Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards in Metro Manila 2015-07

NaturalandAnthropogenicHazards
inMetroManila
A.Whymark B.Sc.M.Sc.
CopyrightFree
July2015
Version1.0
NaturalandAnthropogenicHazardsinMetroManila
Introduction
Metro Manila is subject to numerous hazards
including strong earthquakes (with associated
surface rupture, liquefaction, tsunamis, fire and
securityrisk),flooding,typhoons,aminorlandslide
risk and volcanic eruptions from nearby provinces.
These hazards, particularly the earthquake risk,
shouldbetakenextremelyseriously.
Flooding and typhoons are frequent, cause
disruptionandmayresultinlossoflife.Theyshould
betakenseriously,butlifeusuallymovesonquickly
aftertheseevents.Powerfulearthquakesrepresent
the single greatest threat to Manila. Strong
earthquakes have not been experienced in Manila
by the vast majority of people alive today. This
should be taken as a warning, but often creates
complacency.Strongearthquakeshaveregularlyoccurredinthepastandonecanexpectastrong
earthquakeinourlifetimes.Maybetomorrow,maybeinayear,maybein40years.
Bybeingawareofthenaturalhazardswecanprepare.Wecanavoiddangerareasasmuchas
possible.Agreatdealofmappinghasbeencarriedout.Onecanoverlayfloodrisk,faultlines,
liquefactionproneareas,postquakefireproneareas,predictedshakemaps,tsunamisproneand
landslideproneareas.Manyofthesehazardsstackoneontopoftheother.Certainareasare
pronetomostofthesehazardsandcertainareas,abroadcentralbelt,aremuchlesshazardous.
Ofcourse,strongshakingwillstillbeexperiencedinallareas,butwithproperlydesignedbuildings
oneisfarmorelikelytogetthroughthedisaster.Oneshouldchooseverycautiouslywheretoset
uphomeinManila.Understandtherisksinyourlocalityandplanforthem.
Attention should be paid to choosing the right kind of building to live in or reviewing and
retrofittingexistingbuildingstoensuresafety.Drillsshouldbepractisedandplansshouldbemade
athome,schoolandwork. Weshouldallhaveatleast10daysto2weeksofsuppliestohelp
ourselvesintermsoffood,water,shelter,medicine,torchlightandevenrescuetoolssuchas
jacks and crowbars. Aid will likely be slow coming, probably nonexistent for most people. By
helpingyourselfandyourcommunityyoubecomepartofthesolutionandnotanotherstatistic.
AllofthethreatsinManilaaremanageablesolongastheyarerespectedandtakenveryseriously.
Many thousands will die unnecessarily in the next large earthquake due to poor design and
construction,constructioninunsuitableareas,electricalfiresandlackoffiresafetyequipment,
poorreactionsandlackofpreparation.Wehaveagooddevelopingunderstandingoftherisks
andthereforetheconsequenceswillbedowntohowwebehaveandreacttotheproblems.React
nowdontwaituntilitstoolate!
ImageCredit:A.WhymarkusingdatafromGoogleEarth,PHIVOLCSDOSTandtheMinesandGeoscienceBureau.
July2015
Contents
Introduction........................................................................1
Contents..............................................................................2
ExecutiveSummary.............................................................3
SummaryofNaturalHazards................................................3
SummaryofAnthropogenicHazards....................................4
NaturalHazards...................................................................5
FaultLines(Earthquake)........................................................5
Liquefaction(Earthquake).....................................................8
Tsunamis(Earthquake)..........................................................9
Landslides(EarthquakeandMeteorlogical)........................11
VolcanicEruptions...............................................................13
Flooding(Meteorolical).......................................................14
Typhoon(Meteorological)..................................................16
AnthropogenicHazards......................................................17
Fire(Earthquake).................................................................17
Security(Earthquake)..........................................................18
LackofPreparation(EarthquakeandMeteorlogical).........19
Knowwhattodoinanearthquake..............................20
Choosingaplacetolive................................................21
Itemstohaveincaseofemergency.............................22
BuildingDesignandMaintenance(Earthquake).................23
PHIVOLCSInformationSheets......................................25
CoverImageCredit:A.WhymarkusingdatafromGoogleEarth,PHIVOLCSDOSTandNationalOperational
AssesmentofHazards(NOAH).
July2015
SummaryofNaturalHazardsinMetroManila
Fault
Lines (Earthquake):
There are many fault lines in the
Philippines, a number of which have historically caused significant damage in

MetroManila.Duetoproximity,theValleyFaultSystemposesthegreatestrisk.
TheWestValleyFaultrunsdirectlythroughMetroManila,exhibitingadistinctive
scarpslope.Avoidareasdirectlyontopofthefaultlineandreviewcloselyoffset
areasasthetracemaybeinferredorhavemultiplescarps.
Liquefaction (Earthquake): The underlying soil is an extremely

importantfactor.Youmaybefarfromtheepicentre,butatgreaterriskdueto
underlying geology. If your house is on soft uncompacted muddy sediment
foundinlowlyingareasoronreclaimedland,theshakingmaybeamplifiedand
liquefactionmayoccur.ThePasigRivermouth,Antipolo,CaintaandPasigareall
areasatincreasedrisk.Goodfoundationsandsolidstructuresreducetherisk.
Tsunamis (Earthquake): Shortly after an earthquake one should

