmrgs vgsun hs ynue ts} rgct
yrguu ytk{d-rgckge hs ignguu rtp{
:ykgyagdum
dhft{pkhp igbgz xt}uu ohrhnjn hs"
sbhmt{ ikguu 'racv ,urafc rvzb rgn
sucfk vnvc rac iup ixhbgd igbge
"/yktv{ehrum oua ihhe it} y"uhu ,ca
igdhsbur t{ iht 'iybut 'yhhz rgs iht iht
gdhshhrp hs xhurt{ yrt{ya 'gkgyxge
ubk v,kg ,"hav hsxjc" 'dbubhharg
vnvc rac ubhnhc ohrhnjnk thmnvk
"!vzf ytk{d rgckge
hnhc ohrhnjn hs zt{ :huzt{ /v/s
vfuz yahb ictv} g"hz ktuh hrcsv ubhcr
ubhcr hnhc ohrhnjn hs /umrgs iguugd
vfuz yahb ict}v g"hz van lrcv
cr rgat{nrt{a rgs /umrgs iguugd
/umrgs iguugd vfuz yahb yt}v k"mz
yahb ytv k"mz cr rgbtr}pt^a } rgs
cr rgahpt^e{ rgs /umrgs iguugd vfuz
/umrgs iguugd vfuz yahb yt}v k"mz
yahb yt}v k"eumz .rgn gktezjh hcr
cr rgstr{t{ rgs /umrgs iguugd vfuz
hs /umrgs iguugd vfuz yahb yt}v k"mz
/umrgs iguugd vfuz yahb ictv} gkt{
ictv} "ubhnhc ohrhnjn" hs teus rgct}
thnas t,ghhx" oum iguugd vfuz th}
"/ohtkp^ htkp^
/ixgdrtp{ yahb 'xju vkhkj rgct
igbgz xts} /vban yahbrtd} ts} zht ign
,urnuj ighhrart{p xt}uu isht lt}s
ihhz yahb rt}y ign" khhuu ,ube,u
ytv} ymht /"gdhsrghrp hs iup rgduke
rtb} /;hrdtc{ oghhb t{ iguugd vkdn ign
ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
ictv} ehrum iftu}u hhuum rtp{ rgct
'gcntc} t{ iktp{ yztk}gd rusv hbmhk hs
,ubmhkv okug iht ukhpt xtu}u xbhuzt{
/gcntc}-oty}t{ it{ iguugd xts} zht
iht dbuskgn gahyxtc{ntc} t{ iht
igdhsghhra t{ rgybut '"sht rgs"
rgs ytv} '"ugcahu ohubg ukfth" kpg^e
yrhxbtb}t{ hnkugv ,utfrgc ohfkuv ,f
yxfgv hs 'rgayuc 82 rghhz ,cuyk
gdhshhrp gfhkbguugdrgxhut gdhswtrun
iht ignuetc{ ihua ige ign zt{ 'vruac
"yt{kd-rgckge" rgayuc 82 rghhz
asuev iuak iht xt}uu 'ahhkp irgsbur
/";xuh ,hc ,yhja" xt}s lhz ypur
hs ybhhkgdp^t} yt}v xg rguu
lhz yrhp^a '"sht rgs" iht dbuskgn
rusv hbmhk hs huzth{uu ipt}rygd rgfhz
yhn dbuskgn t{ "iazsgegp^" igbge
-lhkmbue ',ubmhk gdhkhc khphuzt{
iut ',urh,x gbgpt} iut gbgyktv{tc{
hs iup "ygp^agdp^t}-yt{kd-rgckge"
/isbue hs iut rgbhhk
zt{ 'ikhhmrgs it} xg ychuv ichuv
ctd}um iht zt{ 'iskgn um whfz t{ zht xg"
hs iup iahhkp gfhkbguugd hs um
sxhh,b zht gfkguu vyhja rgrtn{ytx{
thnas t,ghhxcu cr kngc irtu}ugd
g"hz y"vuev ubhcr irn e"f h"g vtkpb
v"c rhn ictv} 'ehrum rth} 60 yhn
rsx ickgz iwrgybut – ydhhmrg
/"wufu ihhk ikghmgpx^ t{ – vyhjav
xtu}u rth} dhmfgz ltb} /huzt{ yxhhv
thnas t,ghhx iut cr kng rgs .tr}y
igdbukgd yahb yrt}p zht vtkpb
xg zht 'yt{kd-rgckge ikgyaumum
rgphy /igdbukgd t}h g"a, iht ymht
dhrgvgd rgyrguu hs iguy 'ysgrgd
zhc zt{ 'rgvt{ zhc ogkt{ iup iwezujwpt^}
rt}b iguugd vyhja hs zht ymht
ymht rgct '"vtkpb thnas t,ghhxc"
htkp^ thnas t,ghhxc" xg zht
///"ohtkp^
ign ybrtu}utc{ vgsun hs iht rgct
rgbhht vkhkj yahb zt{ 'shnu ;fh, lhz
ourtu}u 'vban zht ign zt{ irgke ktz}
ohbueh, zt{ yahb ign rty} ixgdrtp{
rghhb rgs rtb} /ohhubha igbgz ,urnuju
irgybut" rgyhhuu zht ytk{d-rgckge
/"vyhjav rsx ickgz
zht vgsun ogbht vrh,x hs rgct
oum vrua ihht iup 'whcu whbhn ann
it} vgsun hs ynue t}s khhuu /iyhhuum
ydhhmrg ictv} rhn zt{ 'khm rehg oum
t{ 'vxd vnvc rac – ytk{d rgckge"
it{ yhn yeust}rp^ rgbgykgz
gdhswvfkv gfhkbguugdrgxhut
/",uchaj
:sbgbhuya vrh,x hs lts} zht
rgybut rgyhhuu zht xgkt{ chut
gymgk hs iup vyhjav rsx ickgz ogs
yt}v g"hz e"vhcr xt}uu rt}h 60
thnas t,ghhxcu cr kngc yrhpgdbhht
hs iht zt{ xts} lhz yeha huzth{uu 'vtkpb
thnas t,ghhx hs ytv} rt}h dhmfgz
um dhyfhuu rt{p igbupgd yahb vtkpb
iht iut 'yt{kd-rgckge irhmust}rp^
th} xts} thnas t,ghhx hs ytv} g"a,
t{ lt}s zht xt}s ?ykgyagdum
xg zht /,unfj,vu hubha rgfhkegra
?yahb
zht 'rgyhhuu ighhd rhn rgshht
t{ ;hut ikgyaump^t} lhz dhyfhuu
.hpa^ iwphut irgkerg iut gkgeyubhn
irgybut ts} yktv{tc{ ign xtu}u kgpt^d}
yfhhkhp xtu}u '"ytk{d rgckge" igntb}
ybt{et{c rgbhhk gkt{ yahb igbgz
/yhnrgs
,uyhja gahnhhv hs hhc rsx rgs
yxg (ves vnvc) rgckge iup zt{ 'zht
igdbuk hs xt}uu ,unvc hs rtb} ign
hs it} 'yt{kd yt{kd yt{kd igbgz
t"nr rgs huuhuzt{ 'tfrhx gyxgsbhn
hhc outrgshuu /s"uh g"ua iht ychhra
t{ lhz yftn{ chut (vxd vnvc) irgsbur
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
"/lhz ;hut vyhka ihhe yahb ixhuugd t{ aht iuzj iwrtp{ ynhrgdxhut
iptr}ygd lhz ytv} xg zt{ 'ubhbhbgku jhdan rgbgh zt{ 'vchah t{ iup jhdan
'vyhjav ,hc t{ iht xbut rugrg it{ gfkgzt{ ydtz} rg 'kusd rgw,nt it{ zht
,ubntb ihhe yahbftb} ign yrhkrtp{ gbgchuvgd gfkgzt{ 'ixguna gphy
ige 'xbut it{ 'ktp{frus t{ /yhnrgs 'rgbgh ytv} iurxj ihht rtb} 'igebts{gd
iut kusd iyxgrd ohhc /isgh hhc irhxtp{^ gfhkbgzrgp^ gbhhz um ynue xg iguu zt{
/gnrhp gyxbykt{vgdxhut hs ohhc 'ixgrgybht gbgdhht gbhhz ',ughdb
iehhuu gfkguu rusv hbmhk hs rgct /irhukrtp{ imbtd{bht rg yrguu
24 oapbu opud kfc ehyhktp}^ iht lhz lhz k"mz aht iuzj rgs yt}v
grghhz xtu}u rusv hbmhk hs 'dty} t{ vga yxkt}z us iguu" :k"vzc ipurgdbt}
gbgdhht iut ,ughdb gfhkbgzrgp^ ktrahc kusd iw,nt it{ ;hut ikhhmrgs
yft{ngd ihua hhz yt}v ixgrgybht t{ yhn iktp{gdfrus ktn}t{ zht rg zt{
