0RGHOXOJHQHUDODOSURGXF

WRUXOXL

)XQF LDGHSURGXF LH

Pr o bl e m a 1 1

2vQWUHSULQGHUHXWLOL]HD]

PXQFDQXP

GRLIDFWRULGHSURGXF LH

UXOGHRUHvQWLPSXOSHULRDGHLFRQVLGHUDWHHVWHQRWDW

y2);

HFKLSDPHQWHGHXQDQXPLWWLSQXP

0XQFD HVWH DIHFWDW

UXOORUHVWHQRWDW

y3).

 VDUFLQLORU GLUHFW SURGXFWLYH 

1
2  RUH L VDUFLQLORU
1
2
2
2

y
QHSURGXFWLYHvQWUH LQHUHRUJDQL]DUHSHQWUX y
or e, cu y 2 = y + y .
QWUHSULQGHUHDUHDOL]HD] RDQXPLW SURGXF LHy1DOF UHL volu m d ep in d e d e
2
2

QXP
F

UXO HFKLSDPHQWHORU GLVSRQLELOH L GH PXQFD GLUHFW SURGXFWLY

DFHDVW

GHSHQGHQ

y1 =
)LHFDUH HFKLSDPHQW QHFHVLW
VDUFLQLOH GH RUJDQL]DUH JHQHUDO
PXQF

 3UHVXSXQHP

HVWHGHIRUPD

a

y12 y3 .

RUH GH PXQF

 SHQWUX

vQWUH LQHUH LDU

 D vQWUHSULQGHULL VXQW SURSRU LRQDOH FX WLPSXO GH

SURGXFWLYFRHILFLHQWXOGHSURSRU LRQDOLWDWHILLQGQRWDWFX

b. Vom a vea :

y = a y3 + b y , a>0, b>0.
2
2

3UHVXSXQHPF

a)

DU

WD LF

1
2

PXQFDHVWHDIHFWDW

RFUHWHUHFXDQXP

SULRULWDUVDUFLQLORUGHvQWUH LQHUH

UXOXLGHHFKLSDPHQWHFRQGXFHODRFUHWHUH

D SURGXF LHL GH FFD  FkQG PXQFD SURGXFWLY

DVHPHQHDRFUHWHUHFXDWLPSXOXLGHPXQF
GHDSURGXF LHLFkQGQXP

b)

 QX VH VFKLPE

UXOHFKLSDPHQWHORUU

GHWHUPLQD L IXQF LD GH SURGXF LH DGLF

 UHOD

PkQH

n es ch im b a t );
LD GLQWUH y1, y2 L y3 $U WD

DFHDVWDHVWHRIXQF LHGHSURGXF LHFXUDQGDPHQWHGHVFDU

c)

WUDVD L

JUDILF

FXUEHOH

GH

p r od u ct ivit a tea m a rgiQDO

LDUQXP

d)

SURGXF LH

SURGXFWLYLWDWHD

L F

FRQVWDQWH

PHGLH

D

PXQFLL

 D PXQFLL DWXQFL FkQG FDQWLWDWHD GH PXQF

UXOHFKLSDPHQWHORUU

 'H

SURGXFWLYSHUPLWHRFUHWHUH

 YDULD]

L


PkQHQHVFKLPEDW

GHWHUPLQD LL]RFXDQWHOH

y1=1, y1=2, p res u p u n n d a=1/2

L

b=1.

Re z ol va r e :
D &RQVLGHU
9DULD LDFRUHVSXQ]

P R YDULD LH LQILQLWH]LPDO

 D QXP

y1 =

( )

12

dy1 = 12 y31 2 y12

dy1
y1

QXP

dy3.

y12 y3 .