prepareforatsunamisiflivinginacoastalarea.Althoughtheriskisrelativelylow
inMetroManila,historicallytwo12metrehightsunamishavebeenrecordedin
Metro Manila. It is believed that earthquake triggered tsunamis have the
potentialtobeupto5.5metresinheightinManilaBay.
Landslide(Earthquake&Meteorological):Thelandsliderisk
islowformuchofMetroManiladuetotopography,butcertainareaswithslopes
andalongthefaultlinemaybeatriskduringanearthquake.Landslidescanalso
beinducedbyheavyrainfall.
Volcanic Eruptions: The Philippines is largely volcanic. There are no

activevolcanoesintheimmediatevicinityofMetroManila,butthesecondmost
activevolcanointhePhilippines,TaalVolcanoinTagaytay,isjust55kmfromthe
international airport (NAIA). Volcanic eruptions are usually predictable weeks
ahead and one should follow instruction. Within Metro Manila this hazard is
morelikelytobeaninconvenience,particularlyinaviationandinairquality.
Flooding (Meteorological): Flooding is a significant issue within

Metro Manila, particularly in the rainy season between May and November.
Localisedfloodingiscommonduringthunderstorms.Significantfloodingisoften
associatedwithslowmovingtropicaldepressionsorstorms.Indeedtheseoften
causegreaterdamageandlossoflifethantyphoonswithinManila.Oneshould
carefullyevaluateapropertyforfloodriskpriortorentingorbuying.
Typhoons(Meteorological):Onaverage,9typhoonsmakelandfall
inthePhilippineseachyearand1or2willimpactMetroManila.Typhoonsmost
frequently occur in July to November, peaking August to September, but may
occuranytimeoftheyear.WhilstManilaissomewhatshelteredbybeingonthe
westerly side, very strong and damaging winds are still recorded. In some
instances,associatedfloodingandstormsurgesbecomeanissue.
July2015
SummaryofAnthropogenicHazardsinMetroManila
Fires
(Earthquake & Meteorological):
Following a large
earthquake there is a very high risk of fire with high numbers of casualties
anticipated.Highdensityinformalsettlementswithpoorwiring,oillampsand
candlesinuseareofparticularlyhighrisk.Watermainsmaybecut.Manyroutes
willbeinaccessibletothefiretrucks.Manyfiretruckswillbeoutofaction.Plan
anescaperoutetoanopenarea.Donottrytosavebelongings.
Security (Earthquake): Following a large earthquake, law and order

may rapidly break down and looting of malls will be commonplace. Security
guards may be absent as they attend to their families. High rises, gated
subdivisions and well fenced / walled properties may offer a fair degree of
protection. One would be advised to utilize friendly community and not to
exploreortravelunnecessarily.Donotloot:Gunownershipiscommon.
LackofPreparation(Earthquake&Meteorological):Ina
disaster,governmentandaidorganizationsareoverrun.Ifyougethelpthenyou
arelucky,theprobabilityisthatyouwillhavetobeverypatient.Dontaddtothe
problem,giveyourselfahelpinghandbykeeping10daysto2weeksofsupplies
instockandhaveabasickittosurvivetemporarily.Prepareaplan,prepareyour
suppliesandprepareyourhomeandyourhomefixturestoincreasesurvivability.
Building Design and Maintenance (Earthquake): Your