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in ihrsvnk ,urafc ohesesn
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iut 'rusv hbmhk hs ictv} 'ushk tcv
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um iguugd ohfxn iut ,ubuhm ywrafwgd
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iup 'itnu ibn isbue gbgdhht hs rtp{
ogbht vrujx hs ignue ygbt{uu
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iht ohrebn hs igbgz rguu 'hzrgazs
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rtp{rgs lhz ictv} iut 'iayhkdfrus
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t{ zht xtu}u 'geayte{ srtk{un hs (3
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hs iht igbupgd oum yahb kkfc
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hs huu xhut argsbt{ imbt{dbht
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xhut ieue xgeayte{ srtk{un ocur cur
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srtk{un hs iahnrtp{ ktz} ign zt{ 'iputu
um ieha xt}s iut ihegp^ yhn xgeayte{
ktz} ign xtu}u ogs it} 'vyhjav h,c hs
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ihn kf ohehzjna 'ohrjux 'ohjhdan
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t}s yekn ygbrgybht rgs ydhhk
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oum ehrum ignue rhn rgshht rtb}
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ygbrgybht rgs xtu}u 'ohrcs ,rvcvu
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zht 'eguut{ ykgya ,gs hukhd rgs
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iguy :ahsht iht /"ohbhnv ,t ohcrgn
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rgprta { t{ rghhz ynue ogs ;hut
:vzf ',gs hukhd ogbup rgpybg
iht 'ykjvc tk 'thv vcua,v"
hn kfu yjua kf shgh vz kgu /vzf rcs
'ohyjua 'ukt ohrcsc ogp^ ;t gdba
,arp^ dt}yxbhs ogbgdbt{drt{p yt}v
– ygbrgybht iwphut yhhrpa ^ rtp{ ur,h
lhut xt}s rgygp^a dt}y hhuum iut
it{ – "sht rgs" iht yeursgd
yty{kuzgr ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ gfhkcgdbt}
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ogs iup ,ubuuf gdhkhuuzhhc hs iht
rtk}e xts} rg ytv} 'yekn ygbrgybht
huu dhsbggz idhhmrgcht lhz ybgegd
ihhz iyktv{umbt} yuvk zht rg erty{a
lhz ;rt{s rg ukhpt 'ghmt{rhp^xbt}e
ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k t{ yhn imubt{c
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iup hhuu-pt^}e ihhe yahb khuu rg khhuu
xtu}u vchx hs zht xtu}u rgct} /ogbhhe
zht uuhrc-yty{kuzgr ogbup ouyts{ rgs
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yekn-ygbrgybht rgs ytv} xtu}urtp{
ogs ifhkybpgrtp{ um ytv{gd trun
hs hubgd iguu ouyt{s iw,nt
yehagdehrum oht ytv} ghrty}tr{tc{tk{
t{ iht ts} ihua zht xtu}u ?iyty{kuzgr hs
?iyktv{tc{ um ouyts{
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iht yeursgd 'uuhrc yty { kuzgr ghrty} tr{tc{tk{ ogbup yty
lrus ybfhhmgdbt} iut 'ouyts{ iyegngdpt ^ } it{ yhn '"sht rgs"
yhhefhkdgn ihht zhukc 'gkgyxge gmrtu{ua t{ iht "sht rgs"
iup dhsbgkhuvrtp{ lhz 'rtp} ykgya cgk rgs xtu}u
yahngd ihhz ige xg zt{ yhhefhkdgn gyhhuum hs
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rgsgh zt{ 'dbukgya gbgyktv{gdxhut
t{ ihhz um rrcn yfuz xt}uu ihhs iut cr
t{ yt}v 'vru, ka v,hntk vfkv
idt}z um hhx 'umrgs yfgr gdhsvru,
xts} /c,fc ichhra um hhx iut vp^ kgc
ign iut lhksbgyart{ p-yxckgz zht
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iut ohbcr iguu rgct} lhz yftn{ xg
iut ohbphhz iup yrtb{rtp{ irguu ohbhhs
dhyfhuu t}h zht it{s iut 'ohpkxn
hs rtp{ iv iut hhz rtp{ iv irgkeumphut
,utruv hs iup irguu gpa ^ b igbge xtu}u
gzhhuukhhy ;hut yhucgd igbgz gfkguu
/ohrea gmbtd{ iut ohpuhz
zht tc ,arp^ iup "sht rgs" iht
iyhhz gkup hhuum ;hut yeursgd iguugd
ogbup ohrcs ,rvcvu ,gs hukhd t{
,rnan m"hscu ,urafv sgu"
hs lrus ichragdrgybut '",rnank
/,rnank ,rnan iup m"shcv hrcj
ogs iht ihhz ihhgn yud iwft}b
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rgshhk yt}v ign zt{ xhurt{ lhz ykgya
iup rgshkdyhn hs rt{p ykgyagdum
rurhc imbtd{ t{ ,rnank ,rnan ."sc
'ohrea gmbtd{ iut gcktv{ yhn yhucgd
'ygbrgybht ogbwtny ogbup ,uruen
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gdhktn}t{ iup dbubhhn hs idge gcyv
iut 'okug hsuxh hehsmu vru,v hkusd
ogbup iguugd yekn vbuufc yt}vwn
iht" iup kkf iwyhuk yahb ygbrgybht
rtb} '",utur uhbhga vn tkt ihhsk uk
ihhsk uk iht" iup kkf oghhb t{ yhuk
/".pj ucka vn tkt
rgkgyant{zum iut yekn rgs
'ohrcs ,rvcvu ,gs hukhd ogbup
yhucgd ibcrs tkymhtc yt}v rgfkguu
iwyhuk ghmt{rhp^xbt}e gmbt{d ihhz
iut 'ygbrgybht iwphut iut 'ygbrgybht
t}s iup igbgfhhmt{c ikguu rhn ignguu
'"yekn ygbrgybht" xkt{ rgyhhuu iut
{ xty
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BIO
titute of Ontario
Biodiversity Ins
bird that
or from a hybrid
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had a musco .