2E LQHP

$FHDVW

UXOXL GH HFKLSDPHQWH

WRDUHDSURGXF LHLVHRE LQHGLIHUHQ LLQGUHOD LD

 UHOD LH U

( ) dy =
3

y31 2 y12
2 y1

12

( ) dy =
3
(y )

y31 2 y12
2 y13 2

12

1 12
2

PkQH DSUR[LPDWLY DGHY

UXOXLGHHFKLSDPHQWH9DULD LDSURGXF LHL

y1
y1

dy3

UDW

1
2 y3

 SHQWUX R PLF

y1 YHULILF

1 y3
2 y3

dy3 .
 YDULD LH

GHFLUHOD LD

y 3 a

'DF

y1
y1

y 3
y3

= 0,01 

12 0,01 = 0,005

FHHD

DGLF

FH

FRUHVSXQGH

FUHWHUL

GH



DYHP

RFUHWHUHDSURGXF LHLFX

$FHODL UD LRQDPHQW SRDWH IL I

PXQF

XQHL

SURGXFWLYDWXQFLFkQGQXP

FXW SHQWUX FD]XO XQHL FUHWHUL D WLPSXOXL GH

UXOHFKLSDPHQWHORUU

PkQHQHVFKLPEDW

b ) Avem :
y 2 = y12 + y22 = y12 + a y3 + b y12

sau:
y 2 a y3
1+b

y12 =
3UHVXSXQkQG F
WUHEXLH V

 DYHP

 PXQFD HVWH DIHFWDW

y 2 > a y3 

'DF

y1>0

 SULRULWDU VDUFLQLORU GH vQWUH LQHUH

WLPSXO WRWDO GH PXQF

 WUHEXLH V

VXSHULRU WLPSXOXL QHFHVDU vQWUH LQHULL HFKLSDPHQWHORU SHQWUX FD V

HIHFWXDW

 R PXQF

SURGXFWLY

 SURGXFWLY

 'DF

LSURGXF LDDUILQXO

8WLOL]kQGUHOD LDGLQWUH

y 2 a y3 , n u s e va r ea liza o 

y1 , y12 L y3 UH]XOW

y
y1 =
0,

f (y2 , y3 ) = (y3 )
GH

, dac y2 > ay3

XWDW

1 2 y2 ay3 1 2
1+b

)XQF LD

SURGXF LH

UDQGDPHQWHOHGHVFDU



y1 = f (y 2 , y3 ). Fie > 0 . Pen t r u

 IXQF LH GH SURGXF LH SULQ

y2 > ay3 , a vem :

PXQF

dac y2 ay3

FHHDFHFRQVWLWXLHIXQF LDGHSURGXF LHF

P DFHDVW

 IL

1 2 y2 ay3 1 2
3
1+b

1RW

 SRDW

 ILH

HVWH

= y31 2

RPRJHQ

y2 ay3 1 2
1+b

GH

= f (y2 , y3 ).

JUDGXO



L

vQ

FRQVHFLQ



VXQWFRQVWDQWH

c) Fie Pym2 SURGXFWLYLWDWHDPDUJLQDO

Pym2 =

f
y2

DPXQFLL3HQWUX

= 12 y31 2 (1 + b )

(y2 a y3 )

1 2

y 2 > a y3 , a vem :

1 2

Pym2  GHVFUHWH FkQG y2  FUHWH &kQG y 2 a y3 , Pym2 , ia r c n d y 2 ,

Pym2 0 .
Fie PyM2 p r od u ct ivit a tea m ed ie a m u n cii. Pen tr u y 2 > a y3 , a vem :

PyM2 =
PyM2
y2

Avem :

PyM2
y2

> 0 GDF

= y31 2 (1 + b )

1 2

y1
y2

= 12 y31 2 (1 + b )

1 2

y2 < 2ay3 L

PyM2
y 2

( y2 ay3 )1 2
y2

(2ay3 y2 )(y2 ay3 )1 2 (y2 )2 .

< 0 GDF

y 2 > 2ay3 .

PyM2 a t in ge d eci u n n ivel m a xim n y 2 = 2ay3 .

6HWLHF

vQDFHVWSXQFWDYHP

Pym2 = PyM2 =
LF

Pym2 > PyM2

GDF

y 2 < 2ay3 ;

1
2

(1 + b )1 2 a 1 2

Pym2 < PyM2 GDF

&XUED SURGXFWLYLW
PHGLL vQ SXQFWXO V
VXSHULRDU
PDUJLQDO

y2 > 2ay3 .