workplaceandresidenceshouldbeofsafedesign.Contrarytopopularbeliefit
isthehighrisebuildingsthatwillbethesafestduetoproperdesignandability
toflex.Midriseandlowrisebuildingsareathigherrisk.Oneshouldconsider
factorssuchaspropertyageisitpre1992?Isitarchitectdesigned?Isitona
slope?Isitasimpleshape?Hasitbeenmodifiedorfloorsadded?Doesitfeel
solidandconstructedwell?Isitwellmaintained?Doesithaveanopenstorey/
lanai/garage?Astructuralengineer(ideallywithoriginalplans)canevaluatethe
needforaseismicretrofit.Itstentimescheapertoretrofitthantorebuildand
itmaysaveyourlife!
ImageCredits:
1)A.Whymark,utilisingdatafromtheTheValleyFaultSysteminGreaterMetroManilaAreaAtlas(2015)PHIVOLCS
DOST.
2)TheMarinaDistrictofSanFranciscosufferedfromrelativelyintenseshakingandliquefactioninthe1989LomaPrieta
earthquake.U.S.GeologicalSurveyphotograph.
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/image_pages/osc_loma5.html
3)https://pixabay.com/en/wavewaterseatsunamigiantwave11061/Freeforcommercialuse/Noattribution
required.
4)PhotographcourtesyoftheU.S.GeologicalSurvey.Source:
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/images/foreign/ElSalvadorslide.jpgTheUSGShomepageishttp://www.usgs.gov
5)MayonVolcano,Philippines.AuthorCredit:Top1963/TryfonTopalidis.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mayon_0052.jpg
6)MANILA(Sept.17,2007),UnitedStatesNavyPhotograph,ID090927N0120R002
7)TyphoonHaiyanatpeakintensityandapproachingthePhilippinesonNovember7,2013.Author:NASA,LAADSWeb,
HDFFileprocessedbySupportstorm.https://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov
8)FotovanJ.terHuurne.Releasedintothepublicdomain(bytheauthor).
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MensenPaasvuur.jpg
9)https://pixabay.com/en/chaosregulationchaostheory485491/Freeforcommercialuse/Noattributionrequired.
10)https://pixabay.com/en/panicmanscreamingrunningperson149063/Freeforcommercialuse/Noattribution
required.
11)TiltedVictorianhomeatHowardand17thStreetsintheMissionDistrictofSanFranciscoshowingliquefaction
relateddamagefromthe1906earthquake.PhotographbyG.K.GilbertoftheU.S.GeologicalSurvey.
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/image_pages/tilted_victorian.html
July2015
FaultLines(Earthquake)
TheRisk:
herearemanyfaultlinesinthePhilippines,anumberofwhichhavehistoricallycausedsignificant
damageinMetroManila.OnecanexpectadestructiveearthquakeinManilaevery80years
(Miuraaetal.,2008afterDaligdig&Besana,1993),lastonebeingin1937.Duetoproximity,the
ValleyFaultSystemposesthegreatestrisk.TheWestValleyFaultrunsdirectlythroughMetro
Manila,exhibitingadistinctivescarpslope.Itisthoughttohavelastmovedin1658(thisisthe
bestcasescenarioassomeauthorsattributethe1658quaketotheEastValleyFault).TheWest
Valley fault is interpreted to move
every 400600 years (Nelson, 2000),
withmanyauthorsfavouringa400
yearcyclicity.Assuch,aquakefrom
the West Valley Fault within our
lifetimes is very realistic. Further
unmappedfaultsmayexist.
Left: A map of the Valley Fault System.
NotethatinrealitytheEastValleyFault
extends further to the northeast, being
partofalargersystem.Thetwofaultsare
likely joined at depth. Arrows indicate
movement. Credit:A.Whymark,withdatafrom
GoogleEarthandTheValleyFaultSysteminGreater
MetroManilaAreaAtlas(2015)PHIVOLCSDOST.
ProximitytotheWestValleyFaultmayresultinhigherpeakgroundaccelerationandstronger
shaking.However,proximitytothefaultisonlyonefactor.Onemaybeclosetothefaultandon
solidrock(inthiscase,westoftheWestValleyFault)andexperiencelessdamagethanahouse
builtonsoftuncompactedmuddysedimentsatsomedistanceaway,suchasatthemouthofthe
PasigRiver.EverywhereinMetro
Manila will experience strong
ground shaking, not just those
areasnearthefault.
Right: A map showing previous
earthquake epicentres that have
resulted in light (green) to heavy
(red) ground shaking in Metro
Manila. The red and orange line is
the Valley Fault System. Credit: A.
Whymark utilising data from Google Earth,
PHIVOLCSDOST and Earthquake Impact
Reduction Study for Metropolitan Manila in
theRepublicofthePhilippines(2004).
July2015
Itisveryimportantnottobuilddirectlyontopofthefault.Noamountofstructuralengineering
cansaveabuildingconstructeddirectlyontopofthefaultline.DetailsoftheWestValleyFault
canbefoundinPHIVOLCSValleyFaultSystemAtlas.ThePDFcopywillprovidethemostaccurate
map. Overlays on satellite images are always subject to minor discrepancies. These maps are
reasonablyaccurate,veryaccurateinplaces,butinsomecasesyoucouldarguethefaultismetres
ortensofmetresawayorthatmultipleunmappedhistoricrupturesexistwithinabroader200
300metreband.Insomeplacesasinglelineisdrawnanditissaidnottobuildwithin5metres.It
is safer to give these faulted
areas a wider berth. If you are
on a sloping or rippled area
immediately adjacent to the
mappedfaultlinethenbeware.
A safer option is to try and be
300 metres away from the
mapped fault line, but on a
casebycase basis being closer
will pose no greater risk
(especiallyonflathighground).
Thesurfaceruptureofafaultis
simply a reflection of a deep
seated fault line many
kilometres below ground. It is
advisablenottobuildanywhere
on the scarp slope as new
ruptures may not precisely
followhistoricsurfaceruptures.
This scarp slope is also more
pronetolandslidesandhouses
built on multiple levels on a
slope are more subject to
collapse if not properly
designed.
Right: Fault distribution in the
Philippines.
Bottom
Left:
Magnitude
7
or
greater
earthquakes from 1910 to 2015.
Bottom Right: Magnitude 6 or
greaterearthquakesfrom1910to
2015. Credit: A. Whymark utilising data
fromGoogleEarthandEarthquakeImpact
ReductionStudyforMetropolitanManilain
theRepublicofthePhilippines(2004).
July2015
Whattodo:
Donotrent,buy,buildon,orworkinabuildingdirectlyontopofthemappedValleyFault
Systemlines.Thesebuildingmaybeunsurvivable.Ifwithintensofmetresbecautious
youmaywishtoconsultastructuralgeologist.
The safest option is to be at least 300

metresawayfromthemappedfaultline.
Ifonthehigher(upthrown)sideyouare
more likely to be in a safer position,
althoughlandslidemayremainathreat.
Be aware that everywhere in Metro

Manilaispronetoviolentgroundshaking.
Someofthemostsevereshakingwillbe
in liquefaction prone areas far from the
faultline.Proximitytothefaultisonlyone
factorandlessimportantthanunderlying
geology.
Earthquakesaresurvivablewithproperly
engineeredstructures.
TopRight:Amodernsurfacerupture/scarp
fromBohol2013.Credit:JeremyRimando.
Bottom Right: Multiple historic surface