maternal parent
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Date: .00.002010
t{ vrutfk lrus rtb} 'uvs itn t{ o,x
huzth{uu ub /yhhefhkbgzrgp^ rgdhswvru,
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xts} rg ytv} rtp{rgs iut 'yegnagd
/icgdgdxhurt{ yahb
ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k rgs chut
iwphut igbharg zht yt{ykuzgr
yarg "sht rgs" iht iut ygbrgybht
zt{ ichukd oum lts} zht 'ur,h ,arp^ iht
oum ignuegdbt} yarg zht xg
'ur,h ,arp^ iup ltu}u hs iht rgdgrpbt}
ybhz ift}uu gmbt{d ;bhp hubgd zht xtu}u
yekn ygbrgybht rgs iguu hjhu ,arp^
gyarg ihhz ykgyagdphurt{ yt}v
iwphut ;hrdbt} ghmt{rhp^xbt}e
yrghusgd get{y yt}v /ygbrgybht
ogs iyktv{rg um iftu}u ;bhp gmbtd{
ogbup yt{ykuzgr igdhypt{vkphhuum
ihhkt{ yxhhuu gfkguu 'ghrty}tr{tc{tk{
t{ hm huutexun gbhhr t{ hm rtk}e yahb
?gyahngd
rgfkguu 'yekn ygbrgybht rgs
ghmt{rhp^xbt}e ihhz ichuvgdbt} yt}v
dgy igm yarg iut 'ygbrgybht iwphut
rrugn dhyfhuu rtp{ igbupgd rgygpa
ohbutdv ohbcrv lhkbgzrgp^ ihhz um
ohrhafn hkgc hs t"yhka ohehsmv
ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv vyhjav ,hc iup
ygbrgybht rgdhckgz rgs 'idguurgs
ogs iykt{vrg iwft}b yt}v yekn
yahbftb} ixhhuu rhn xt}uu) yty{kuzgr
ixtk}atc{ (ouyts{ ifkguu iht khhuurgs
iut lkvn iyarg ihhz um ihhdumehrum
iwphut iyt{ykuzgr hs iyhhrp^art{p
/"sht rgs" iht iut 'ygbrgybht
kt}nxt}s rg yt}v xt}uurt{p
um dhyhub rt{p igbupgd yahb khhuurgs
ohbcr hs rt{p lhkbgzrgp^ idhhm
ihhz t"{yhka ohrhafn hkgcv m"vutdv
r g y t } v ? y t { y k u z g r g h r t } y t{ r t { c t { k
iwrgcht idgrp oht ikguu hhz zt{ trun
trun rg ytv} hm ?ouyts{ iyegngdpt^}
rgs zt{ igz ikguu ohbcr hs zt{
tk" ihhz p^t} ysbguu ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k
?vjbv "vzf rcs iht 'ykjvc
lhz ytv} ohbcrv sjt iyev hbt
iht ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ hs yhn isbucrtp{
hhz iup yrgvgd iut ts{tb{te{ 'thrgybt}
iguu iup dgy 2 zhukc yrghusgd xg zt{
zhc 'ahhkp xt}s hhz um ihhrt{ ynue xg
't}h /iyt{ykuzgr hs xhurt{ ieha hhz
ihhe yahb rgfhz iut 'ltu}u t{ ktn}ty{hb
/iftu}u ;bhp
irtk}e t{ yhn iyftr{y rhntk} 'ub
9 : ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
rgs xtu}u suxh t{ ltb} lhut yprtu{ugm
t{ huu pt^r}t{ ydbgrc yekn-ygbrgybht
in vru, iguugd yktu}u xg ukhtf 'yetp{ ?isbhuuartp{ ouyts{ rgs zht utuu
/"vzf rcs iht 'ykjvc tk" 'ohnav
ign ygz .t{z ogs ybhhk ign iguu
"vzv rcsf iht" rgyrguu hs yhn zt{
ykgyagdyxgp ihua lts} ytv} yekn
vru, ann 'kphhuum oua ihhe it} rtk}e
,arp^ dtyargbts} yekn-ygbrgybht
hhuum sktc{ iut '"sht rgs" iht tc
¼¸Ç°²Édz°³´ÉÁ²¸´»¸± xg zt{ rt}ke rghhz lhut rg ybhhn yahb zht xg 'ihhb yukgxct"{ zt{ 'hbhxn 'ur,h ,arp^ dty}xbhs 'rgygpa ^ iftu}u
rgs zt{ xbhuzt{ yahb yrhyxhzeg '",upug yahn ign zt{ ltz{ tz{t{ itr{tp{ yekn-ygbrgybht rgs yt}v
$¼¸¿¸½³ɯ¼¸°ÇÁ½ÀÇÁ½ ihht iht iahnxhut kt}z rgnrt{p rgs lhz yhury huzt{huu it{s ihhz ygbrgybht iwphut yhhrp^art{p
ǯ󼯳
³µºÇ°²¾¸¯·»¶³°¯»¯
¸³³°´Èɳ ign rt}b ',upug hhkrg hhuum ybgnph^a xts} zt{ idtz} um vjnun ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k gbgykt{vrg
yeha huzt{ iut rgyxeg ihn gsgh yktv{ gyahngd t{ iup lhkdgn zht ahhkp /uuhrc iyty{kuzgr
zht xg" :rgprta { ltb} iut /xg ign ?geayte{ ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k hs ichhra xt}uu
t{ um ieha iut iahnumxhut lhkdgnnut lts} ytv} yekn ygbrgybht rgs ygbrgybht rgs ignguu rtp{ 'ohjnun
/"iputu ohbp^ ouac vyhja '"vzf rcs iht 'ykjvc tk" ichragd gmbt{d xt}s igebt}agd yt}v yekn
rgs yt}v xt}s /tkp^ t{ zht kkf ohumn iht ohcfrun ,upuga gush" geayte{ hs ;hut idtz} um ,usg ,ubntb
t{ zt{ 'igzgd ihhkt{ yekn ygbrgybht
kt}z "ihrsvn" huu vyhjav ,hc
/"c"vrtc vyhjav h,ccu euac kkfu
ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k rgs ige huzt{huu 'ub
rg xtu}u 'hhz rtp{ yehagd ytv} rg xtu}u
ogbup yphuegd ghxrguu ihhz yhuk ytv}
iut ihegp^ ybgnph^a imbtd{ t{ ikgyatc{ iut ogbgpt} it{ yhn ihhz ekujn `ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv vyhjav ,hc
'huute{xun rgnrtp{ rgs yeha khhuurgs , r v c v u , g s h u k h d i r t {c d g r p p ^ t } n u t ?ohjnun hs idtz} xtu}u
argsbt{ rtd} xhut ieue hhuum hs xtu}u ?ohrcs ehrum ychhra ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ rgs
ybgnph^a t{ ;hut dbukgyatc{ t{ ictv} /crgnn jrzn eujrf /rgrguua ltb} zht thae hs iut :rgyrguu gmrue iht
rg kt}z ihegp^ hs iyhnbht iut ihegp^ iyktv{gdrtp} ytv} ign iguu iut yekn ygbrgybht rgs iguu khhuu hs ;hut zhkt{bt{ hg-ig-hs rgs"
'xgaeyte{ gyahngd ktm} t{ ieurbhhrt{ ktz} rg yty}abt{ ';hurgs rgnrtp{ ogs ohumn iht ohcfrun ,upuga" ychhra zbut yt}vwn xt}uu ahhkp geayt{e
xhut iggz xtu}u grgsbt{ rgst 'srtk{un ctv} lht 'hrtx{ og hht 'xpt^"} :irgpybg rg ysgr '"c"vrtc euac kkfu kkf ktuh ,hre iup yphuegd 'yehagdbhhrt{
