India

Acest articol se refer la o ar din sudul Asiei. Pentru pus bazele Hinduismului i ale altor aspecte culturale, caalte sensuri, vedei India (dezambiguizare).
re caracterizeaz societatea indian din jurul anului 500
.C. ncepnd cu 550 .C. s-au dezvoltat i alte forme de
India, ocial Republica India, este o ar din sudul comuniti, care au dat natere la diferite regate i republici independente cunoscute sub numele de MahajanaAsiei. India se a pe locul 7 n ierarhia rilor dup
suprafa, pe locul doi dup numrul locuitorilor i es- padas. Cel mai important dintre acestea a fost regatul
Magadha, care a dominat peste vaste regiuni orientale.
te statul democratic cu cei mai muli locuitori. India are
[3]
o zon de coast cu o lungime de 7000 de km i gra- n secolul 3 .Hr., cea mai mare parte din Asia meridionie cu Pakistan[not] la vest, Nepal, Republica Popular nal, a fost unit sub dominaia imperiului maur al suveChinez i Bhutan la nord-est, i Banglade i Myanmar ranului Chandragupta Maurya. Acest vast imperiu, prila est. n Oceanul Indian, ea este adiacent cu naiunile mul care a unicat aproape ntregul subcontinent, a noinsulare Sri Lanka, Maldive i Indonezia.
rit sub domnia imperatorului Aoka, una dintre gurile
Cmin al civilizaiei hinduse a vii, centrul a importante cele mai proeminente din istoria antic a Indiei. Aceast
drumuri comerciale i vaste imperii, India a jucat un rol vast unicare a fost continuat doar dup multe secole
major n istoria umanitii. Religi precum Hinduismul, de la cderea imperiului maur, de un alt mare imperiu,
Sikhismul, Budismul i Jainismul i au originea n India, Imperiul Gupta, n sec 3 .Hr., ntr-o perioad denit ca
n timp ce Islamul i Cretinismul se bucur de o bogat vrsta de aur a Indiei Antice. Dup cderea imperiutradiie aici. Colonizat ca parte a Imperiului Britanic n lui Gupta, regii care au urmat au sprijinit formarea unor
secolul nousprezece, India i-a ctigat independena n noi dinastii, mai ales n partea meridional unde au luat
1947 ca naiune unicat dup un efort susinut depus n natere noi imperii, dintre care cele mai importante au
aceast direcie. Att populaia rii, ct i ora i fauna, fost cele ale dinastiilor Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, Hoysala,
Pallava, Pandya, i Chola. n epoca marilor imperii din
aspectul geograc i sistemul climatic sunt printre cele
mai diversicate din ntreaga lume. De asemenea India antichitate, tiina, ingineria, arta, literatura, astronomia
i lozoa au norit sub conducerea diferiilor regi i meste ara de origine a piperului.
prai.

Dup marile invazii provenite din Asia central, n sec X

i XII, mare parte din India de nord a trecut sub dominaia sultanului din Delhi, primul i cel mai vast imperiu
mongol de apoi. mpraii mongoli i-au extins treptat
regatele pn cnd au ocupat cea mai mare parte din subcontinent. Cu toate acestea diveri regi indigeni au rezistat n partea de sud acestor cuceriri, de exemplu Imperiul Vijayanagara. ntre secolele XVII-XVIII supremaia
imperiului mongol s-a diminuat, iar imperiul Maratha a
devenit puterea dominant. Din secolul al XVI- lea unele ri europene, printre care Portugalia, Olanda, Frana
i Regatul Unit au nceput s fac schimburi comerciale
cu aceste zone, dar cnd au vzut dezbinarea ntre diferii
regi au protat i i-au impus coloniile lor n aceste zone.
n 1856 cea mai mare parte din India era sub controlul
Companiei Engleze a Indiei Orientale. Un an mai trziu o revolt cunoscut sub numele de Primul rzboi de
independen indian, a pus serios n pericol domeniul
comunitii britanice, dar n nal revolta a fost nbuit. n consecin, India a trecut sub Directa Guvernare a
Coroanei Britanice drept colonie a Imperiului Britanic.

Etimologie

Numele India deriv de la cuvntul Ind, care la rndul lui

deriv de la cuvntul persan Ind, din cel sanscrit Sindhu,
sau de la numele istoric local pentru rul Ind.[4] Grecii
antici se refereau la indieni cu termenul Indoi (), poporul Indului.[5] n constituia indian, precum i n uzul
limbilor indiene, pentru India se utilizeaz cuvntul Bharat.[6] Industan, care n persan nseamn ara induilor,
din punct de vedere istoric se refer la nordul Indiei i (pn n 1947) la Pakistan, dar este de asemenea utilizat ca
sinonim pentru ntreaga ar.[7][8]

Istorie

Vestigiile din epoca de piatr cu picturi ale lui Bhimbetka

in Madhya Pradesh sunt cele mai vechi mrturii de existen a vieii umane n India. Primele comuniti permanente cunoscute au aprut acum 9000 de ani i s-au n prima jumtate a secolului XX a fost lansat o lupt de
dezvoltat gradual formnd civilizaia din valea Indusului, independen la nivel naional de ctre Congresul Naiocare a aprut n jur de 3300 .C. Apoi perioada vedic a nal Indian i alte organizaii politice. n anii 20 i 30 cu
1

2
micarea condus de Mahatma Gandhi, milioane de persoane au participat la o campanie de neascultare civil de
mas. n 15 august 1947, India a obinut independena
n faa Marii Britanii, dar a fost divizat n dou teritorii
independente, un domeniu al Indiei i un domeniu al Pakistanului, conform legii musulmane. Trei ani mai trziu,
n 26 ianuarie 1950, India a devenit republic i a intrat
n vigoare o nou constituie.
Dup independen au aprut diverse religii i caste n
diverse pri ale rii, care ns au fcut fa diferitelor
obstacole create de toleran i reformele constituionale.