LL PDUJLQDOH LQWHUVHFWHD]

X GH PD[LP &kQG

SURGXFWLYLW

LLPHGLLLHVWHFUHVF

HVWHLQIHULRDU

SURGXFWLYLW

 GHFL FXUED SURGXFWLYLW

y2 < 2ay3  SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PDUJLQDO

W

LL

 HVWH

oa r e. C n d y 2 > 2ay3 p r od u ct ivit a tea

LLPHGLLLHVWHGHVFUHVF

WRDUH

y1
y 1 =f(y 2 ,y 3 )

ay3

2 ay 3

y2

Pm y 2

PMy 2
0

ay 3

2ay 3

y2

)LJXUDQU)XQF LDGHSURGXF LHLFXUEHOHSURGXFWLYLW

LLPXQFLLPHGLLLPDUJLQDOH

12

y y3
1 = y31 2 2 2 2

1
2
LHSULQy2=g1(y3). Avem : g =
1
2 ( y )2 L g1 =

d ) Izocu a n ta
DFHDVW

HFXD

y1 = 1 

DUH HFXD LD

 DGLF

( y3 )3

y2 =

y3
2

2
y3  1RW

P

> 0.

Deci,
g1 > 0 GDF

y3 > 2

g1 < 0 GDF

y3 < 2 .

Cu r b a y2=g1(y3) WUDVDW  vQ SODQXO (y2, y3) a t in ge u n m in im p en tr u y3=2 L

g1(2)=2. Avem g1 (y3 ) c n d y3 0 L g1 (y3 ) y23 c n d y3 .

y2

y 1 =2
y 1 =1

y 2 =y 3 / 2

4
2

y3
Fi g u r a n r . 1 2 : Iz o c u a n t e

)XQF LLOHGHFRVW

Pr o bl e m a 1 2

)XQF LDGHSURGXF LHDXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULHVWH

y1 = y2 y3 - 1, dac y2 y3 1
,

0,
dac y2 y3 < 1
u n d e: y1
FDQWLW

HVWH YROXPXO SURGXF LHL GLQWU

-u n b u n ou t p u t , ia r y2, y3

LOH GLQ GRL IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH 3ULPXO IDFWRUHVWH YDULDELOFHO GH

es te con s id er a t fix p e ter m en s cu r t . Fie p1, p2, p3 SUH

b u n u r i.
a)

UHSUH]LQW

-a l d oilea

XULOH XQLWDUH DOH FHORU WUHL

GHWHUPLQD L IXQF LLOH FRVWXOXL PHGLX L DOH FRVWXOXL PDUJLQDO

p e ter m en lu n g;

UHSUH]HQWD LJUDILFLFRPHQWD L

b)

GHWHUPLQD L IXQF LLOH FRVWXOXL PHGLX L PDUJLQDO SH WHUPHQ VFXUW DWXQFL FkQG

n tr ep r in d er ea d is p u n e d e 2
gr a ficu l d e la p u n ct u l a );
c) ca re es WH FDQWLWDWHD GLQ
XQLW

L 'DF

SURGXF

 D FXPS

y1=4

XQLW

p2
p3  XQLW

L GLQ IDFWRUXO IL[ UHSUH]HQWD L

DO GRLOHD IDFWRU QHFHVDU

UDW HIHFWLY DFHDVW

L

FH

FRVW

 SHQWUX D SURGXFH

y1=3

 FDQWLWDWH GH IDFWRU  L GRUHWH V

XQLWDU

VXSOLPHQWDU

vQWUHSULQGHUHD vQ FRPSDUD LH FX VLWXD LD FkQG

QHFHVDU

-le p e

GLQDOGRLOHDIDFWRUGHSURGXF LH"

WUHEXLH

VXSRUWH

a r fi d is p u s d e ca n t ita tea

Re z ol va r e :
D 'HWHUPLQ

P PDL vQWkL IXQF LLOH FHUHULL GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH SH WHUPHQ

lu n g.
0RGHOXOGHPLQLPL]DUHDFRVWXOXLSHQWUXRSURGXF LH

y1>0 es te:

Min[p2 y 2 + p3 y3 ]
.

y1 = y 2 y3 1

La gra n gea n u l a s ocia t es te:

L() = p 2 y 2 + p3 y3 + y1 + y 2 y3 1 .
&RQGL LLOHGHRSWLPDOLWDWH

LPSOLF

L
y2

= p2 +

y 21 2 y31 2 = 0

L
y3

= p3 +

y12 2 y31 2 = 0

2 p 2 y 2 = 2 p3 y3 ,
DGLF

y2 =

p3
p2

y3 .