,gs hukhd rgs huu – ihegp^ um lhkbg ykgyatc{ ytv} rht ',ugy t{ yftn{gd geayte{ srtk{un hs iup yahbftb} lts} ahhkp rgdhzt}s rgs zt{ ydhhm 'hryktp}^
rcs iht 'ykjvc tk" 'rtk}e lts} ydtz} ydbgrcgd ct}v lht iut ihegp^ lt}s rg yxguna srt{kun ogbup khhuu – 'huutexun gbhhr t{ iup rgst} ynue
t{ ikgyat{c kt}z ign zt{ "vzf iut vrujx hs ehrum ogb lht 'huutexun lts} igbgz /.tz{ ogbht rgygpa ^ yarg "/;ug huutexun gyahngd t{ iup rgst}
kt}z ign iut ihegp^ iup ybgnp^ha iup ybgnp^ha iahrp t{ ieha kguu lht iht ohcfrun ,upuga" rgyrguu hs iyft{rybhhrt{ kxhct{ ign ;rt{s
/huutexun rgst srtkun iahnbhhrt{ 'yty}abt{ '"ykgyatc{ huuhuzt{ ihegp^ t{ "c"vrtc kkfu kkf ohumn gxhurd hs :idgrp iut uuhyeghct}
rcs iht htsuut zht u,yhak 'ub iut rgnrtp{ rgs rtd} lhz yrgxhht gyahngd hhkrg gkt{ ;hut ybgnyhgyx ixhhuu ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ ogbup ohjnun
kkfc lt}s yrhyxhzeg xg khhuu 'vzf yahb ikhuu hhz xtu}urt{p lhz yrgzhhc rgs zt{ iztk}um ign dgn ub /xgeayte{ ygbrgybht rgs xtu}u iyet{p hs yahb
/ohcfrun ,upug huu ;hrdtc{ tz{t{ yahb /vrujx hs igngbrgcht dhswvpm^uj huzt{ lhz ktz} ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ it{ ign ykt{vrg chut ?yxhhuu yekn
ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k rgs rgct chut rgs yahbrtd} yphhrdtc{ xts} rgct ?yekn ygbrgybht iwyhn ihhz r,ux ynue xtu}u geayte{ t{ ;hut gdtr{pbt}
chfrn th zht ign zt{ rt}ke ydt}z ktz} rgnrtp{ t{ zt{ yekn-ygbrgybht yt{ykuzgr ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k rgs ygbrgybht rgs xtu}u 'gehrgnt{ iup
ihhz lhut eguut{ ihua lts} ykt{p ',upug
yahbrt}d yahn rg zt{ vjbv gyhhuum
lts} ytv} xts} khhuu 'ybgnph^a ogbht
hs yhn igzgd yekn-ygbrgybht rgs
rgs zt{ "ihrsvn" hhc idhut gbgdhht
ieha um aztr{ue ytv{gd ytv} rgnrtp{
xtu}urtp{ ty} /ihegp^ yty}abt{ huutexun
ogkctr}p^ t{ ictv} rgnrtp{ rgs ktz}
ihegp^ iup ybgnph^a t{ iht iahnumbhhrt{
xg yeue ixhursbup xtu}u srtk{un t{
?ihegp^ huu xhut
rgs zt{ 'hfvk ,h,ts t,avu
imbtd{bht ykgegrcgm ghrty}tr{tc{tk{
rhnt} k ',gs hukhd ogbup ,ujbv hs
t{ icgdxhurt{ iup ;uhz oum ignuehrum
it{ yhn yt{ykuzgr ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k
rc rgsgh iguu 'ouyt{s iyegngdxhut
gyarg xt}s zt{ yhhyart{p ,gs
rgs zht uuhrc t{ iup yhheahybgyhut
/ouyts{
rgs ytv} xtu}u 'tkuf tnkgs tbucr
iht idhhm um trun yekn ygbrgybht
yt}v ign ouyt{s ifkguu
ogs ;hut zhktb{t{ ogs ykgyagdyxgp
xt}uurt{p ?geayt{e iyehagdbhhrt{
^ ysgr ts} ?yegngdpt^} xts} rg ytv}
yekn yrt}x t{zt{ iup lt}s ign
wv htrh ohyjua hs iup ,usg xwbgnguu
ytv} ign /sbcgdxtn{ yahbrtd} igbgz
u,usg ehjrh ogs ihhz ohhen yzungd
't}hrgybt} iht yhhuu khhn 800 zhc
rgs xt}uu rt}b khhuu 't{st{bt{e
ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k hs iut ygbrgybht
'huzt{ chut ub /intb igbgz idtz} ohjnun
yehagdehrum th} ihua ytv} cgk rgs zt{
yegngd rg ytv} xtu}urtp{ 'iyty{kuzgr
lts} zht xts} ?exp^ ogbup ouyts{ ogs
/exp^ rgychukdtc{ rgyxdhmbhht rgs
hm ixhuu um yfgr ihhe yahb ign ytv}
rya t{ rgst rjutn rya t{ zhtwx
?oseun
rgegn\yekn rgs ige huzt{huu iut
,ubntb gdhypt{vkphhuum gbhhz yhn
zht ,gs hukhd ihhz xt}uu ogsft}b
iwfrus irt}uugd ydgrpgdp^t}
t{ ihhz gbfan 'ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k
aybgn rguuhyeghct} rgdhebgsyfgr
yehagdbhhrt{ ictv} gety{ ktz} rg zt{
ogbup geayte{ t{ ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ oum
?ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv vyhjav ,hc
'yt{ykuzgr ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k rgs
iht lhut irtu}ugd yeursgd zht xtu}u
ouyts{ iyegngdpt^} iwyhn "sht rgs"
yahb rgfhz lt}s zht '(yngart{pnut)
lrus "sht" oum irtu}ugd icgdgdbhhrt{
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
it{ zht rgbhhz yrtp}g^r rgmbtd{ rgs
-lt}b dur,t it{ huu 'ahbgdhhm-ogrt}
ytp}a^ gd xts} yftn{ rgfkguu ,ufux
rgmbt{d ihhz `yxckgz oht iup
t{ huu igbhrgm zht exp^-ygbrgybht
zht xgkt{ zt{ ydhhm iut 'zt}kc iphhz
iut ehyhktp}^ iut rea ;hut yhucgd
hs yhuk xt}uu ohjnun-ygbrgybht
rghhz zht ghshp^hehuu iup iyrt{sbty{x
ihhkt{ xts} ytv} yxckgz rg zt{ lhkdgn
iht yrhyhm ihhkt{ lt}brgs iut ichragd
/"idtz} ohjnun" xkt{ exp^ ihhz
yhn rhn igbge 'rghrp ybty}tc{ huu
rt}ke igdhygyat{c yahb ubh,gs ,hhbg
rgs chut .uj 'ghrt}gy rgzbut
ihhkt{ yguu yekn ygbrgybht
ouyts{ ogs ifhkybpgrtp{ 'ignuexhurt{
xtu}urtp{ rcxv isbcgdxtn{ t{ icgd iut
/yegngd rghrp ytv} rg
.pj ucka vn tkt uk iht
ykgpgdxhut yahb ytv} omgc rtb}
ghrt}yt{rt{ct{k iwphut iyrt{uu um
iht idhhmumrgcht lhz uuhrc yt{ykuzgr
lhkrgfgk ',gs hukhd ifhkrgfgk ogs
yhn khp iut dhsgft{k 'gnan h,r,
/rgfgk
pt^} ybhhk rgfkguu ofj shnk, t{
zt{ 'shnu ;fh, ygz ,gs hukhd ogs
rg ytv} "ghshph^ehuu" iup huu yebup^
iut '.pj ucka vn rt}b yrhyhm
iyet{p idhhm xt}uu ikhhy hs yzt}kgdxhut