BIODIVERSITATEA

ii Himalaya (peste 8.000 de metri). Cmpii: Cmpia

Indo-Gangetic. India continental se situeaz sub sistemul himalayan.

3.1 Clima
Este predominant tropical-musonic.Conguratia geograca si geologica unica a Indiei ii inuenteaza puternic
climatul; acest lucru se manifesta in mare parte in regiunea himalayana in nord si in desertul Thar in nord-vest.
Astfel clima Indiei este o alternan de ierni reci i uscate
(octombrie-martie), veri toride i uscate (aprilie-iunie) i
anotimpuri musonice, cu ploi toreniale. Iarna temperaturile scad n multe zone ctre zero grade, n partea de
sud vremea ind mai blnd. Vara se pot nregistra pn
la 49 C; n sud nu este chiar aa de cald. Perioada torid se ncheie odat cu nceputul anotimpului musonic,
ploios, n luna iunie.

Terorismul n India constituie o important problem de

siguran, mai ales n regiunea Jammu i Camir n nordestul Indiei, iar mai recent chiar i n marile orae cum
sunt Delhi i Mumbai. Atacul din 2001 la Parlamentul
Indian rmne cel mai grav. India e membru fondator al
micrii rilor Non-Alineate i al Naiunilor Unite. n
1974 India a condus un test nuclear subteran, i apoi alte 5
teste n 1998, ceea ce a fcut ca India s e recunoscut ca
putere atomic. ncepnd cu 1991, importante reforme
economice, au fcut din India una din rile cu rata de 3.2 Hidrograa
cretere economic printre cele mai mari din lume, fapt
care a contribuit, att la nivel regional ct i global, la Cuprinde sistemul Brahmaputra-lulu. Reeaua hidrograc este inuenat de cele trei mari uniti de relief i
creterea nivelului de trai.
clim. Principalele uvii sunt Gange i auentul su, Brahmaputra. Ambele cu izvoarele n Himalaya, se vars n
Golful Bengal printr-o imens delt comun. Au debite
3 Geograe
bogate, sunt navigabile i favorizeaz irigaiile. Rurile
din Podiul Dekkan sunt mai scurte (cel mai lung ind
Godavari care nu depete 1500 km) i au debite variabile.

4 Biodiversitatea

Relieful Indiei

Relief: India peninsular este format dintr-un podi

vechi, Podiul Dekkan, care este semideert i mrginit de Gaii de Vest i Gaii de Est, sub 2.000 de metri
(acetia avnd aspectul de muni). Un alt podi important este Podiul Thar (deert). Tot n India se a Mun-

Haliastur indus se identic cu Garuda, muntele mitic al lui

Vishnu. El vneaz pete i alte animale mici n preajma coastelor i prin zonele mltinoase din interiorul subcontinentului.

India se a n ecozona Indomalaya i conine trei centre de biodiversitate.[9] Una dintre cele doar 17 ri megadiverse din lume, ea este casa a 8.6% din totalul speciilor de mamifere, 13.7% din toate speciile de psri,

3
7.9% din toate speciile de reptile, 6% din toate speciile de ambieni, 12.2% dintre toate speciile de peti, i
6% toate speciile de plante cu ori din lume.[10][11] Gradul de endemism este ridicat n rndul plantelor, 33%,
i ntre ecoregiunile cum ar pdurile shola.[12] Habitatul lor se ntinde de la pdurile tropicale din Insulele Andaman, Munii Ghats de Vest, i India de Nord-Est pn
la pdurile de conifere din Himalaya. ntre aceste extreme se a pdurile de foioase (Shorea robusta) din zonele
umede din estul Indiei; pdurile de foioase (tec) din zonele uscate din centru i sud; i pdurile de xerote dominate de arbori de gum arabic din Deccanul central i
din Cmpia Gangetic de Vest.[13] Mai puin de 12% din
suprafaa Indiei este format din jungl deas.[14] Planta
medicinal neem, de folosit pentru fabricarea de leacuri
n zonele rurale, este un arbore important n ora indian.
Luxuriantul smochin indian, care apare pe sigiliile civilizaiei Mohenjo-daro, i-a inut, conform legendei, umbr
lui Gautama Buddha n timp ce cuta iluminarea.

tru a contracara fenomentul, s-a extins sistemul de parcuri naionale i arii protejate, ninat n 1935. n 1972,
India a adoptat Legea Proteciei Plantelor i Animalelor
Slbatice[18] i a ntreprins Proiectul Tigrul pentru a proteja specii aate n pericol; Legea Conservrii Pdurilor
a fost adoptat n 1980 i amendat n 1988.[19] India gzduiete peste cinci sute de sanctuare pentru specii slbatice i treisprezece rezervaii ale biosferei,[20] dintre care
patru fac parte din Reeaua Mondial de Rezervaii ale
Biosferei; douzeci i cinci de zone mltinoase sunt nregistrate n cadrul conveniei Ramsar.[21]

