Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DANIEL ANDRU
[Romanian Academy]
Abstract:
This article intends to highlight that, during the Romanian Post-communist transition, media and
political institutions have to face the challenge of democratic deficit. From this point are issuing both
the difficulty to establish a public debate space which can include citizens view and the institutional
malfunctions of the fragile Romanian democracy.
Keywords: democratic deficit, democratic ideology, public space, media agoras, Post-communism
Argument
Pe parcursul celor dou decade de la iniierea procesului de democratizare, practica politic din
Romnia a exhibat, n dese rnduri, acurateea proieciilor normative cu privire la importana relaiei
dintre instituiile media i configurarea arhitecturii democratice. Fiind unul dintre aranjamentele
instituionale-cheie n orice democraie consolidat, mass-media romneti, articulate printr-un proces
de tranziie de la exerciiul permanent al gndirii unice, propriu totalitarismului, la o pluralitate din ce
n ce mai vocal, aa cum se ntmpl n post-comunism, au trebuit s rspund unei provocri care sa manifestat, practic, la adresa ntregii societi romneti aceea a deficitului de democraie. Aceast
provocare evidenia, n primul rnd, lipsa unei tradiii democratice autentice, lucru pe care Romnia l
mprtete cu o singur excepie, potrivit anumitor analize, aceea a Cehiei cu celelalte state ale
Europei de Est care, dup 1945, au fcut parte din lagrul sovietic. Din aceasta decurg lipsa unei
ideologii democratice att la nivelul corpului social, ct i la cel al liderilor politici, precum i absena
elementelor unei societi civile care s asigure existena unor discursuri alternative la cel al societii
politice.
n acest articol, plec de la ipoteza c deficitul democratic ale crui principale aspecte tocmai le-am
expus a influenat n mod hotrtor att evoluia mass-media, ct i aceea a democraiei n Romnia
postcomunist. n acest sens, mi propun ca, ntr-o prim seciune, s fac trimitere spre cteva
argumente de natur normativ prin care s susin importana nelegerii ideologiei democratice n
sensul unei practici de gndire pe care instituiile media cu tot ceea ce presupun acestea, de la
jurnaliti i pn la politica editorial ar trebui s le mprteasc cu societatea i cu liderii acesteia,
nct consolidarea regimului democratic s se transforme ntr-o realitate. O a doua seciune urmrete
analiza modului n care instituiile media au contribuit la articularea spaiului public din Romnia
postcomunist, prin raportare la tendinele existente astzi n plan european i cu trimitere la
poziionarea cetenilor n afara jocurilor mediatice i politice a cror miz este stabilirea agendei
publice. ncerc s art c dificultile instituirii unui spaiu public n care s fie vehiculate i dezbtute,
i prin participarea cetenilor, valorile democratice au mers n aceeai caden atunci cnd nu au
influenat n mod direct cu disfunciile instituionale ale fragilei democraii romneti.
Bibliografie
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ANDRU, Daniel, Reinventarea ideologiei. O abordare teoretico-politic, Iai: Editura Institutul
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Stakeholders
Conference
on
White
Paper
in
Berlin,
18
January
2007,http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?
reference=SPEECH/07/25&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en .
WIMMER, Jeffrey, Revitalization of the Public Sphere? A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Research
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NOTE
1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This paper was made within The Knowledge Based Society Project supported by the
Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD), financed from the European Social
Fund and by the Romanian Government under the contract number POSDRU ID 56815.
2 Robert Dahl, Despre democraie (Iai: Editura Institutul European, 2003), 151.
3 Daniel andru, Reinventarea ideologiei. O abordare teoretico-politic (Iai: Editura Institutul European, 2009),
67-73.
4 Daniel andru, Democratizare i valori politice n Romnia postcomunist, n Al. Zub, Adrian Cioflnc
(editori), Cultur politic i politici culturale n Romnia modern(Iai: Editura Universitii Al.I. Cuza, 2005), 417433.