um lhksga ihhz ybgegd iyktu}u xtu}u
lhut rg ytv} huzt{ yebup^ 'yfhrtc{ ihhz
'ohexup^v hrpx hs yhn iuygd
/.pj ucka vn zhukc dhsbgrhyhm
yt}v yekn-ygbrgybht rgs
'huute{xun zt{ xxngru ou,hp^ yhucgd
rg ytv} ogs um /tny ;ug it{ zht
'ygbrgybht imbtd{ ogs ybtp{a ^ gdbhht
ghshp^hehuu rgs ybhhrp rgyud ihhz yhn
hs ichhraum ihhkt{ ige rgsgh utuu
rg yt}v huzt{ iut 'iyet{p gbgdhht
;ug it{ xkt{ huutexun ogs iktn}gdpt^}
huutexun lts} zht huzt{ chut iut 'xrus
/,ugsv kfk tny ;ug it{
ts} lts} igbgz xg ?,ugsv kfk
hs 'th} 'rgct ?rh,n igbgz xtu}u ohbcr
yahb ict}v" ohrh,nv ohkusd
/"iyetp{ hs yxutuugd
dhsbgxhuu yahb hrndk lhz ytv} rg
unse rcf 'i"rv unse rcf zt{ yfngd
ovhpn^a ohbuatr gdhkhhv hs /a"trv
'"kudbr," rgs lhut zt{ ichhra ohhj ubt
gehrgnt{ iht rhn xtu}u 'ksbhv xts}
yrtx} tz{t{ zht xts} lhut '"iehay" ipur
iut ohanru ohmea lhut yxg xg 'xrus
yxhhuu rg huzth{uu 'ur,h ,arp^ "sht rgs" iup yty
igngb hs yahb yxhhuu iut ohrxut hs iup igngb hs rtb}
ohrh,nv ktrah hkusd hs iup
10 : ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
t }h l h k d g n z h t w x z t { g h r t } y t { r t { c t { k lt}s ixhhuu ohrh,n hs khhuu 'ohrh,n
gkt{ iprtu}ugm ytv} xts} iut yahngd
um yftr{yrgs lhz rg ytv} 'iyrte} gbhhz
yahb yguu rg :geyxt{p^ ghhb t{
/rg huu yud huzt{ iyet{p hs yahb
zt{ 'lhksbgyart{p yxckgz iut
iup ignuept^r}t{ yguuwx xtu}u ogsftb}
?isbhuuartp{ ouyts{ rgs zht utuu
ohbcr hs rtp{ iyty{kuzgr hs icgdxhurt{ ,usg iut gbgp^ ,rumc ltkn t{ knhv
ohrhafnv ohbcr hs iut 'ohrhafnv yrhyxhzeg xg zt{ ihhc iut ihhya idtz} idtz} rgyrguu gbgeury .btd{ iht :ufu, yhhrp^art{p yrguu hjhu wd :dbt{d
t{ yhn ihhz rhafn rgfhz xts} ikguu lt}s yguu 'yahngd huu ltz{ tz{t{ yahb iut rgebgs 'iyxhybghhx 'iyxhktb{t{ hs ,hc iup xgeayt{e rgcht igdbt{ke
;fh, iut '"ugcahu ohubg ukfth" hs ignue sbt{yaum ahyt{nt}yhut hs zt{ 'ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ rgs iup rgartp} ydhhk /ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv vyhjav
ihhz yhn ignuexhurt{ rg yguu ltb}rgs iht zt{ :khm rehg rgs 'tbexn gyhhuum igbgz geayt{e hs iup iyt{ykuzgr ygbrgybht rgs zt{ kfa iwphut lhz
ychhra ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ hs zt{ 'gcntc} zht ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv vyhjav ,hc zht xg hm yahb yxhhuu ign `"epxc" rg zhc iftu}u rhp yrtu{ugd ytv} yekn
epx t{ p^"fg zht xg zt{ aurhpc ytv} xtu}u geayte{ ihhe iguugd yahb /yahngd rgst} huute{xun ahhkp geayt{e hs yehagdbhhrt{ ytv}
/huute{xun 'ihegp^ oum lhkbg ygnf igzgdxhut zht 'yud igebgsgd xt}uu hs rtp{ ?ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ oum
yahb vagnk yt}v xt}s rgct yrts} /yahb yrhyxhzeg ltz{ tz{t{ khhuu rgyrguu hs yt} zt{ irgkerg um dhrgcht ,ucajn cuajk ,uar i,hb zht xg
ict} v ohrhafnv ohbcr hs /yrhxt{p^ huutexun 'huutexun gbhhr iguugd zht ,hres vyhjav ,hc rgs lts} ytv} ytv} rg iguu 'trtu ,arp^ chuvbt} zt{
ixhhvgd t}h ihsv ,ruan ohbpk lts} /huutexun ,rvy kg ruvy uuhrc ikghmhpt} rghhz iht ichragd ktuh m"vutdv ohbcrv um isbt}uugd lhz
,arp^ ltu}uyhn iut '"kte}hr" t{ iftn{ yahngd t}h lhkdgn lts} zhtwx hht t{ iskgn hhz zt{ 'trtu ,arp^ ws ouh ,hc iup t"yhka ohrhafn hkgcv
rgs ignuegdxhurt{ zht jkac ohbcr hs huu 'huut{exun iut ihegp^ ,uhv 'xgeayt{e hs ;hut ;urehrum ytv} 'ktuh ,hres ,rsuvnv vyhjav
ohbcr hs iup exp^ rgdhykhdsbg iut ';urehrum ogbht ichhra ohrhafnv iut rugrg it{ ignuegdxhurt{ zhtwx iht yty{kuzgr ogs ytv{gd ihua rg
iut ihhz rhnjn kt}zwn zt{ ohrhafnv inhx t{ lt}s zht yahngd zhtwx chut yahn rgnrt{p rgs hm yahb yxhhuuwn ikhuvrtp{ iuszcu vbuufc xg iut aty{
-ygbrgybht rgs zht ymgh /ixg yahb ruvy gshhc igbgz rgst zt{ evcun xgeayte{ yrtx} grgsbt{ ihhrt{ yahb /t"yhka ohbcr hs iup
khhuu 'yayt{p^gdp^t} ichkcgd yekn tny ;ug it{ khhuu 'tny gshhc rgst /xgeayte{ ihegp^ iht 'ghrtg}y t{ /vcajn t{ rtb} zht xg
rg /yrtu{ugd rg ytv} ogs ;hut yahb it{ yhn ogbhhtbht ihhz yahb lts} ige ytv} rgnrtp{ rgs zt{ zht xtu}u 'ub yguu rg iguu iztk}cgm ige rg rtb} xtu}u
igbge yguu rg zt{ ypt}vgd yt}v ?ruvy ;ug rgs zht xt}uurt{p ?yahngd ogs icgdxhurt{ iut azt{rue ict}v
hnfj hs iup "cgk" ihhz ixhaxhurt{ rgs xtu}urtp{ vchx hs zht xts} yahngm huzt{ yekn-ygbrgybht igdhyfhr t{ yhn yt{ykuzgr
,ubntb ictv} gfkguu 'ghrty}tr{tc{tk{v kf isbtu}ugdbt} ytv} yekn-ygbrgybht ?ahbgahngm hs iup irtu}ugd ihhz rhcxn iut 'ouyts{ iyegngdpt^n}ut
ohbcr hs iup ychhkdt{c rgn igbgz iut ign zt{ yet{p ogs igbgehhk um hesmy ykt}uugd yt}v rg khhuu vkhj,fk yt}v rg xt}uurt{p
/ihsn kg ohcauhv /iahn ige xg ukhtf 'sxun suxh t{ ikgyaeguut{ it{ yhn uuhrc-yty{kuzgr t{ yhhrpa^ rtp{
zht it{kp^ rgs zt{ rgct ymht yt}v yekn rgs iguu rgct zht huutexun zt{ 'ohnav in vru, zht /ouyts{ iyegngdpt^}
gyxgc hs iguugd lts} ykt}uu 'iktp{gm ogbup iyt{ykuzgr hs iykt{vrg gbhhe t}yahb /,ugsv kfk tny ;ug it{ lu,c ltz{ hs iht ieuebhhrt{ rhntk}