5 Politic i administraie
Harta celor 28 de state i a 7 teritorii federale a Indiei
India este o federaie compus din 28 state federale i
7 teritorii federale.[22] Toate statele, precum i teritoriile Puducherry i Teritoriul Naional al Capitalei Delhi
(National Capital Territory of Delhi) dispun de guverne
i organe legislative alese, avnd drept model guvernul
englez de la Westminster din Londra. Celelalte 5 teritorii
federale sunt conduse de la centru prin intermediul unor
administratori angajai.
n 1956 statele federale ale Indiei au fost reorganizate pe
baza limbilor vorbite (conform legii States Reorganisation
Act);[23] de atunci structura lor a rmas aproape neschimbat.

Zone muntoase Shola din Parcul Naional Kudremukh, din Munii Ghats de Vest.

Multe specii indiene se trag din specii ale Gondwanei,

continent din care placa Indian s-a separat acum circa
105 milioane de ani.[15] Micrile tectonice ulterioare ale
Indiei peninsulare ctre continentul Laurasia i coliziunea
sa cu acesta a declanat un mare schimb de specii. Vulcanismul i schimbrile climatice de acum 20 de milioane de ani au produs o extincie n mas.[16] Mamiferele
au ptruns atunci n India din Asia prin dou trectori
zoogeograce de cele dou pri ale Munilor Himalaya,
aai n plin nlare.[13] Astfel, dei 45,8% din reptile i
55,8% din ambieni sunt specii endemice, acelai lucru
este valabil doar pentru 12,6% din mamifere i 4,5% din
psri.[11] Printre ele se numr maimua-langur Nilgiri
i broasca lui Beddome din Muni Ghats de Vest. India
conine 172, sau 2,9%, dintre speciile ameninate cu dispariia clasicate de IUCN.[17] Printre acestea se numr
leul asiatic, tigrul bengalez, i vulturul pleuv indian cu gt
alb, care era s dispar din cauza consumului de cadavre
de vite ce conineau diclofenac.

Statele federale i teritoriile federale se submpart n districte administrative, care la rndul lor se submpart n
uniti numite tehsil, taluk sau taluka, i ele la rndul lor
se mpart n localiti.

5.1 State federale

5.2 Teritorii federale

6 Economie
Sectorul industrial este foarte diversicat i include att
industria grea, ct i fabricarea unor produse de nalt
tehnologie. Principala regiune industrial se a n est,
cu zcminte de crbuni, minereu de er i centre siderurgice, centre industriale diverse; tot aici se a centrul
industrial i urban Calcutta. Alte concentrri industriale
sunt localizate la Mumbai, Bangalore, Madras, Delhi.

La nivel mondial, India este un important productor de

crbuni, minereu de er, bauxit, diamante i sare. Este
n cretere producia de petrol i gaze naturale. Industria prelucrtoare plaseaz India printre primele unspreFactorul uman aat n expansiune n ultimele decenii a zece ri ale lumii ca valoare a produciei. Predomin
pus n pericol ora i fauna slbatic din India. Pen- nc ramurile tradiionale: textil (ndeosebi prelucrarea

9 VEZI I
mic cu o rat a srciei mari i cu o corupie mare.

7 Demograe
Populaia este foarte mare, de cca 1.100.000.000 de locuitori, densitatea ind mare (300 loc./kmp). Populaia
actual a Indiei este format din 2 mari grupe: n sud
populaii Dravidiene, iar n nord Indo-Europene(care au
venit aici acum 3500 de ani).

Tata Nano, cea mai faimoas rm constructoare de maini din

India, i una dintre cele mai faimoase din lume.

n India, limbile ociale sunt Limba Englez i Limba

Hindi, dar se vorbesc i alte 200 de limbi. Predomin Hinduismul (84% din populaie), ind urmat de
Islam. Alte religii sunt: Jainismul, Sikhismul (cca
25.000.000 din populaia total a Indiei), Cretinismul
(cca 24.000.000 din populaia total a Indiei), Budismul.
La momentul actual, India se confrunt cu o grav scdere a numrului de femei n comparaie cu creterea numrului de brbai, datorit numrului crescnd de avorturi
de fetui feminini. Din aceast cauz, muli brbai triesc in celibat, dezvoltndu-se o reea mare de trac de
fete strine.

Exporturile Indiei n 2006.

