Tourism Concepts

& Tourism System

 The history: Travel through the ages

 Travel for Trade and Commerce

 Travel for Seeking Knowledge : for Religious Purpose
 Roman Empire and Pleasure Travel
 Renaissance and the Grand Tour
 Concept of Annual Holiday
 Travel in the Nineteenth Century
 Emergence of Railways
 Emergence of Organized Travel
 Luxury in Rail Travel
 Sea Transport
 Travel in the 20th Century: Change in Pattern of
Society
 Motorized Road Transport
 Growth of Air Travel
 IN ANCIENT TIMES : people use to travel for
different reason to satisfy there curiosity like food,
water , wars, religious, shelter, military purpose etc.

 IN 18TH CENTURY : the growth of travellers

decreased only rich people use to travel in late 18 and
early 19 century, even their was development of
railway network in Europe by the foundation of steam
locomotion

 IN THE EARLY 20s : this era was known for luxury,

but this era was ended by the fast growing technical
advances , efficiency replaced luxury , the first
airline KLM was founded in 1919, followed by
Imperical Airways ( later on known as BA ) and Pan
American World Airways .But Second world war
decline the development of tourism
 TOURISM
 After 1945 tourism grown into one of the
largest industry of the world and with in these
yrs. It has grown into biggest industries from
then number of countries entirely depend on
tourism , there economy depend on tourism and
know when ever there is any negative impact on
tourism they suffer a lot .It has been expected
that tourism is major force in economy of the
world and thus the positive activity of global
importance or significance .
 OUR 20TH CENTURY : witnessed tremendous change in
tourism activity specially in second half ,the technical
development also provided the boost for more
development with the result tourism has become such a
grooming and big industry .
In future the most important innovation will be the
development of space travel , a company Space
Adventure Inc. still provides a wide range of space
related travel programs and in future Cyber Tourism
may become an alternative to physical travel .

THE TECHNOLOGY HAS TO BE DEVELOP FURTHER

OTHERWISE THAT TREND WILL NOT BE
POSSIBLE .
 Why we should promote tourism?
According to WTO, WTTC
 By 2020 there will be 1.6 billion international arrivals worldwide.
 And they will be spending about US$ 2,000 billion.
 Annual growth in the arrival will be 4.3%.
 Annual growth in receipt will be 6.7%
 Between 1995 and 2005, 144 million jobs were created and 112
million of which most were in Asia Pacific region.
 It is contributing to Indian economy a foreign exchange of USD
11000 Cr.
 It is the largest employer of the world
 It is among the top three foreign exchange earner for India.
 By 2020 it will be contributing USD 42000 Cr. to Indian Economy
 Presently there are about 5.3 million foreign and 526 million
domestic tourists traveling in India.
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
What is Tourism
 There is no single definition of tourism that is universally
accepted.
 WTO , Madrid, Spain, is a specialized agency of the United
Nations.
 The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as

“Activities of persons traveling to and staying in places

outside their usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes
not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the place visited.”
 Branches of tourism
 Inbound international tourism: visits to a country by
nonresidents of that country.
 Outbound international tourism: visits by the residents of a
country to other countries.
 Domestic tourism: visits by residents within their own
country.
 Internal tourism: domestic + inbound international
Visits by residents and non-residents within a country.
 National tourism: domestic + outbound international
Visits by the residents of a country within their own country
and to other countries.

E.g.. Inbound-domestic-outbound
 Tourism is a multi-dimensional, multi- faced activity

we cannot say that it is related to anyone or anything , it

has diverse social economic , cultural and ecological impact
.
 AIEST definition
 AIEST stands for International Association of Scientific
Experts in Tourism.
 Hunziker and Krapf, in 1942, defined tourism as "the
totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the
travel and stay of strangers, provided that the stay does
not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and
is not connected with a remunerative activities".
 Above definition was then accepted by AIEST as below:
Tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationships arising
from travel and stay of non residents in so far as they do
not lead to permanent residence and are not connected
with any earning activity.
Tourism course & Disciplines inputs to the tourism field

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 Underlying themes

geography
Economics
history

Political science law

Tourism
Agriculture ecology
studies

Marketing sociology

Anthropology psychology
Business
management
 Relationship
leisure

tourism recreation
 What is an Industry
 Well (1989) defines an industry as
“a number of firms that produce similar
goods and services and therefore are in
competition with one another”.