ghrty}tr{tc{tk{ ogs ihhz zbud um ltz{
/dhyrtp{ iut dhhuua t{ iftn{ 'yfhrtc{
t}h ixt}kat{c rg yt}v dhykhdsbg
rtb} 'iyty{kuzgr-cgk hs icgdumxhurt{
xg ukhtf 'ouyts{ iyegngdpt^} it{ yhn
,arp^ iht yarg ignuegdbt} oht zht
hukhd ogs r,ux lt}s zht xg hht /ur,h
zt{ ipt}v ige ign 'ub ?,gs
yahb ikguuu rgbhhk gdhphutbchut
gahkdbg hs yud huzt{ igbhhkp^t}
ihht iht igz yguuwn iguu iut 'rgyrguu
iut "hryktp}^ ktuh ,hre" ;tr{dtr{tp{^
imfgk gfkguu hs ikguu '"huutexun"
ifhre yahb 'kuafn t{ lt}b ihua
ybgv hs yhn iaytp{^ ;fh, rt}b 'rgyhhuu
gety{ zht yrts} zt{ irhpnuthry iut
/huute{xun iguugd
zt{ ixgdrt{p rgct rg yt}v
rhp iup ;tr{dtr{tp{^ imrue t{ igbhhkumpt^}
xg rguu iut 'dbt{k um yahb yngb ,urua
,urua hhuum gyarg hs igbhhk ige
hs igbhhk lhut ige rgs 'ahkdbg
yhhya xg utuu ,urua hhuum gyhhuum
gyahngd t{ lhkdgn zht xg zt{ aurhpc
zht asuev iuak ;hut xtu}u 'gaeyte{
t{ zht xtu}u '"ohcfrun ,upug" xts}
iht" zt{ ,gs hukhd oum vnumg vrh,x
/"vzf rcs
yekn-ygbrgybht rgs ;rt{s ymht
/gate{ gybgrcrtp{ gbgdhht ihhz ixg
ychhra rg utuu 'ohkaurh s"ctd k"mz ybtktx ktuna hcr e"vdv oac 'ohkaurh s"ctr ogbup uuhrc
{ xty
} tp} ohhj hkgc gbhhke ixg xts} khhuu 'xrus ihhe yahb zht xg zt xgeayte{ huutexun ;hut
rg yrhp tkhnc iut yxg ktrah kkf .btd xtu}u ohkudbr, lhut iguy xts} 'yhhvrgdhsgcgk
/"ufunxha vn kg ovk ah hf 'ovkg rgrgk ihtu okftk ohr,un ova" 'huutexun hs ;hut xhut
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
kfk ;xtn tuv gushfa vcua, hfrsv
ohburjtv hexpu^ ,uyha kfn ,ubjnv
hrpv^ hrcs er itf eh,gv tuv ;tu
oua thcv tku tn,xc k"bv ohsdn
"/uhkg ekuj
rgs chut zt{ it} yngb rg zt{ rhngz
ogs rtb} pt^r}t{ ydbgrc vcua, hfrs
grgsbt{ hs yahb iut 'rh,nv ohsdn hrp^
hfrs rgs zt{ igngbumbt} zht 'ohekuj
/huzt{ lhut yktv{ vcua,
yekn rgs ytv} xtu}urtp{ 'tkp^ t{
yahb varp^ geayt{e hs hhc ymht
vcua, hfrs ogbht ieue um yxutuugd
;hut ,usg lts} ydtz} ihhkt{ rg xtu}u –
– ,ubjnv kfk ;xtn t{ zht rg zt{ oht
ts} ydbgrc vcua, hfrs rgs chut iut
,gs ogs pt^r}t{ rtb} huutexun ohhc
hfrsv ,gs rgs xts} lts} zht 'rh,nv
vcua, hfrs rgs zht utuu 'ub /vcua,
hukhd ogs iup irtu}ugd isbutuuartp{
?vvn,t 'ohrcs ,rvcvu ,gs
rgs ychhra y"he ;s ;hut rgyhhuu
rhnjn th} kt}z ign ukhpt zt{ 'aha hbct
;rts{ vnvc t{ zt{ aht iuzjv hrcsf ihhz
rgs zt{ ihhz ssmn ign ige 'vruxn t{
rghhb ihhe yahb .kt{ lt}b zht itxhhc
hs iht ybfgrgdbhhrt{ zht rtb} 'yrtx}
ign .tr}y khhuu 'tk}tptc} iup vruxn
oheukhj gbhhke gfhkyg ;hurgs ygz
ukhpt iut 'tk}gptc} ifhkbguugd ogbup
hs zt{ igbwaeg lhz yguuwn chut
'oheukhj gxhurd teus igbgz oheukhj
hssm gkhp dbt{k ihua lt}s ign ypgry
ohhc ukhpt oheukhj gfkgzt{ hhc r,hv
/;ugv ,ruxn
iht yhhya ;s ickgz iht rgyhhuu
hs zt{ ygyfhrtc{ yrguu ktrah ,bhsn iht igdbuyhhm gahyxhbuhm-zghdhkgr hs iup gbhht iht
ktrah .rt ihhe ighmrgchrt{ lhz ikguu rgehptr{d iut rgchhra gkt{ yhn "sht rgs" iup ghmets{gr
vagn-gctc{ t{ chkum igdhumgdehrum ytv } wn xtu}u – ,ufknv gxn hs iegs um dgy igm ;hut
iguugd rh,n ict}v gfkguu ktrah
rtb} 'xgeayte{ huute{xun hs vkhj,fk
yt}v "sht rgs" iup ct{ya rgs
um dhsbghhz oh,ugy dbhp^hhy yftn{gd
iut egp^ ietp{^ um ignubrtp{ erty{a
ihhe dhhmgd chhra hs irhprgchrt{
ytv{gd ihua ictv} hhz utuu 'ohkaurh
rt{p iet}ya gfhkyg igdbusgdxhurt{
ybtb} rgs iup iegs igbge um xgxhpt}
zht gfkguu – ",ufknv gxn" hs
t{ chkum irtu}ugd ipurgdehrum dbhkmukp^
hs iguu inzc uc "vagn-gct{c"
iut ,ugar t{ yhn ict}v gdhckgz
ishhz t{ yrhpgdeguut{ yhhedhyukcykte{
iut xwlhkehbhht hs iup ktrah ka icr t{
/,uumn rc iut ,ubu,j xwlhkehbhht rut
t{ iup yt{yxt}yt}p iydhhkgdhhc gz
iht dbuyhhm gahyxhbuhm-zghdhkgr
(/ktrah ,bhsn
,gdv aha hbct ouenk
hs ;hut rgsbutuu rgyxgrd rgs
rpx iht zt{ 'zht idtr{p gybtn{rgs gkt{
ygbrgybht rgs xt}uu '"aha hbct"
,ufhha iybtb} t{ dhkgpum yt}v yekn
ogs rgcht vcua, t{ ts} zht 'yhnrgs
ka icr rgs xtu}u 'tk}tptc} "itxhhc"
ykt{v 'g"hz aht iuzjv 'vkudv hbc kf
hhc lhut khhuu ixg yahb rty} ign zt{
t{ ict}v ign ;rt{s ,uhju ,unvc
/vruxn
ekuj zht rgfkguu yekn rgs
;s ;hut um ydbgrc aht iuzj iwphut
ka o,gsk ;rmk ah sugu" 'z"he
ka u,gs ,t 'ohkhenv k"bv ohburjtv
11
;ug it{ zt{ 'a"ar rgs huu yebup^ vfkvk
ogbhhtbht ihhz shkun yahb ige ruvy
t{ ts} th} zht chut iut 'tny ;ug it{ yhn
zt{ ihhz zun 'yahngd zht xt}uu geayte{
gshhc rgst} ohruvy gshhc igbgz rgst}
zt{ rtk}e zht ogs yhuk xtu}u 'ohtny
gshhc ictv} huute{xun iut iheghp^ rgs
/vfkv gckgz hs
lhut rg zht 'dhsrhuuergn
igbt{nrgs ohhc ybhy iup iptk}gdxhut
'ohekt ,njkn kgc rgs 'rxut ihht
zt{ igbtn{rgs um zhukc yxhhuu rg xtu}u
rpux o,jv shnk, t{ iguugd zht rg
/ignt}b ihhz yahbrt}d yxhhuu iut 'k"mz
rghhz ohbcrv sjt rgs yfuz chut
zht 'igntb} ogs iyktv{tc{ um erty{a
rguu ichhraumxhurt{ htsf th} rapt
huutk{ht cus rfah wr d"vrv :zht xts}