5 Michael Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 123.
6 Robert D. Putnam, Cum funcioneaz democraia (Iai: Editura Polirom, 2001), 185.
7 Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman and London:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
8 Andreas Schedler, Ce este consolidarea democratic?, n Revista Romn de tiine Politice ( Vol. 2, Nr. 1,
aprilie 2002), 122-138.
9 Cele opt condiii sunt: 1) libertatea de a forma i de a intra n organizaii; 2) libertatea de expresie; 3) dreptul la
vot; 4) dreptul de a fi ales n funcii publice; 5) dreptul liderilor politici de a concura pentru susinere i voturi; 6)
surse alternative de informare; 7) alegeri libere i corecte; 8) instituii prin care politicile guvernului s depind de
voturi i de alte expresii ale preferinelor. Cf. Robert A. Dahl, Poliarhiile. Participare i opoziie (Iai: Editura
Institutul European, 2000), 29.
10 Jrgen Habermas, Sfera public i transformarea ei structural. Studiul unei categorii a societii
burgheze (Bucureti: Editura Univers, 1998), 37-38.
11 Agorele media pot fi concepute ca spaii discursive n care grupurile sociale i comunitile sunt reprezentate de
media, dar care, n acelai timp, permit acestor grupuri i comuniti s se auto-reprezinte i s lupte pentru a fi
acceptate sau pentru alte scopuri politice. Media sunt astfel att un forum al construciei consensului social, ct i
un spaiu n care sunt expuse sau chiar celebrate diferenele i conflictele. Cf. Iaki Garcia-Blanco, Sofie Van
Bauwel, Bart Cammaerts, The Realm of Contemporary Media Agoras, n Media Agoras: Democracy, Diversity, and
Communication, edited by Iaki Garcia-Blanco, Sofie Van Bauwel and Bart Cammaerts (Cambridge: Scholars
Publishing, 2009), 4.
12 Dup cum subliniaz autorul citat chestiunea dac mass media sunt o expresie sau o instituie a societii civile
depinde n mare msur de percepia existenei societii civile i a sferei publice n noua Europ de Est. De
asemenea, depinde de natura mass media, compoziia i rolul lor real n transformare. nainte de toate, aceasta
depinde de natura democraiei, nivelul ei de evoluie sau maturitate n cadrul naiunilor din regiune. Cf. Peter
Gross, Mass media i democraia n rile Europei de Est (Iai: Editura Polirom, 2004), 172.
13 Rosemarie Haine, Televiziunea i reconfigurarea politicului (Iai: Editura Polirom, 2002), 76.
14 Hannu Nieminen, The European Public Sphere and Citizens Communication Rights: A Proposal for Democratic
Media Policy in the European Union, n Media Agoras: Democracy, Diversity, and Communication, edited by Iaki
Garcia-Blanco, Sofie Van Bauwel and Bart Cammaerts (Cambridge: Scholars Publishing, 2009), 16-44.
15 Jeffrey Wimmer, Revitalization of the Public Sphere? A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Research About CounterPublic Spheres and Media Activism, n Media Agoras: Democracy, Diversity, and Communication, edited by Iaki
Garcia-Blanco, Sofie Van Bauwel and Bart Cammaerts (Cambridge: Scholars Publishing, 2009), 45-72.
16 Acestea ar face posibil democraia deliberativ i ar fi urmtoarele: dreptul la informaie complet i coerent
despre deciziile care le afecteaz vieile, oriunde ar fi acestea luate; dreptul de a auzi i de a compara opinii i
puncte de vedere diferite; dreptul de a dezbate probleme de interes comun; dreptul de a-i exprima punctele de
vedere i de a se face auzii. Cf. Margot Wallstrm, From the blame game to day-to-day partnership: European
Comission, the German Presidency and the Member States discuss the key principles of EU communication policy ,
Stakeholders
Conference
on
White
Paper
in
Berlin,
18
January
2007, http://www.europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?
reference=SPEECH/07/25&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en (accesat la data de 29.12.2010).
DANIEL ANDRU Conf. Univ. Dr. n cadrul Universitii Petre Andrei din Iai, Facultatea de ti-ine
Politice i Administrative. Bursier postdoctoral al Academiei Romnie, filiala Iai.