ruptures / scarps on the West Valley Fault.
Credit:A.Whymark.
Resources:
ValleyFaultSystemAtlas:
http://www.PHIVOLCS.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=500043and
http://www.ndrrmc.gov.ph/index.php/13disasterriskreductionandmanagementlaws/1457thevalley
faultsystematlas
ValleyFaulttraceonGoogleMaps:http://www.nababaha.com/marikina_valley_fault.htm
DistancefromFaultLine:http://tremors.instigators.io/
Presentation:http://carlospromulo.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/Ms.ToniYuloLoyzaga.pdf
Presentation:http://carlospromulo.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/Dr.RenatoSolidum.pdf
Presentation:http://carlospromulo.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/05/MetroManilaEarthquake.pdf
EarthquakeImpactReductionStudy:
http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1472/Earthquake_Impact_Reduction_Study_Volume_1.PDF
http://www.mbc.com.ph/engine/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/Forum201312Solidum_web.pdf
Reference:
1. MiuraaH,MidorikawabS,FujimotocK,PachecodBM,YamanakaeH.2008.EarthquakedamageestimationinMetroManila,Philippinesbasedon
seismicperformanceofbuildingsevaluatedbylocalexpertsjudgments.SoilDynamicsandEarthquakeEngineering28,764777.
2. DaligdigJA,BesanaGM.1993.SeismologicalhazardsinMetroManila.In:Proceedingsofthenaturaldisasterpreventionandmitigationin
metropolitanManilaarea.UNCHS(Habitat)ProjectINT/90/70,p.941.
3. NelsonAR,PersoniusSF,RimandoRE,PunongbayanRS,TungolN,MirabuenoH,RasdasA.2000.MultipleLargeEarthquakesinthePast1500Years
onaFaultinMetropolitanManila,thePhilippines.BulletinoftheSeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,90,1,pp.7385.
July2015
Liquefaction(Earthquake)
TheRisk:
Areassittingonsoftmuddyuncompactedsediments,suchasreclaimedlandoradjacenttoa
rivermouth, aresubjecttoliquefactionand moreintenseground shaking.If thebuildingsare
properlydesigned,goodfoundationsandarigidstructure,theyshouldbeabletowithstandan
earthquake.Unfortunately,theseareasarelikelytoexhibitbyfartheworstdestruction.The1995
Kobe Earthquake in Japan
experienced
similar
liquefaction resulting in
buildingcollapse:Over6,000
peopledied.
Left: Liquefaction risk in Metro

Manila. Yellow being high
hazard and green being
moderate hazard. Following an
earthquake, these areas are
likely to be the most severely
damagedareasinManila.Credit:
PHIVOLCSDOST.
Whattodo:
Preferably
avoid
living or working in
areas at high risk of
liquefaction.
If you need to be in
these areas review
the building design.
A rigid building with
proper foundations
willsurvive.
Expect and prepare

for the worst in
theseareas.
Resources:
LiquefactionMaps:
http://www.PHIVOLCS.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=418&Itemid=500026
July2015
Tsunamis(Earthquake)
TheRisk:
AccordingtoRenatoSolidum,directorofPHIVOLCSMetroManilaanditsvicinitywillbeisolated
should the Manila Trench move and cause a tsunamis as high as 5.5 metres. If a tsunamis is
generateditwouldlikelyhitManilawithinashorttime(possiblyaslittleas10minutesandlikely
under1hour)ofthequakehitting.ManilaisatlowerriskcomparedtoPacificcoastalareasinthe
Philippines,butduetopopulationdensityatsunamiswouldbedevastating.
Historically, in 1828
andin1863tsunamis
up to 2 metres in
heightwererecorded
inManilaBay.
Right:Positioningofthe
ManilaTrench.Credit:A.
Whymark,GoogleEarth,
Rimando&Kneupfer(2006),
PHIVOLCSDOST.
Asteroid
impact
generated tsunamis
pose a further risk,
these are much rarer
but potentially much
more
catastrophic
events. The Pacific
seaboardisatgreatestriskduetothePacificOceanrepresentingalargetarget.MetroManila,
beingonthewesternside,isatamuchreducedrisk.
Whattodo:
Intheeventofsignificantgroundshakingimmediatelymoveawayfromthecoastand
lowlyingareas,tohighergroundortohigherfloorsinsolidconcretestructuresthat
appeartobeingoodshapeaftertheinitialquake.Waitfortheallclear.
Atsunamiswilllikelyarrivewithinthehourandcouldarriveinamatterofminutes,so
donotdelayinfindingsafety.
HighrisebuildingsinManilaBayandalongPasigRiverwilllikelyofferthequickestroute
ofescapeastrafficisusuallybadandconsiderabledistancesmustbecoveredtoreach
higherground.Ifthebuildingseemsstructurallysoundaftertheearthquakethenits
probablyyourbestoption.Movetothefifthfloororhigher.
July2015
Above:PreliminarytsunamishazardmapofMetroManila.Credit:PhilippineInstituteofVolcanologyand
Seismology(PHIVOLCSDOST)andSolidumR.U.(2015)EarthquakeHazardsandRiskScenarioforMetroManilaandVicinity:the
NeedforWholeofSocietyPreparedness.
Resources:
TsunamisModellinginManilaBay:
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/maps/v.php?id=10603
July2015
10
Landslides(Earthquake&Meteorological)
TheRisk:
Below:LandslideandFloodRiskMapsfromtheMinesandGeoscienceBureau.Yellowindicateslow
landsliderisk,greenismoderatelandslideriskandredishighlandsliderisk.Floodingisindicatedindark
purplesandblues.Credit:MinesandGeoscienceBureau.
July2015
11
DuetothegenerallyflattopographyinMetroManila,theearthquakeinducedlandslideriskis
relativelylowforthemostpart.RiskishigheralongtheValleyFaultscarpsandinanyareaswith
a higher gradient. The
Mines and Geoscience
Bureau have produced
landslide and flood
maps which can be
foundonline.
Landslides can be
induced by heavy rains
which add weight and
lubricatethesoils.They
can also be induced by
groundshakingfroman
earthquake. Risk may
be increased if an
earthquakeoccurredin
thewetseason.
Left: An earthquake
induced landslide during
the 2001 El Salvador
quake. Credit: Photograph
courtesy of the U.S. Geological
Survey. The USGS home page is
http://www.usgs.gov
Whattodo:
Consultthemapsandunderstandtherisks.Landslidesarepredictable,timingsarenot.
Ifyouareathighriskthenconsiderrelocating.
Followinganearthquake,beawarethataftershocksmaycausefurtherlandslides.
Resources:
Clickonthe'GeohazardMapVisualizationonGoogle'andloginforthemostdetailed
maps.http://www.mgb.gov.ph/lhmp.aspx
Easilyaccessiblemapsarefoundonhttp://www.nababaha.com/
July2015
12
13
VolcanicEruptions
TheRisk:
TherearenumerousvolcanoeswithinthegeneralareaofManila.
ProbablythegreatestthreattoManilaisTaalVolcanoinTagaytay.Itisunlikelytocausemajor
problemsinMetroManila.TheashmayresultinclosureoftheInternationalNAIAAirport.The
ashmay also be a nuisanceand reduce air quality. Taal Volcanois closelymonitored andone
wouldlikelyreceiveafewweekswarningofapossibleeruptionwithTaalVolcanoIslandbeing
evacuated.
Above:VolcanoesinthevicinityofMetroManila.Credit:A.WhymarkutilisingdatafromGoogleEarthandPHIVOLCS
DOST.
Whattodo:
Followinstructionifanareaisdeclaredanogozoneoryouaretoldtoevacuateparts
ofTagaytay(apopularretreatforthoselivinginManila)thenpleaserespecttheselimits
andavoiddangeroussightseeing.
Ifashispresentintheairusedustmasksandstayindoors.
Flightsmaybererouted.Clarkisasecondaryhubandmaybeusable.Boatsarefunctional
forinternaltransportation,weatherpermitting.
Resources:
Forvolcanoalertlevelsandadvisoriesvisithttp://www.PHIVOLCS.dost.gov.ph/
July2015
Flooding(Meteorological)
TheRisk:
Large areas ofManila aresubject to flooding. Infact some areaswillfloodafter almost every
thunderstormandtheinhabitantswillhaveraisedlevelpropertiesorraisedbarriersinfrontof
doors.Localisedfloodingisaninconvenience,butoccasionallyaslowmovingtropicaldepression,
tropicalstormortyphoonwillcausesevereandsometimesdeadlyfloodingwithinMetroManila.
FloodingismostcommoninthewetseasonfromMaytoNovember.
Right: Flooding in Manila (Sept. 17,