iht igbrgk iwftb} ytv} rgfkguu 'k"z
t{ icrtu}urgs lhz vchah rgdrucagrp^
rgyxgp^t{suc iht yt{rt}yet}s
,njkn rpx ihhz iut 'ygyhzrguuhbut
'ift{rp^a hhrs iup yhhyat{c ohekt
/ahkdbg iut ayhhs 'asuev iuak
ixhut t}s zht ign zt{ vkhkj yahb
ohbcrv iup o,ru, sucfn ihhz ygnn um
'ohbcrv sjt rgs rgct} 'ohrxutv
hnfj iup rgfhc iht hec ihhz iwftb}
ogbup vcjrku vfrtk lhut huu 'gcyv
ydgngd zbut rg ykt}uu 'ygbrgybht
iup igngb hs yhn lhut ihhz vfzn
ktuna hcr huu ohrh,n gfkgzt{
sugu k"mz rzb hbct iut k"mz ybtk{tx{
/sugu
th} ytv} ohbcrv sjt rgs ishhx)
hkusd hs iup igngb hs ichragdxhurt{
?isbhuuartp{ ouyts{ rgs zht utuu
u,gac zht huute{xun ;ug rgs"
tny ;ug it{ huu irt}uugd ywrxtwgd
'rusv hkusd hs lrus 'vru,v in ruxtv
s"ct 'k"mz ihkrgc ohhj hcr iutdv huu
iuana hcr iutdv 'ohkaurhu guuextn}
yrupebtr{p e"sct k"mz arhv ktpr
whx hfsrn ,ru, ,"uac f"fu 'ihtn{ws
i,b hcr iutdv 'xrusv ;ug t{ xg zt{ z"he
hkusd ltb} iut its}btk} e"sct rgkst{
gykhhmgd iguugd igbgz rgshuu /ktrah
iguugd ssmn t}h ict}v gfkguu ohkusd
'xgeayt{e hs iwraf um 'r,hvk
gw,nt hs igzgd yahb ict}v hhz sktc{huu
ihhz xtu}u 'tny ;ug ogs iup iyetp{
gdhsgcgk iup ahhkp ixg um zht ruytb{
yhhebzhuugdbt} ihhz chkum 'iahbgpgatc{
ihhz rtp{ xhut ykgp xtu}u 'ihytr}p^ iht
/xeutuu
iup rgfhc hs iht zt{ zht yetp{ t"{
huut{exun hs irguu gcyv hnfj hs
;ug it{ xkt{ ydhygyatc{ xgeayte{
grgsbt{ dhsbgya yehmrtp{ rgfkguu
yehmrt{p xg /icgk rghhz hhc ohhj hkgc
yxg xg iut lgksbhv gdhsgcgk lhut
xt}uu 'rgsbhe gbgdhht hs ;hut ukhpt
zht xtuu xrusv ;ug it{ vfkv h"pg^ zht
s"hc rgs huu 'vru,v in vkhftc ruxt
ichragd ytv} ,rnank ,rnan iup
"sht rgs" iht yeursgd exp^ ihhz iht
sjt" iup rgvt{ zhc '"/ltu}u gdhrtp}
rgfkguu ybtn{rgs huu xtu}u '"ohbcrv
ohbcrv sjt rgckgz rgs ihhz um ybhha
igbgfhhmt{c argsbg ikguu rhn ignguu
/"yekn ygbrgybht" rgs huu
gfhkyg hs yft{ryt{c ign zt{
ogs aujc ign ygz 'ipt{rdt{rt{p^
gygcktv{ 'ghmte{hphxktp{ igdhkhuuzhhc
rg huu 'iw,nt gbgykt{vt{c 'ohrea
iut 'oht yxukd xg xtu}u rtb} ychhra
/ehyhktp}^ oum um oht ykhpa ^ xg xtu}u
iht yahb zht xg zt{ 'it} ychuv rg
hs irgypukumxhut dbuyhhm t{ iup otr{
gsbg ohhc rgct} /xgaeyte{ iup vfkv
yahb rg zht ';tr{dtr{tp{^ iyhhuum ogbup
yahbrtd} ihua 'rgrgypukxhut it{ zhukc
ohssm iup eh,gn rguuhyeghct} it{ rgn
tz{t{ yhn yhkjn zht rtb} 'itfku itfk
hkusd hs zt{ 'yhhergfhz igdhswvpm^uj
yahb yuap^ ict}v ohrh,nv ktrah
'rg zhukc xtu}u 'iyetp{ hs iup yxutuugd
iuprgs yxhhuu yekn ygbrgybht rgs
hs iup rgfhc hs iht ,uthec ihhz chkum
ighhk :gcyv hnfj
/ghshp^hehuu\ygbrgybht
ihhz zht 'rgn yrgsbutuu xg xtu}u
rg iguu 'ybhy iup ghmhzt}p^xhs
ige rg iut ybhy t}h ydt}nrt{p
iup igngb hs lhkyebup^ igbgfgrxhut
yphuk gbgp^ ihhz iguu iut 'ohrxut hs
yxhhuu rg iut ybhy iup xhut dbhkmukp^
gfkguu ohkusd gykhhmgd" iup zhukc
ukhtf) /"r,hvk iguugd ssmn ict}v
hs iht lhz ykhhm ohrxutv rpx^n rgs
(/rgdhksbgm
ybhy dubgd yt}v rg ,gc
hs iup igngb hs ipt} ichhraumxhurt{
ktpr iuana hcr d"vrv huu 'ohrxut
cr rgahxets}ty}rt} rgs k"mz arhv
hs iup rgsbhrd iut yrupebtr{p iup
iut '".rt lrs og vru," iup vyha
rgs k"mz rgkst{ i,b hcr d"vrv
ihhz zht 'its}btk} iup cr rgahxets}yrt}
ybhy iup iptk}gdxhut ohmukp^ gbgp^
yxhhuu rg 'ohrh,n hs ybt{nrgs rg iguu
e"vdv huu ohrh,n gfkgzt{ iup yahb
s"ctd k"mz ybt{kt{x ktuna hcr
yt}v rgfkguu 'esmv ubhs ,hcu ohkaurh
ydt}zgd iut xgeayt{e hs ixgdgd ihhkt{
iyxgc iwyhn yhhvrgybuzgd yxg"
c"hmbv kusdv iutdv iup '"yhygp^t{
kgc kusdv iutdv 'k"mz ihazkt}uun
kgc kusdv iutdv 'k"mz kthfkn hrcs
rg ydbgrc htsuut iut 'k"mz irvt hrcs
g"hz rzb hbct igdhkhhv ogs um yahb
rrcn zht rgfkguu 'uuta } ytf}tx} iup
: ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
hs kudbr, rgs zht lt}s iut 'yahb xtu}u
/yxg ktrah kkf .btd{ xt}uu ;ug
ydbgrc rg xtu}urtp{ ,ubgy ihhe
ign ige i"r iut a"tr ogs pt^r}t{ yahb
iut a"tr ogs khhuu 'ict}v yahb vkhkj
htsuut ygbrgybht iwphut rg ytv} i"r
yargchk oht zht /igbupgd yahb
"gbhhz" xtu}u rtb} iyfhrtc{ um iguugd
/idtz} ohjnun
ogs th} yrhyhm rg iguu xtu}urtp{
c"uau ."nus rgs ";xuh iurfz" rpx
hs rt}b rg yrhyhm 'tbhybgdrt{ iht
hkusd hs yahbrt}d iut 'ohrxut
ign ypgry xtu}urtp{ rgct ?ohrh,nv
iwrgcht yrtu}u ihhe exp^ ogbht yahb
ogs rgcht yrtu}u ihht ihhe 'rzb hbct
yahb yrt}uu ihht ihhe 'vcua, hfrs
iup ehsmu iutd ixhurd ogs rgcht
,hcu ybt{kt{x ktuna hcr ohkaurh
hs iup igngb hs lhut iut ?esmv ubhs
iut c"hmb rgs 'ohrh,n hhuum grgsbt{
ybt{nrgs rt}b irguu 'kthfkn hrcs
?ykdbhrgdbhht iut 'vgkcvc
xg xtu}u yahb rg yrhyhm xtu}urtp{
ktuna hcr zt{ ';xuh iurfz iht yhhya
yeursgdxhut lhz ytv} k"mz ybtk{tx{
yxg" 'gaeyt{e huutexun hs ;hut
/"yhygpt^{ iyxgc iwyhn 'yhhvrgybuzgd
yt{vgd trun rg yt}v
ogbup uuhrc ogs igdbgrcump^t}rt{
ktuna hcr oac 'ihs ,hc rgnhkaurh
rgs khhuu 'ohkaurh s"ctd ybt{kt{x
hs zt{ sux ogs xhut ydt}z uuhrc