Colour

8 Cultur

Corruption
Perceptions Index
9 - 10
8 - 8.9
7 - 7.9
6 - 6.9
5 - 5.9
4 - 4.9
3 - 3.9
2 - 2.9
1 - 1.9
0 - 0.9
no information

Indexul corupiei n lume, 2010.

bumbacului; locul 2 pe glob) i alimentar (este cel mai

mare productor mondial de zahr i unt). S-a armat
puternic industria constructoare de maini, care produce
o gama variat: de la tractoare, locomotive i vapoare pn la satelii articiali, India ind una dintre puinele ri Taj Mahal, unul dintre simbolurile Indiei.
care au dezvoltat industria cosmic. India are i o puternic industrie cinematograc. Ocup locul 2 pe glob n Istoria culturii Indiei cuprinde mai mult de 4,500 de
domeniu, dup S.U.A., oraul Mumbai ind supranumit ani.[24]
Hollywood-ul Indiei.
Agricultura este de mare randament, ind principala ocupaie a populaiei. La unele produse agricole ocup poziii foarte bune, cum ar vorba de gru, orez i zahr(locul
2 la ecare pe glob), bumbac(locul 3), minereu de er i
soia(locul 5). n privina produciei de ceai, ocup 1 loc
pe glob. Are, totodat, cel mai mare efectiv de bovine.
ns, India se confrunt n drumul spre dezvoltare econo-

9 Vezi i
List de uvii din Asia
Locuri din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO

10.2

Bibliograe

10

Note

10.2 Bibliograe

Guvernul Indiei consider ntregul stat al Jammu i Ca- Generale

mir ca fcnd parte din India, inclusiv poriunea de la grania cu Afganistanul. O ncetare a focurilor sponsorizat
India, The World Factbook (Central Intelligence
de Naiunile Unite n 1948 nghea poziiile teritoriilor
Agency), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/
deinute de India i Pakistan. Ca o consecin, regiunea
the-world-factbook/geos/in.html, accesat la 4 ocde la grania cu Afganistanul se a n teritoriul Camitombrie 2011
rului administrat de Pakistan.
Country Prole: India (PDF), Library of Congress
Country Studies (Library of Congress Federal Re10.1 Referine
search Division), 1 decembrie 2004, http://lcweb2.
loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf, accesat la 30 sep[1] National Anthem Know India portal. National
tembrie 2011
^

Informatics Centre(NIC). 2007.

http://india.gov.in/
knowindia/national_anthem.php. Accesat la 31 august
2007.
[2] International Monetary Fund - India, accesat 13 decembrie 2012
[3] Politica extern a Indiei, Ambasada Indiei
[4] Oxford English Dictionary.
[5] Kuiper 2010, p. 86.
[6] Ministry of Law and Justice 2008.
[7] Kaye 1997, pp. 639640.
[8] Encyclopdia Britannica.
[9] Conservation International 2007.
[10] Zoological Survey of India 2012, p. 1.
[11] Puri.
[12] Basak 1983, p. 24.
[13] Tritsch 2001.
[14] Fisher 1995, p. 434.
[15] Crame & Owen 2002, p. 142.
[16] Karanth 2006.
[17] Mace 1994, p. 4.
[18] Ministry of Environments and Forests 1972.
[19] Department of Environment and Forests 1988.
[20] Ministry of Environment and Forests.

Heitzman, J.; Worden, R. L. (1 august 1996), India: A Country Study, Area Handbook Series, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, ISBN 978-08444-0833-0
India, International Monetary Fund, http:
//www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/
weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2016&
scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=
534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%
2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=88&pr1.y=
9, accesat la 14 octombrie 2011
Provisional Population Totals Census 2011,
Oce of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (Ministry of Home Aairs, Government of India), 2011, http://www.censusindia.gov.
in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html, accesat la
29 martie 2011
Constituent Assembly of IndiaVolume XII,
Constituent Assembly of India: Debates (National Informatics Centre, Government of India), 24 ianuarie 1950, http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/
vol12p1.htm, accesat la 17 iulie 2011
Theres No National Language in India: Gujarat High Court, The Times Of India, 6
ianuarie
2007,
http://articles.timesofindia.
indiatimes.com/2010-01-25/india/28148512_
1_national-language-official-language-hindi,
accesat la 17 iulie 2011
Table 1: Human Development Index and its
Components (PDF), Human Development Report
2011, United Nations, 2011, http://hdr.undp.org/
en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf

[21] Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands.

Etimologie
[22] Library of Congress 2004.
[23] Sharma 2007, p. 49.
[24] Kuiper 2010, p. 15.

Hindustan,
Encyclopdia
Britannica,
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/
266465/Hindustan, accesat la 17 iulie 2011

10 NOTE
Kaye, A. S. (1 septembrie 1997), Phonologies
of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 978-157506-019-4, http://books.google.com/books?id=
T6jmziooEk0C&pg=PA639

Possehl, G. (1 ianuarie 2003), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, http://books.google.
com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC

Kuiper, K., ed. (1 iulie 2010), Culture of India, Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1,
http://books.google.com/?id=LiqloV4JnNUC

Robb, P. (2001), A History of India, London: Palgrave, ISBN 978-0-333-69129-8

(PDF) Constitution of India, Ministry of Law and

Justice, 29 iulie 2008, http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/
coiason29july08.pdf, accesat la 3 martie 2012, Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of
States."
India, Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, http://www.oed.com/, accesat la 17 iulie
2011
Istorie
Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C (1 ianuarie 2008), India Before Europe (ed. 1st), Cambridge University Press,
ISBN 978-0-521-51750-8
Bose, S.; Jalal, A. (11 martie 2011), Modern South
Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (ed. 3rd),
Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77942-5
Brown, J. M. (26 mai 1994), Modern India: The
Origins of an Asian Democracy, The Short Oxford
History of the Modern World (ed. 2nd), Oxford
University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9, http:
//books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC

Sarkar, S. (1983), Modern India: 18851947, Delhi: Macmillan India, ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1,
http://books.google.com/?id=rVxuAAAAMAAJ
Singh, U. (2009), A History of Ancient and Medieval
India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Delhi:
Longman, ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9, http://books.
google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC
Sripati, V. (1998), Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (19502000), American
University International Law Review 14 (2): 413
496
Stein, B. (16 iunie 1998), A History of India
(ed. 1st), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0631-20546-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=
SXdVS0SzQSAC
Stein, B. (27 aprilie 2010), Arnold, D., ed., A
History of India (ed. 2nd), Oxford: WileyBlackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6, http://books.
google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC
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Service (United States Department of Agriculture), 17 decembrie 2009, http://www.ers.usda.gov/
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Copland, I. (8 octombrie 2001), India 1885

1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (ed. 1st),
Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5, http://books.
google.com/?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ

Thapar, Romila (2003), Penguin history of early India: from the origins to A.D.1300, Penguin Books, http://books.google.com/books?id=
O2OgAAAAMAAJ, accesat la 13 februarie 2012

Kulke, H.; Rothermund, D. (1 august 2004), A

History of India, 4th, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415-32920-0, http://books.google.com/books?id=
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Witzel, Michael (2003), Vedas and Upaniads, in Gavin D. Flood, The Blackwell companion
to Hinduism, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0631-21535-6, http://books.google.com/books?id=
qSfneQ0YYY8C, accesat la 15 martie 2012

Ludden, D. (13 iunie 2002), India and South Asia: A

Short History, One World, ISBN 978-1-85168-2379

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India (ed. 7th), Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780-19-516678-1

Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (9 octombrie 2006), A Concise History of Modern Geograe

India (ed.
2nd), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1, http:
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dia, Earth-Science Reviews 72 (34): 170173,
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Monsoon, Geographical Review 57 (3): 373396,
6iNuAAAAMAAJ
doi:10.2307/212640

10.2

Bibliograe

(PDF) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988, Department of Environment
and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1988, http://forest.and.nic.in/fca1980.
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285248/India
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Physical Geology (ed. 4th), Routledge, ISBN 978-07487-4381-0, http://books.google.com/books?id=
E6vknq9SfIIC&pg=PT353
Kumar, V. S.; Pathak, K. C.; Pednekar, P.; Raju, N.
S. N. (2006), Coastal processes along the Indian
coastline (PDF), Current Science 91 (4): 530536,
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Government of India, 2007, ISBN 978-81-2301423-4
Posey, C. A. (1 noiembrie 1994), The Living Earth
Book of Wind and Weather, Readers Digest, ISBN
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Prakash, B.; Kumar, S.; Rao, M. S.; Giri, S. C.
(2000), Holocene Tectonic Movements and Stress
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currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf
Biodiversitate

7
Crame, J. A.; Owen, A. W. (1 august 2002),
Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change:
The Ordovician and MesozoicCenozoic Radiations, Geological Society Special Publication,
Geological Society of London, ISBN 978-186239-106-2,
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River, Columbia University Seminars, M. E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-1-56324-341-7, http://books.google.
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Griths, M. (6 iulie 2010), The Lotus Quest:
In Search of the Sacred Flower, St.
Martins Press, ISBN 978-0-312-64148-1, http://books.
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Karanth, K. P. (25 martie 2006), Out-of-India
Gondwanan Origin of Some Tropical Asian Biota (PDF), Current Science (Indian Academy of
Sciences) 90 (6): 789792, http://www.iisc.ernet.
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2011
Mace, G. M. (1 martie 1994), 1994 IUCN Red
List of Threatened Animals, World Conservation Monitoring Centre (International Union for
Conservation of Nature), ISBN 978-2-83170194-3,
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dyy0HilL9ecC&pg=PR4
Biosphere Reserves of India, C. P. R. Environment Education Centre (Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Government of India), http://www.
cpreec.org/pubbook-biosphere.htm, accesat la 17
iulie 2011

Ali, S.; Ripley, S. D.; Dick, J. H. (15 august 1996),

A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent (ed. 2nd), Mumbai: Oxford University Press,
ISBN 978-0-19-563732-8

Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Ministry

of Environments and Forests, Government of India, 9 septembrie 1972, http://envfor.nic.in/legis/
wildlife/wildlife1.html, accesat la 25 iulie 2011

(PDF) Animal Discoveries 2011: New Species

and New Records, Zoological Survey of India, 2012, http://zsi.gov.in/right_menu/Animal_
disc/Animal%20Discovery%202011.pdf, accesat
la 20 iulie 2012

Puri, S. K., Biodiversity Prole of India, http://ces.

iisc.ernet.in/hpg/cesmg/indiabio.html, accesat la 20
iunie 2007

Basak, R. K. (1983), Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development,

and Activities, http://books.google.com/books?id=
yXAVcgAACAAJ, accesat la 20 iulie 2011
Hotspots by Region,
Biodiversity HotInternational),
2007,
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(Conservation
http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/
hotspots_by_region/Pages/default.aspx, accesat la
28 februarie 2011

(PDF) The List of Wetlands of International Importance, The Secretariat of the

Convention on Wetlands, 4 iunie 2007, p.
18, arhivat din original la 21 iunie 2007,
http://web.archive.org/web/20070621011113/http:
//www.ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf, accesat la 20 iunie
2007
Tritsch, M. F. (3 septembrie 2001), Wildlife
of India, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-000-711062-9, http://books.google.com/books?id=
aNRQAAAACAAJ