2007). Credit: United States Navy
Photograph,ID090927N0120R002
Whattodo:
Always
research
a
possible home in terms
of flooding to avoid an
unpleasant
surprise.
Utilise the NOAH maps
andaskneighbours.
Where possible, do not

liveinpropertiessubject
toflooding.
Inthefutureweathermaybecomemoreextremewithglobalincreasesintemperature,
thereforereviewtheworstcasefloodscenarioandassumeitmaybecomemorefrequent.
Takeheedofgovernmentwarningsandavoidunnecessarytravel.
Donotdriveintowaterofunknowndepth.
Takeextraprecautionifnearastream.Theseactasopensewersandmaysmellindry
periodsandmaycontaminateadjacentlandwithsewerageintimesofflooding.
Donotbetemptedtoplayinfloodwaters.Leptospirosisinthewatermayenterthrough
eyes,mouth,nose,oranyopencutsintheskin.Ratsaredisplacedduringfloodingand
mayspreaddisease.
Flashfloodinghasoccurredinthepast.Havearouteuptosafetyasecondorthirdfloor
orroofaccess.Havesufficientfoodandwatertosurviveatleast34daystrappedifyou
areinahighriskarea.
Propertiessubjecttofloodingmaybeonsoftersedimentsoronartificiallyraisedlandand
thereforemorepronetoearthquakedamageiffoundationsareinsufficient.Useflooding
asacuetocheckliquefactionsusceptibility.
July2015
14
Above:OverviewoffloodinginMetroManila.Yellowareasarethemostfloodprone,purplelessso.Note
howtheNNESSWtraceoftheWestValleyFaultisveryevidentonthismapwiththedownthrownblockto
theeastbeingmorefloodpronewithriverchannelsparallelingthefaulttrace.Notealsoalessprominent
NNWSSE linear feature crossing at Taguig. Credit: Mines and Geoscience Bureau from
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/24897_metromanilafloodhazardmap40kvls1.jpg
Resources:
The most accurate and detailed flood maps can be found at http://noah.dost.gov.ph/ and
http://www.nababaha.com/
Forinformationonacurrentsituationvisithttp://web.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/,notethatthissite
is often down when there is heavy traffic, but PAGASA also has a Facebook page and
informationwillbebroadcastonnewsandradiochannels.Damlevelsarealsoindicated
onthissite.
July2015
15
Typhoon(Meteorological)
TheRisk:
ThenorthernandcentralpartsofthePhilippinesareamongstthemostproneplacesintheworld
toexperiencetyphoons(knownasHurricanesandCycloneselsewhere).FortunatelyMetroManila
issomewhatshelteredbylandmassestotheeast.Thatsaid,evenweaktyphoonsaredamaging
andsomeverystrongtyphoonsdohitMetroManila.Onaverage,19typhoonshitthePhilippines
eachyearandacouplenormallyimpactMetroManila.Typhoonscanoccuranytimeoftheyear,
butaremorefrequentinthewetseason,mainlyJulytoNovember,peakingAugusttoSeptember.
Left: Global tracks and
intensity
of
tropical
typhoons, showing the
Philippines to be of
particularly high risk. Image
Credit:NASA.
Whattodo:
Pay attention to track
forecasts and storm
signalwarnings.
Prepare. Ensure stocks
of food and water.
Charge emergency lights
(buy in advance they
selloutbeforeastorm).
Ifnecessarymoveawayfromthecoast.Moveintoasolidconcretebuilding.
Donottravelbyboatifatyphoonisapossibility.
Duringthestormdonotgooutonalooksee(onfootorbycar).Treesandbranchesmay
fallonyou,asmaytiles,windowsandstonecladdinginbuiltupareas.
Thingsgetbacktonormalwithinadayorso,butyoumayhavenopowerforaweekin
subdivisions.
Considerbuyingageneratorwellinadvanceifyoucannotlivewithoutpower.Research
carefullythesizeyouneedbeforespendinganymoney(donotimpulsebuy).
Resources:
Monitorthetyphoonon http://web.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/.Thissiteisoftendownintimesof
heavytraffic.Anothergreatsourceofinformationis http://www.typhoon2000.ph/whichwill
giveyouaccesstosatelliteimagesandstormtracksfromvariousgovernmentagencies.
http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/ is useful for storm track and strength and gives you the
headsupbeforethetyphoonentersthePhilippineAreaofResponsibility.
July2015
16
Fire(Earthquake&Meteorological)
TheRisk:
Intheaftermathofalargeearthquake,Manilawillburn.Thegreatestriskwillbetoliquefaction
prone,highdensity,informalsettlementswithplentyofignitionsources,burnablematerialsand
pooraccess.Upto500simultaneousfireswillburnoutofcontrolasroadsareinaccessible,water
mains are burst and fire trucks buried in
rumble.Wholeblockswillbedestroyedand
around18,000furtherlivesmaybelost.
Fires are not uncommon in Manila and are
oftenassociatedwithelectricalshortcircuits
duringflooding.
Right: Fire outbreak
map (Model 08),
following
a
7.2
magnitudeearthquake
inMetroManila. Credit:
Earthquake
Impact
Reduction
Study
for
Metropolitan Manila in the
Republic of the Philippines (2004) and Solidum R. U. (2015)
EarthquakeHazardsandRiskScenarioforMetroManilaand
Vicinity:theNeedforWholeofSocietyPreparedness.
Whattodo:
Ensureyouhaveadequatefireescapes(andwindowgrillescapes)andensuretheyare
neverlocked.
EnsureyourhomeandworkplacehaveABCfireextinguisherspositionednearexits.
Haveaveryminimumofonesmokealarminyourhouse,whichistestedmonthly.
Planwheretomeetupwithfamilyintheeventoffiredesignateanopenarea.
Turnoffgasandpowerafteranearthquake.
Check electrical wiring in advance. In the Philippines joining cables with tape and not
properconnectorsiscommonplace.Thesewireseasilyworklooseandmayshortcircuit.
Saveyourself,donotattempttosavepropertyorvaluables.
Donotusecandlesoroillampsfollowinganearthquake(exceptwideoutintheopen)
duetoriskofaftershocks.Usebatteryorsolartorchesinstead.
Resources:
EarthquakeImpactReductionStudy:
July2015
17
Security(Earthquake)
TheRisk:
Theaftermathofdisastercanbringoutboththebestandworstinpeople.FollowingTyphoon
Yolanda(Haiyan)abreakdowninlawandorderwaswitnessed.InMetroManilathisisunlikelyto
happeninresponsetoatyphoonorfloodevent,butisaprimeexampleofhowonemightexpect
theaftermathofalargeearthquaketounfold.Onecanexpectshopsandmallstobelooted,not
justforfood,butalsoforhighendgoods.Privatehomesarelikelytobelesspronetomasslooting.
Isolatedincidentsofrapeandviolencemayalsooccur.
Whattodo:
Beprepared.Haveanemergencybagorsimplyroutinelyoverstockyourcupboardswith
10daysto2weeksoffood.Youshouldhavenoneedtogonearashopormall.
Donotexplore,especiallyatnight.Youmaygetcaughtupinabadsituation.
Avoidimpersonalshopsandmalls.Residentialareaswillprobablybelesspronetolarge
scalelooting.
Donotlootandavoidcrowdsoflooters.Shootingincidentscanrealisticallybeexpected.
Ifyouarecaughtupinacrowd,trytoblendin,
gowiththecrowdandinthesamedirectionuntil
youcangettotheedgeandfindanescaperoute.
Donotbeahaveagoheroorlecturesomeone.
Risking yourself to save property is not
worthwhile.Possessionsarealwayssecondaryto
anypersonslife.
Stick with a group of friends, neighbours or
colleagues. If you are in a secure condominium,
compound or subdivision then stay there and
avoidthetemptationtoexplore.
Toprotectfrombeinglootedinvestinbarriers,fences,securitylocksandwindowgrillsin
advance.Sandbagscanbeusedforrebuildingbarriers(aswellasfloodcontrol).Move
valuablesoutofsight.Adog,agunstickerorevenacutoutcardboardpersoncanbea
deterrent.Ifyoulooklikeahardertargetorlessappealingthanyourneighbours,youare
lesslikelytobelooted.Groupsofhomeownerspatrollingmayalsodeterisolatedlooters,
butyoushouldnottakethelawintoyourownhands.
Havecomprehensivehomeinsurance.
Resources:
Information:http://survivallife.com/2014/09/17/7tipsforsurvivingamoboflooters2/
Information:http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/archives/2007/mar07/mar07.pdf
July2015
18
LackofPreparation(Earthquake&Meteorological)
TheRisk:
Intheaftermathofacatastrophicevent,governmentandaidorganisationswillbeextremelythin
ontheground.Furthermore,supplyroutesmaybeinaccessible.Withforwardplanningyouwill
beabletohelpyourselfandyourfamily,freeingupagenciestohelpthosetrulyinneed.Aimfor
selfhelpandmutualhelpwithinyourlocalcommunity.
Whattodo:
BEHAVIOUR
SUPPLIES
Always have at least 10 days to 2