'yxg ktrah kkf .btd{ xtu}u ohkudbr,
ohhj hkgc gbhhke ;hut ixg hhz lhut
gstr{d xtu}u sux t{ – yhhvrgdhsgcgk
iup gcyv hnfj gychkt{c gbhhz lhut
?umrgs vsun igbgz ygbrgybht rgs
iuakcu ahkdbgc uvagnf
ahshtc uvagn lf 'asuev
iht igbharg zht ltu}u gbgdbtd{rtp{
gdhsgpnha grgsbt{ iahuum '"sht rgs"
iup ichragd kehyrt{ it{ 'igkehyrt{
ogs dhsbggz xt}uu 'ohbcrv sjt
yhuk '"rmen u,umrcu chjrn u,umrc"
ynuet{c 'oht yrhyehs ehyhktp}^ hs huu
ohbcrv sjt rgs zt{ khpgd t{ xgpg^ ign
rgs huu rgrgsbt{ ihhe yahb zht
rgfkguu 'yxckgz yekn ygbrgybht
ichragdpt^} trek sugu tsuvhf ytv}
ltu}u t{ ytv} rg xtu}u xts} ahsht ;hut
/asuev iuak iht ichragd rghrp
ogs iyhnbht rg ychhra huzt{ yt}
17: yhhz ;hut 'kehyrt{
yrt} xts} yahb zht dbuyhhm t"{
,uyha gdhswvfkv hs irgypukumxhut
zhukc rt}b khuu lht /xgeayt{e iup
iup 'ohekt ,njkn rpx t{ ;hut izhhuubt}
'k"z rpux o",jv irn iup shnk, t{
'c"fr, ,bac igbharg zht rgfkguu
yjua t{ iup ;xuh iurfz rpx t{ lhut iut
t{ yeursgd zht xg utuu 'gbhybgdrt{ iht
hkusd hs iup vfkv ka tanu i,n
ehrum rt}h 150 rgfgv iup vru,v
huu ohkusd ltx{t{ /xgeayte{ hs rgcht
iutdv iut k"mz ihkrc ohhj hcr iutdv
xg ict}v k"mz exhrcn ohhj hcr
khhuu '"xrusv ;ug" it{ xkt{ ywrxtwgd
rgbhv gbhhke yehmrtp{ geayte{ hs
'icgk rghhz hhc ohhj hkgc grgsbt{ iut
/tny ;ug it{ iup inhx t{ zht xts} xtu}u
;ug it{ huu kdgb lhut ydtn}rtp{ xg
rghht grghhz igbgz lhut ';ruyv
iut 'ohtny ohmhc huu yebup^ gdhsbur
iup ohhubha grgsbt{ lt}b yt}v xg
iup ysgrgdpt^} ihua /xgeayte{ gwraf
hs iup vruxn ihhe yahb yt}vwx zt{ ogs
;ug it{ zht xg zt{ ,urus gdhsrghrp
vfkv h"pg^ ;rts{wn xtu}u hhc 'ruvy
yhhya xg huu 'vruxn t{ ogs ;hut ictv}
/(c"p^ whx s"uh) lurg ijkua iht
ÁÈÉ·°È 9
ohrh,nv hkusd gfkguu 'aha hbct rpx iht ichragd ytv
vtruv rghhz iup iut hhz iup ixgdrtp{ imbtd{bht rg ytv
} ,gs hukhd ohhc rgsbhmt{ iut 'ichratc{ yhhrc yrts} ytv
12 : ǯ½·¯À»´Æ
ouyts{ rgs zht utuu
?isbhuuartp{
gkt{ iup lhut ygz ign zt{ :aha hbct
hhc ukhpt zt{ 'ohburjtv ohexupv^ hkusd
ihua zht xg xt}uu ,upug gfkgzt{
ogbup vtruv hs hhz hhc ignubgdbt}
'vruxn t{ hhcrgs ;rts{ ign zt{ 't"nr
khen vtruv hkusd gkhp ictv} lts}
rghhb t{ ignuegdbt} zhtwx iguu iguugd
zt{ yxutuugd ytv} ign xtu}u ';ug yrtx}
xt}uu ,upug gckgz hs iup ynty{a xg
xg zht dhsw,uhkkfc iut 'vruxn t{ ictv}
'oheukhj gbhhke yt}v xg rt}b 'dhbhht
/iguugd rh,n ign ytv}
hhc zt{ 'aha hbct rgs t}s ychhra
r,hv hssm gkhp ts} igbgz ;ugv ,ruxn
oheukhj gert{ya ygz ign ukhpt
yahb hs iut gdhswvruxn hs iahuum
hs iguu ifa kf iut 'gdhswvruxn
xtu}urtp{ /gbhhke rtb} igbgz oheukhj
ikhuvrt{p ymht aha hbct rgs zht
yahb yxhhuu ?,gs hukhd ogbht iguugd
?yuy ybt{v gyhhuum hs xtu}u ybtv{ ihht
't"fe 'f"e ;s iht rgygp^a
herhuy hs aha hbct rgs yksbtv{tc{
gushf ytv} xtu}u 'usuv kudbr, ',upug
lhz yt}v xg iut 'vruxn oua ihhe yahb
ehngktp}^ rgmbtd{ t{ idguurgs iuygd
/ixg xg dgn ign huzt{huu ohrpx hs iht
xg zt{ aha hbct rgs ydbgrc yrts}
gbgshartp{ ohexup^ hs iht ts} igbgz
ydbgrc rg iut 'ohr,hv iut ohcuah
ogbup rcs chan rpx ogs um yrts}
hukhd ogbht ts} rgct /r,hv ogs c"hmb
hssm gkt{ igbgz ohrcs ,rcvu ,gs
/ikhuvrtp{ zghrgyxhn r,hvv
:sbghhra-knhv lts} zht thae hs
yahb yebup^ ymht yt}v rg tkhn
'vcua, hfrs ogs lhz rtp{ ytv{gd
yhhm ihhe yt{vgd yahb yt}v rg tkhn
hbct iht ymgh ihhz um ihhgn dhrgvgd
hrcs rgst rcs chan iht rgst rzb
ukhpt yt}v rg zt{ tkhn iut 'kthfkn
ydbgrc rg xtu}u ;xuh iurfz rpx ogbht
ihhe yt{vgd yahb yebup^ lhut 'um th}
iup vcua, hs iht ihhz um ihhgn yhhm
ige ign 'yud ub /ybtk{t{x ktuna hcr
"aha hbct" iht rgct /,ufz ;fk ihhz is
yhhm ihhe yt{vgd yahb lhut rg ytv}
?ihhz um ihhgn
,uhae gcrtv{ hs ;hut ictv} rhn
usucf ,khjnc zt{ rt}b '.urh, ihhe yahb
DUCK"/// tk" 'vnrv
objc tk
gkt{ hs ;hut .urh, rgdhyfhr rgs
zht ghmt{rhp^xbt}e hs :zht ,uhae
it{ lrus irtu}ugd irhucgd it} vkhj,n
iyhhrpa^ rtp{ iwfrus 'yekn-ygbrgybht
it{s iut 'ygbrgybht iwphut ohrea
lf ugkucf ogs iguugd ohhen rg ytv}
ogbup ignubgdehrum iut uykup^
-ahnhhv iut ohexp^ ygbrgybht
'ghshph^ehuu lrus iyetp{ gyrhmhrctp{
-cgk /d/t hs igbgz dhykhdsbg iut
yfhkybpgrt{p lhut iyt{ykuzgr
/ygbrgybht iwphut yarg oum irtu}ugd
xtu}u 'ygbrgybht ogbup yekn rgs
ytv} 'ktrah kkf rtp{ ;db ict it{ zht
-ihhkyt{v iwyhn ykgyagdntz{um lhz
ws ihhe yahb yhhd rgfkguu rgdhsgrp^
hkusd gkt{ iut uhp^ ihhz kcbn it} ,unt
um irgv um ywrxtwgd ictv} ktrah
rgs /iukeu vmtb hrcs gbhhz
'rgybgm ghmt{nrt}pbht rgdheghhrs
"sht rgs" iut ihhkytv{ 'ygbrgybht
rgxgc ybgegd yahb yt}v
lkv objk tk" ogs igdbgrcxhurt{
/"crugv kmt rhzrzv
yhn idt}z ,gs hukhd rgs ige chut
rcs iht 'ykjvc tk" yhhergfhz tz{t{
ige 'xgeayte{ iahn ktz} ign zt{ "vzf
t{ yhn idt}z xhuugd ykt}ngs ign
} rg xtu}u ixgdrtp{ ytv } yekn ygbrgybht rgs ygbrgybht rgs iguu zt{ 'yhhergfhz
yud htsuut ign zht 'exup^ rgs zht
} rg /yahngm