10 NOTE

Politic
Bhambhri, C. P. (1 mai 1992), Politics in
India, 19911992, Shipra, ISBN 978-81http://books.google.com/books?
85402-17-8,
id=pf5HAAAAMAAJ, accesat la 20 iulie 2011
Burnell, P. J.; Calvert, P. (1 mai 1999), The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea (ed. 1st), Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-07146-8026-2, http://books.google.com/books?id=
hv6TkML5_HAC&pg=PA271, accesat la 20 iulie
2011
Second UPA Win, A Crowning Glory for Sonias Ascendancy, Business Standard, 16 mai
2009,
http://www.business-standard.com/india/
news/second-upa-wincrowning-glory-for-sonia%
5Cs-ascendancy/61892/on, accesat la 13 iunie
2009
Chander, N. J. (1 ianuarie 2004), Coalition
Politics:
The Indian Experience, Concept
Publishing Company,
ISBN 978-81-8069092-1,
http://books.google.com/books?id=G_
QtMGIczhMC&pg=PA117, accesat la 20 iulie
2011
Dunleavy, P.; Diwakar, R.; Dunleavy, C. (2007)
(PDF), The Eective Space of Party Competition,
London School of Economics and Political Science, http://www2.lse.ac.uk/government/research/
resgroups/PSPE/pdf/PSPE_WP5_07.pdf, accesat
la 27 septembrie 2011
Dutt, S. (1998), Identities and the Indian State: An
Overview, Third World Quarterly 19 (3): 411434,
doi:10.1080/01436599814325
Echeverri-Gent, J. (1 ianuarie 2002), Politics in Indias Decentred Polity, in Ayres, A.; Oldenburg, P.,
Quickening the Pace of Change, India Brieng, London: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 1953, ISBN 978-0-76560812-3
Current Recognised Parties (PDF), Election
Commission of India,
14 martie 2009,
http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/
OrdersNotifications/Symbols_Sep_2009.pdf,
accesat la 5 iulie 2010

Mathew, K. M. (1 ianuarie 2003), Manorama

Yearbook, Malayala Manorama, ISBN 978-81900461-8-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=
jDaLQwAACAAJ, accesat la 21 iulie 2011
National Symbols of India, Know India (National
Informatics Centre, Government of India), http://
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Neuborne, B. (2003), The Supreme Court of India, International Journal of Constitutional Law 1
(1): 476510, doi:10.1093/icon/1.3.476
Pylee, M. V. (2003), The Longest Constitutional
Document, Constitutional Government in India (ed.
2nd), S. Chand, ISBN 978-81-219-2203-6, http://
books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C
Pylee, M. V. (2003), The Union Judiciary: The
Supreme Court, Constitutional Government in India (ed. 2nd), S. Chand, ISBN 978-81-219-22036, http://books.google.com/?id=veDUJCjr5U4C&
pg=PA314, accesat la 2 noiembrie 2007
Sarkar, N. I. (1 ianuarie 2007), Sonia Gandhi:
Tryst with India, Atlantic, ISBN 978-81-2690744-1,
http://books.google.com/books?id=
26flsWUf8fkC, accesat la 20 iulie 2011
Sharma, R. (1950), Cabinet Government in India,
Parliamentary Aairs 4 (1): 116126
Sharma, B. K. (1 august 2007), Introduction to
the Constitution of India (ed. 4th), Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-81-203-3246-1, http://books.google.
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Sinha, A. (2004), The Changing Political Economy
of Federalism in India, India Review 3 (1): 2563,
doi:10.1080/14736480490443085
Worlds Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day, United Nations Population Division, http://www.un.org/esa/
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la 5 octombrie 2011
Wheare, K. C. (1 iunie 1980), Federal Government
(ed. 4th), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0313-22702-8

Gledhill, A. (30 martie 1970), The Republic of

India: The Development of its Laws and Constitution, Greenwood, ISBN 978-0-8371-2813-9, http: Relaii externe i armata
//books.google.com/books?id=cHAjPQAACAAJ,
accesat la 21 iulie 2011
Alford, P. (7 iulie 2008), G8 Plus 5 Equals Power
Narasimha Rao Passes Away, The Hindu, 24 deShift, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.
cembrie 2004, http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/24/
com.au/news/g8-plus-5-equals-power-shift/
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iembrie 2008
noiembrie 2009

10.2

Bibliograe

Behera, L. K. (7 martie 2011), Budgeting for

Indias Defence: An Analysis of Defence Budget 20112012, Institute for Defence Studies
and Analyses, http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/
IndiasDefenceBudget2011-12_lkbehera_070311,
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Behera, L. K. (20 martie 2012), Indias Defence
Budget 201213, Institute for Defence Studies
and Analyses, http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/
IndiasDefenceBudget2012-13_LaxmanBehera_
200312, accesat la 26 martie 2012
Russia Agrees India Nuclear Deal, BBC News
(British Broadcasting Corporation), 11 februarie 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/
7883223.stm, accesat la 22 august 2010
Curry, B. (27 iunie 2010), Canada Signs Nuclear Deal with India, The Globe and Mail, http:
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India, Europe Strategic Relations, Europa:
Summaries of EU Legislation (European Union),
8 aprilie 2008, http://europa.eu/legislation_
summaries/external_relations/relations_with_
third_countries/asia/r14100_en.htm, accesat la 14
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Ghosh, A. (1 septembrie 2009), Indias Foreign
Policy, Pearson, ISBN 978-81-317-1025-8, http://
books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC

9
//www.afsa.org/fsj/oct02/nair.pdf, accesat la 7
iunie 2007
Pandit, R. (27 iulie 2009), N-Submarine to
Give India Crucial Third Leg of Nuke Triad,
The Times of India, http://articles.timesofindia.
indiatimes.com/2009-07-27/india/28212143_1_
nuclear-powered-submarine-ins-arihant-nuclear-submarine,
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Perkovich, G. (5 noiembrie 2001), Indias Nuclear Bomb: The Impact on Global Proliferation, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520-23210-5, http://books.google.com/books?id=
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India, France Agree on Civil Nuclear Cooperation,
Redi, 25 ianuarie 2008, http://www.rediff.com/
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2010
UK,
India
Sign
Civil
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Accord, Reuters, 13 februarie 2010, http:
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Ripsman, N. M.; Paul, T. V. (18 martie 2010),
Globalization and the National Security State,
Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19539390-3,
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2011

Gilbert, M. (17 decembrie 2002), A History of the

Twentieth Century, William Morrow, ISBN 978-006-050594-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=
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Rothermund, D. (17 octombrie 2000), The Routledge Companion to Decolonization, Routledge Companions to History (ed. 1st), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415-35632-9, http://books.google.com/books?id=
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India, Russia Review Defence Ties, The Hindu,

5 octombrie 2009, http://www.thehindu.com/news/
national/article2514142.ece, accesat la 8 octombrie
2011

India Gets Its First Homegrown Fighter Jet, RIA

Novosti, 10 ianuarie 2011, http://en.rian.ru/world/
20110110/162090932.html, accesat la 1 aprilie
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Kumar, A. V. (1 mai 2010), Reforming the NPT

to Include India, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists,
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Sharma, S. R. (1 ianuarie 1999), IndiaUSSR Relations 19471971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness, 1, Discovery, ISBN 978-81-7141-486-4, http:
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Miglani, S. (28 februarie 2011), With An Eye on

China, India Steps Up Defence Spending, Reuters,
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Shukla, A. (5 martie 2011), China Matches Indias Expansion in Military Spending,

Business Standard, http://www.business-standard.
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Nair, V. K. (2007) (PDF), No More

Ambiguity:
Indias Nuclear Policy, arhivat din original la 27 septembrie 2007,
http://web.archive.org/web/20070927041401/http:

Sisodia, N. S.; Naidu, G. V. C. (2005), Changing

Security Dynamic in Eastern Asia: Focus on Japan,
Promilla, ISBN 978-81-86019-52-8, http://books.
google.com/books?id=jSgfLG3Ib9wC

10

10 NOTE

SIPRI Yearbook 2008: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Oxford University Press), 8 august 2008, ISBN 978-019-954895-8, http://books.google.com/books?id=
EAyQ9KCJE2gC&pg=PA178, accesat la 22 iulie
2011

Fund, 1 aprilie 2011, http://www.imf.org/external/

pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=
20&pr.y=6&sy=1991&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=
1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=548%2C566%
2C524%2C578%2C534%2C536%2C429&s=
NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=, accesat la 23 iulie 2011

India Lost $462bn in Illegal Capital Flows, Says

Report, BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation), 18 noiembrie 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/
news/world-south-asia-11782795, accesat la 23 iulie 2011

(PDF) Economic Survey of India 2007: Policy Brief,

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1 octombrie 2007, http://www.oecd.org/
dataoecd/17/52/39452196.pdf, accesat la 22 iulie
2011

India Second Fastest Growing Auto Market After China, Business Line, 9 aprilie
2010,
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
todays-paper/article988689.ece?ref=archive,
accesat la 23 iulie 2011

Pal, P.; Ghosh, J (1 iulie 2007), Inequality in India:

A Survey of Recent Trends (PDF), Economic and
Social Aairs: DESA Working Paper No. 45 (United
Nations), http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2007/
wp45_2007.pdf, accesat la 23 iulie 2011

Farrell, D.; Beinhocker, E. (19 mai 2007), Next

Rise in international arms transfers is driven
Big Spenders: Indias Middle Class, McKinsey
by Asian demand, says SIPRI, Stockholm In& Company,
http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/
ternational Peace Research Initiative, 19 martie
mginews/bigspenders.asp, accesat la 17 septembrie
2012, http://www.sipri.org/media/pressreleases/
2011
rise-in-international-arms-transfers-is-driven-by-asian-demand-says-sipri,
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Gargan, E. A. (15 august 1992), India Stumbles in
Rush to a Free Market Economy, The New York Ti India, US Sign 123 Agreement, The Times of India,
mes, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/world/
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india-stumbles-in-rush-to-a-free-market-economy.
indiatimes.com/2008-10-11/india/27905286_1_
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(PDF) World Economic Outlook Update,
International Monetary Fund, 1 iunie 2011,
Economie
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/
update/02/pdf/0611.pdf, accesat la 22 iulie 2011
Alamgir, J. (24 decembrie 2008), Indias Open Nayak, P. B.; Goldar, B.; Agrawal, P. (10 noEconomy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity,
iembrie 2010), Indias Economy and Growth: EsTaylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-77684-4, http://
says in Honour of V. K. R. V. Rao, SAGE Pubooks.google.com/books?id=JL7QfWJ5Yk0C, acblications, ISBN 978-81-321-0452-0, http://books.
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Bonner, B (20 martie 2010), Make Way,
Olson, R. G. (21 decembrie 2009), Technology
World.
India Is on the Move, Christian
and Science in Ancient Civilizations, Praeger SeScience Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/
ries on the Ancient World (Praeger), ISBN 978-0Business/The-Daily-Reckoning/2010/0320/
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Indias Economy: Not Just Rubies and Polyester