weeks of food in the house. Buy
newfoodwhenyouhave2weeks
supplyleft,notwhenyourunout.
Always have at least 10 days to 2
weeks supply of baby milk / food
andessentialmedicines.
Have10daysto2weekssupplyof
water at home and a basic water
purification kit. If an earthquake
hitstryandgatherandstoreasmuchwateraspossibleaspipesmaybebroken.
Considerhavingafullbugoutbag(exampleitemstobefoundonthenextpage).
Considerstoringbasicrescuetools(exampleitemstobefoundonthenextpage).
Haveatleast1torch(solarpowerorbatteriesisideal).Avoidcandles/openflames.
HOMESAFETYREVIEW
Arrangeapostquakemeetingpointforyourfamilyinasafeandopenarealikeapark.
Haveasinglerelativeoutoftownthateveryonecancontacttorelaymessages.
Practiseearthquakedrillsandknowwhattodoathome,work,schoolandinacar.
HaveamediumtermplanonwheretogofollowingalargeEarthquake,oncetheroad
networkisreestablishedmaybeyouhavefamilyintheprovinces?
Review your house for a seismic retrofit. It costs one tenth to retrofit compared to
rebuildinganditcansaveyourlife.
Reviewthepositioningofhazardousobjectsandensuretallfurnitureissecuredtowalls.
Ensureadequateunlockedescaperoutesintheeventoffireorearthquake.
AlwayshaveatleastonesmokealarmandABCfireextinguisherinthehouse.
QuakeAlarms(physicalorphoneapp)maywakeyouandgiveafewsecondswarning.
Knowhowtoshutoffelectricity,gasandwater.
Reviewhomesecurity(fences,gates,grills,etc.)butensureescapeisnotblocked.
Getearthquakeinsuranceitsprobablyyourbestinvestment.
July2015
19
Knowwhattodoinanearthquake:
Intheeventofanearthquakeyoushouldknowpreciselywhattodo.
Youhaverehearsedyourearthquakedrill.
Youhavecheckedandhaveconfidenceinthestructureyouarein.
Youhavesecuredfurnitureandlooseobjects.
InaBuilding:TheDROP,COVERandHOLDONmethodisrecommended.Ifpossiblemoveaway
from windows and falling hazards when the shaking starts and, if you can, turn off gas and
extinguishopen flames.In anearthquake youneedtoprotect your head fromfalling ceilings,
furnitureandobjects.Thesturdierthefurniturethebetter,butyouwilllikelyhavelittlechoice.
Youcanalsograbapilloworchaircushiontoprotectyourhead.Planaheadbykeepingwaterand
atorchunderyourbedordesk.
TheTriangleofLifeoffersanalternativemethod,butisnotrecommended.Itissaidthatbybeing
nextto,ratherthanunder,asturdypieceoffurnituretherewillbeasurvivablespaceshouldthe
buildingcollapse.Unfortunatelyyoumaywellbekilledbythechinadisplaycabinetfallingonyour
headandchancesareyourbuildingwasntgoingtocollapseanyway.
Avoidthetemptationtorushoutsideasfallingmasonry,tilesandwindowscankill.Ifyouare
inside,stayinsideanddonotmoverooms,simplyDROP,COVERandHOLDONwhereyouare.
Ifyouareinamodernpackedstadium,cinema,theatre,nightclubormallthendonotrushfor
theexit.Youmaybetrampledorcrushed.SimplyDROP,COVERandHOLDON.Protectyourhead
andneckasbestaspossible.Goundersomethingorbetweenchairs.Leaveinanorderlymanner
afterthequake.Donotuselifts/elevators.Historicpublicbuildings,includingoldchurches,will
bemorepronetocollapseandoneshouldcalmlybutquicklyevacuatetheseifpossible.
Outdoors:Stayintheopen.Stayawayfrombuildingsandelectricallines.Droptothefloor.
InaVehicle:Stopthecarimmediatelyinanopenareaifpossible,putonhandbrakeandhazard
lights.Ifonanopenroadoronaskywaythenstayinthevehiclewithyourseatbeltfastened.If
beneathaskywayyoumaywishtovacateyourvehicleandmovetoanopenarea.Stayawayfrom
July2015
20
buildingsandfallingdebris.Ifnotsafetovacatethencurlupandgetinthefootwell.Ifelectrical
linesfallonthecarthenstayinthevehicle.Ifyoudrivehome,dososlowlyandcautiously.
In a high risk area:If downstreamfrom adam

move to higher ground. The dam may be
compromised.
Ifbythecoast,immediatelymovetohigherground
orhigherfloorsinsolidbuildingsasatsunamismay
followwithinashorttime.
If in a landslide prone area then move to safer

ground,aftershocksmaycausemorelandslides.
Expect aftershocks. Vacate dangerous areas and