For instance, the steel industry is defined by

the steel products they produce.
 How about tourism industry?
 Many businesses and other types of tourism organizations offer
complementary rather than competing products and services.
An airline, hotel, restaurant, travel agency, and attraction do not
compete with each other. They complement each other and
combine to offer visitors a satisfying vacation or business trip.
 The input and output can not be clearly identified.
 Besides there is no single industry code for tourism under the
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
 Macroeconomists point out that the recognition of tourism as an
industry can lead to double counting because standard industry
classifications fully account for all elements of the economy
without finding it necessary or appropriate to recognize tourism.
 Tourism industry
 Unlike other industries that are defined by the
products and services they produce (the supply
side), the tourism industry is defined from a
demand side perspective.
A tourism industry supplies products and services
to tourists.
 The Tourism Industry is defined as individuals,
businesses & organizations that are working to
provide product & services (including information)
to tourists.
They include those that work in transportation,
lodging, entertainment and food & beverage.
 The Tourism Industry
 Tourism is based on difference
 Leisure activities presuppose their opposite, namely the
existence of regulated and organized work.
 For tourists the visited places are “free” of work, services
are supplied which free the consumer from the daily
burdens.
 The strict time constraints imposed by working relationship
are released; tourists live within a different time frame.
 Tourism places are places, where tourism attractions are
assumed to be unique, different from the everyday
environment.
 Tourists have to travel to the place of consumption
 Tourists are not able to test the product in advance;
Information is the only means, which can close this gap.
 Characteristics (2)
 The service - the tourism product is consumed at the time it is
produced. The product is based on social interaction between
the supplier and the consumer, where the quality of the
product is mainly defined by this interaction. Consumer part of
production.
 Tourism is labor intensive, which will increase the costs of
tourism services on the long term, at least compared to the
other areas of our economy.
 Tourism is very sensitive to changes in private household
incomes (no primary need). It is in direct competition to other
products in the household income basket such as books,
newspapers, entertainment, but also electronic products.
 Characteristics (3)
 Tourism is an umbrella industry - containing a set of interrelated
businesses, involving travel companies, accommodation facilities,
catering enterprises, tour operators, travel agents, providers of
recreation and leisure facilities
 Tourism is an important vehicle for regional and national
development planning and strategies - also in industrialized
countries (see also the respective programs of the European
Commission). This is due to its job creation potential and the
rather low entrance barriers compared to other industries.
Tourism activities can be designed in such a way, that it respects
environmental, social and cultural constraints.
 Definition Traveler

Outside usual environment

Yes No

For less than 12 consecutive month

Yes No
And:
international - domestic Purpose of trip other than an
inbound - outbound activity remunerated from
within the place visited
Yes No
Tourism
Visitor

With overnight OtherTravelers

Yes No

Same-day
Tourist
Visitor
 Visitor
Visitor
 Tourist
 Excursionist

A visitor is defined as 'any person traveling to a place

other than that of his/her usual environment for less
than twelve months and whose main purpose of trip is
other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from
within the place visited'.
 Tourist and Excursionist
 Tourist: temporary visitor staying at least 24 hours
in the country visited and the purpose of whose
journey can be classified under one of the
following headings.
a).leisure (creation, holiday, health, study, religion,
and sports)
b).business, family, mission, meeting.

 Excursionist: temporary visitor staying less than 24

hours in the country visited (including travelers on
cruises).
Also called Day Tourist or Day Excursionist.
Classification
of Travelers
(1) Tourists in international
technical definitions.
(2) Excursionists in
international technical
definitions.
(3) Travelers whose trips
are shorter than those
that qualify for travel and
tourism; e.g., under 50
miles (80 km) from home.
(4) Students traveling
between home and school
only -- other travel of
students is within scope of
travel and tourism.
(5) All persons moving to a
new place of residence
including all one-way
travelers, such as
emigrants, immigrants,
refugees, domestic
migrants, and nomads.
 Relationship among
tourism, tourism industry, and tourist

Tourism - economic dimension

Supply side ---- tourism industry

Tourism {
Demand side ---- tourists
 SYSTEM APPROACH
 General system theory was defined by a
biologist, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, as:
A set of elements standing in interrelation
among themselves and with the
environments.

 Tourism system consists of several

interrelated parts working together to
achieve common purposes.
 The reasons for using a systems
approach for study of tourism
 To emphasize the interdependency in
tourism; the tourism system is like a spider’s
web – touch one part are felt throughout the
system.
For a student beginning to study tourism, it is
important to get “the bigger picture” right
away. The tourism system model framework
provides a more comprehensive view of
tourism: it captures “the big picture”.
 The reasons for using a systems
approach
 The second reason is because of the open system
nature of tourism.
Tourism system is dynamic and constantly
changing. New concepts are always arriving in
tourism, such as ecotourism, TSA.
 The third reason is the complexity and variety in all
aspect of tourism.
For example, there are thousands of specialized
tours and packages available for travelers today.
 The Tourism System Model
Part I: Destination: Planning, developing, and controlling
tourism
 Link 1: The tourism product

Part II: Marketing: Strategy, planning, promotion, and

distribution
 Link 2: The promotion of travel

Part III: Demand: The factors influencing the market

 Link 3: The travel purchase

Part IV: Travel: The characteristics of travel

 Link 4: The shape of travel
 Travel and tourism systems
 Tourism process developed by Chau (1977).
He described the tourist as the demand, the travel industry
as the supply, and attractions as the tourist product and
summarized the interrelate process as the subject, means,
and objective of tourism.
 Gunn in his book, tourism planning (1979), referred to a
“tourism fundamental system” involving five components:
tourist, transportation, attractions, services-facilities, and
information-direction.
 Leiper(1979) involved five basic elements in his system:
tourists, generating regions, transit routes, destination
regions, and a tourist industry operating within physical,
cultural, social, economic, political, and technological
environments.
The end!

Questions?