Shirts, The Economist, 8 octombrie 2011, http://
www.economist.com/node/21531527, accesat la 9
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Indian Car Exports Surge 36%, Express India,
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Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: India,
Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, International Monetary

(PDF) The World in 2050: The Accelerating Shift

of Global Economic Power: Challenges and Opportunities, PricewaterhouseCoopers, 1 ianuarie 2011,
http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/world-2050/pdf/
world-in-2050-jan-2011.pdf, accesat la 23 iulie
2011
Schwab, K. (2010) (PDF), The Global Competitiveness Report 20102011, World Economic Forum, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_
GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf, accesat la 10 mai 2011

10.2

Bibliograe

Sheth, N. (28 mai 2009), Outlook for Outsourcing Spending Brightens,

The Wall
Street Journal,
http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB124344190542659025.html#articleTabs_
comments%3D%26articleTabs%3Darticle, accesat la 3 octombrie 2010
(PDF) Information Note to the Press (Press
Release No.29 /2011), Telecom Regulatory
Authority of India, 6 aprilie 2011, http:
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PressReleases/816/Press_release_feb%20-11.pdf,
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11
26 martie 2010, http://www.wto.org/english/news_
e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm, accesat la 23 iulie 2011
Yep, E. (27 septembrie 2011), ReNew Wind
Power Gets $201 Million Goldman Investment, The
Wall Street Journal, http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052970204422404576595972728958728.
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(HTML) UNDERSTANDING THE WTO: THE

Exporters
Get
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Market
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ORGANIZATION Members and Observers, 1995,
The Times of India, 28 august 2009,
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(PDF) Corruption Perception Index 2010India
Continues to be Corrupt, Transparency International, 26 octombrie 2011, http://transparencyindia.
org/resource/press_release/Corruption%
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Global
Poverty
EstimatesWhat
It Means for India, World Bank, http:
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India:
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Call for Reform and Action,
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(PDF) Inclusive Growth and Service Delivery:
Building on Indias Success, World Bank, 29
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India Country Overview September 2010,
World Bank, 1 septembrie 2010, http:
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Trade to Expand by 9.5% in 2010 After a Dismal 2009, WTO Reports, World Trade Organisation,

Bonner, A. (1990), Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-1048-8, http://books.
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(PDF) Healthcare in India:
Report Highlights, Boston Analytics, 1 ianuarie 2009, http:
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Dev, S. M.; Rao, N. C. (2009), India: Perspectives on Equitable Development, Academic Foundation, ISBN 978-81-7188-685-2, http://books.
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Dharwadker,
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Representing Indias Pasts: Time, Culture, and
Problems of Performance Historiography, in Canning, C. M.; Postlewait, T., Representing the Past:
Essays in Performance Historiography, University
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Contexts, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-817829-873-3, http://books.google.com/books?id=
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Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (7 iulie 2005), Migration
and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects, in
Dyson, T.; Casses, R.; Visaria, L., Twenty-First
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12
Garg, S. C. (19 aprilie 2005) (PDF), Mobilizing
Urban Infrastructure Finance in India, World
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(PDF) Country Cooperation Strategy:
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World Health Organisation, 1 noiembrie 2006,
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Mallikarjun, B (1 noiembrie 2004), Fifty Years of Cultur

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11

Lectur suplimentar

O istorie a Indiei, Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, Editura Artemis, 2003

12

Legturi externe

Fee ale Indiei

Ziua Naional a Indiei, 26 ianuarie 2008, Amos
News
India locul n care se ntea innitul (I), 31 martie
2008, Andrada Fiscutean, Descoper
India locul n care se ntea innitul (II), 7 aprilie
2008, Andrada Fiscutean, Descoper

16

13

13
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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

India Surs: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India?oldid=9256820 Contribuitori: Gutza, Iulianu, Robbot, AnaZ, Wars, YurikBot, AdiJapan, Chobot, RobotQuistnix, Orioane, RebelRobot, Andrei Stroe, Miehs, FlaBot, Strainubot, NeaNita, Adrian ach, Oneagoe, Roamata,
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Marcproot, Ionutzmovie, ANDROBETA, MauritsBot, BICasian, Dinamik-bot, KamikazeBot, VALERRIU, EmausBot, Marc1917, ZroBot, Ebrambot, WikitanvirBot, Mjbmrbot, ChuispastonBot, Mind Heister, Linguaromana, CocuBot, Stefan1697, Alex Nico, MerlIwBot,
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