)RORVLQGIXQF LDGHSURGXF LHRE LQHP

y2 =

( )

(y1 + 1)

y3 =

( )

(y1 + 1).

p3 1 2
p2

p2 1 2
p3

$FHVWHDVXQWIXQF LLOHFHUHULLGHIDFWRULSHWHUPHQOXQJ&RVWXOWRWDOSHWHUPHQ

lu n g va fi:
CT TL = p2 y 2 + p3 y3 = 2 p 2 p3 (y1 + 1).
3XWHPGHWHUPLQDDFXPIXQF LLOHFRVWXOXLPHGLXLPDUJLQDOSHWHUPHQOXQJ

C MTL =

CT TL
y1

C mTL =

= 2 p 2 p3 +
dCT TL
dy1

2 p2 p3
y1

= 2 p 2 p3 .

Cos t
4 p 2 p3
C TS M

(1 + 5 )

C TS m
p 2 p3

C MTL

C mTL

2 p 2 p3

p2 p3

y1

)LJXUDQU)XQF LLOHFRVWXOXLPHGLXLPDUJLQDOSHWHUPHQOXQJLVFXUW

6H REVHUY

 F

C mTL es te in fer ior C MTL  LDU DFHVW FRVW PHGLX HVWH GHVFUHVF

DYHPGHFLHFRQRPLLGHVFDU

E 'DF

 VH GLVSXQH GH

GLQSULPXOIDFWRUQHFHVDU

p2
p3  XQLW

L GLQ DO GRLOHD IDFWRU 

SHQWUXDSURGXFH

y1XQLW

y1 =
DGLF

WRU

y2 y3 1 = y12 2 21 2

( )

y3 = 2

p2
p3

), ca n t ita t ea

LGHRXWSXWYHULILF

p2 1 4
p3

UHOD LD

1,

y2 =

( y1 +1)2
2

( )

p2 1 2
p3

)XQF LDFRVWXOXLWRWDOSHWHUPHQVFXUWYDIL

(y1 + 1)2 + p3 2 (pp )

2( )

CT TS = p2 y2 + p3 y3 =
=

1
2

p2 p3 y12 +

FHHD FH FRQGXFH OD XUP

p2
p2 1 2
p3

2
3

12

p2 p3 y1 + 52 p2 p3

WRDUHOH IXQF LL GH FRVW PHGLX L PDUJLQDO SH WHUPHQ

s cu r t :
CM

TS

CT TS
y1

Cm
6H YHULILF

( 5; (1 + 5 )

 XRU F

p 2 p3 .

 IXQF LD

TS

1
2

p2 p3 y1 +

dCT TS
dy1

p 2 p3 +

p2 p3
y1

p2 p3 y1 + 1 .

C MTS (y1 ) a t in ge u n m in im n p u n ctu l d e coor d on a te

C MTS (1) = 4 p2 p3

De a s em en ea , d eoa rece
WDQJHQW

IXQF LHL



UH]XOW

DFHDVW

IXQF LH

HVWH

C MTL n p u n ct u l y1=1.

Avem :
C

TS
M

C MTL =

1
2

p2 p3 y1 +
=

p 2 p3 +

5 p2 p3
2 y1

2 p2 p3

2 p2 p3
y1

p2 p3 ( y21 y11 )

FHHDFHLPSOLF

C MTS > C MTL GDF  y1 1

C MTS = C MTL GDF  y1 = 1 .
Q VIkULW IXQF LD
HJDO

FX

p 2 p3

C mTS  HVWH R GUHDSW

LFDUHLQWHUVHFWHD]

FXUED

 FUHVF

WRDUH FX RUGRQDWD OD RULJLQH

C MTS n y1 = 5 . Cu r b ele cos tu lu i m ed iu

LPDUJLQDOSHWHUPHQVFXUWVXQWUHSUH]HQWDWHSHJUDILFXODQWHULRU

F 'DF
XQLW

 vQWUHSULQGHUHD GRUHWH V

( )

y1=3, ea a r e n evoie d e y3 = 4

L GH IDFWRU  FRQIRUP IXQF LHL FHUHULL GH IDFWRUL GHWHUPLQDW

'LVSXQkQG HIHFWLY GH DFHDVW

SHUPLWHV

SURGXF

y1XQLW

 FDQWLWDWH GH

LYHULILF

y1 =
a d LF

 SURGXF



y2 =

p2 1 2
p3

 OD SXQFWXO 

y3, ca n t ita tea d in p r im u l fa ctor ca re i

UHOD LD

y 2 y3 1 = 2 y 12 2

( )

p2 1 4
p3

1,

( y1 +1)2
4

( )

p2 1 2
p3

FHHDFHFRQGXFHODIXQF LDGHFRVWPHGLXSHWHUPHQVFXUW

C MTS =
'DF

p2 p3
4

y1 +

 vQWUHSULQGHUHD GLVSXQH GH

17 p2 p3
4 y1

( )

y3 = 4

p r od u ce y1 = 4 , cos t u l u n ita r a l p r od u c
GLVSXQH GH R FDQWLWDWH RSWLP

p2 p3
2

p2 1 2
 XQLW
p3

LHL YD IL GH

41
16

L GLQ DO GRLOHD IDFWRU L

p 2 p3

 GH IDFWRU  DWXQFL SURGXF LD

 'DF

 vQV

 HD DU

y1 = 4 a r n eces ita u n

cos t u n ita r d e 52 p2 p3  FRQIRUP IXQF LHL C MTL ). n t rep r in d er ea s u p o UW

cos t s u p lim en ta r p e u n it a te d e p r od u s ega l cu :
41
p2 p3 52 p2 p3 = 161 p2 p3 .
16

 GHFL XQ

5DQGDPHQWHGHVFDU

Pr o bl e m a 1 3

6H FRQVLGHU

SURGXF LHL LDU

( y 2 0 , y3 0 ):

 IXQF LLOH GH SURGXF LH XUP

y2 L y3 GHVHPQHD]

y 3y 3
(1 ) y1 = 2 3
y 2 + y3

 FDQWLW

WRDUH vQ FDUH

y1 es te volu m u l

LOH GLQ GRL IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH XWLOL]D L

1
1
(2 ) y1 = y2 2 + y3 2

(y 1)1 2 y 12 , dac y 1
3
2
(3 ) y1 = 2
0,
dac y 2 < 1
QILHFDUHFD]GHILQL LQDWXUDUDQGDPHQWHORUGHVFDU

Re z ol va r e :
1RW

P

y1 = f k (y 2 , y3 ), k=1,2,3FHOHWUHLIXQF

(y2 ) 3 (y3 ) 3
2

(4 ) f1 (y 2 , y3 ) =
)XQF LD

>0.

LLGHSURGXF LH)LH

1
3 y 2 3 y3 3
=
= 3 f1 (y 2 , y3 ).
(y 2 + y 3 )

y 2 + y3

f1 () HVWH RPRJHQ

SURGXF LHFXUDQGDPHQWHGHVFDU

 GH JUDGXO
GHVFUHVF

 3ULQ XUPDUH HVWH R IXQF LH GH

WRDUH

3
1
1
3
1
1
(2 ) f 2 (y 2 , y3 ) = (y2 ) 3 + (y3 ) 3 = 2 y 2 2 + y3 2 = 2 f 2 (y2 , y3 ).

)XQF LD
FUHVF

(5 )

f 2 () HVWH RPRJHQ

 GH JUDGXO

 GHFL DUH UDQGDPHQWH GH VFDU

 (D YDDYHD UDQGDPHQWH GH VFDU

WRDUH

)XQF LD
FUHVF

f 3 (y2 , y3 )  QX HVWH R IXQF

WRDUHGDF

LHRPRJHQ

f 3 (y 2 , y 3 ) > f 3 (y 2 , y 3 ) p en t r u >1 .

Avem :
f 3 (y2 , y3 ) = (y2 1) 2 (y3 ) 2 > (y 2 ) 2 (y3 ) 2 ,
1

GDF

>1, d eci:

f 3 (y2 , y3 ) > (y 2 1) 2 (y3 ) 2 = f 3 (y 2 , y3 )GDF >1.

1