buildings.
Credit:U.S.GeologicalSurveyphotograph.
Choosingaplacetolive
If you are looking for a safe place to live in Manila, examination of the flood hazard maps or
liquefactionmapsgivesthebigpicture.Avoidlowlyingareasthatflood,floodingisfrequentin
Manilaandcanbebothhazardousandinconvenient.Thesesamestronglyfloodproneareaswill
fair badly in earthquakes dueto strong ground shaking brought on by liquefaction of the soft
underlying sediments. These most heavily damaged areas will also have the majority of the
earthquakerelatedfires.Manyofthesamelowlyingareas,particularlyintheManilaBayarea
aresubjecttoearthquaketsunamisandtyphoonstormsurges.
Aimtoliveonrelativelyhigherground,butavoidslopeswhichoftencorrespondtolandsliderisk
areasandproximitytothefaultline.Itwouldbeadvisabletobe300metresfromthemapped
faultlineinordertobecertainyouareinasaferarea.Ifcloser,youshouldevaluateriskwith
geomorphologicalanalysesoftheextentofthedeformationzoneandhistoricscarps.
ThesaferareasarethehighergroundformingabroadcentralswathetothewestoftheWest
Valley Fault. This area encompasses much of Las Pinas, Paranaque, Makati, Fort Bonifacio,
Mandaluyong,Ortigas,SanJuan,QuezonCityandKalookanCity.Theseareastypicallyhavesolid
rockorfirmsoilfoundationsandbuildingswillfarebetterdespiteproximitytothefaultline.
The safest structures to be in are the modern high rise buildings with 3060 floors. Modern
buildingsshouldbetocurrentcode.Inlowrisehousing,oneneedstoevaluatethepropertyand
retrofitifneeded.Modernarchitectdesignedandretrofittedbuildingsshouldbesafe.
ThemostlikelyScenarioforaproximalearthquakewouldbeeitheralongtheEastValleyFaultor
thenorthernpartofthe WestValley Faultfrom QuezonCity,Marikina anduptoTaguig. This
northern segment is locked and has a very pronounced scarp slope. The surface rupture may
extend further south through Muntinlupa, but to the south the scarp slope becomes less
pronouncedandinplacesthefaultiscreeping,whichrelievesstresses.
July2015
21
Itemstohaveavailableincaseofemergency:
Sustenance
Nonperishablepackagedorcannedfood(e.g.cannedtuna,sweetcorn,beans,spam,cornedbeef,
highenergysnackitemslikenuts).Alwayshavetwoweekssupplyinyourcupboardandrotate.Rice,
pasta,oatmeal,noodlesarealsofunctionalandeasytokeepinstock,butbearinmindtheseusea
lotofwatertoprepare.Makeitahabittoalwayshave10daysto2weekssupplyoffoodinthe
house.Neverrunoutbeforerestocking.
Anyspecialfoodsandsuppliesforbabies,thedisabledortheelderly.Youwontbeabletobuybaby
milk,sokeepsomereadyandrotateeveryfewmonths.
Plasticeatingutensils,papercupsandplates.
Manualcanopener.
Agallonofwaterperpersonperdayyoumayhaveastoragetankdontwastethiswater.(Filter
waterusingcloth/papertowel/coffeefilter,boilfor13minutes,cool).
Waterpurificationkitorunscentedliquidbleach(Filterusingcloth/papertowel/coffeefilter,add
68dropspergallon/4.5litres/8pintsofwater.Wait30min.Watershouldhaveaslightchlorine
odour.Ifnotthenrepeatandstandfor15min.Ifnoodourthendiscard.Ifodourtoostrongletwater
sitforafewhours).
Medical&Hygiene
Firstaidkitandhandbook(maybeevendoafirstaidcourse).
Essentialmedicationrequired.Paracetamolanddiarrhoeatabletsshouldbekept.
Toiletpaper,basictoiletries,soap,diapersandfemininehygieneitems.
Papertowels/wetwipes.
AlcoholDisinfectant.
Dustmasks
Shelter
Twotarps(usedbillboardtarpaulin/lona/trapal),8feetby10feetorcampingtents.
Largepopupcanopytentforcommunitygatheringpoint(optional).
Mosquitonet.
Coilsofropeandwire;Ducttape.
Flashlight,withsparebatteries.Modernsolarpoweredlampsareideal.Candlesshouldbeusedwith
extremecautionandoutsideonlyduetoaftershockscreatingfirerisks.
Heavydutyaluminiumfoil.
Knifeorrazorblades,scissors.
Campingstove,fuelandsaucepan.
Portableradioandbattery.
Matchesinwaterproofcontainer.
Largeandsmallplasticbags/binbags.
Waterandfuelcontainers.
Generator(optional).
ABCFireextinguishers.
Communication/Documents
Paper,pens,markersforsigns/posters.
Telephonenumbersyourphonemaynotwork.
Roadmapsifrequired
Importantdocumentsorcopies(passport,insurance,financial,etc.).Considerdigitising.
Cashandsmallchange.BigbillswillbeuselessandATMswillnotfunction.
RescueandConstructionTools
Workgloves.
Smalltoolkitincludinghammerandnails.
Largertools:Macheteoraxe;Shovel;Crowbar;BoltCutters.
CarJacksBottleJacksarecheapandusedtoliftconcreteslabs.Weshouldallkeepacouple.
Resources:
MetroManilaPreparation:http://www.bepreparedmetromanila.com/
MetroManilaEarthquakeDrill:http://www.metromanilashakedrill.com/
Earthquakepreparedness:http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/preparedness.php
Earthquake preparedness: http://www.seattletimes.com/seattlenews/getreadytorumbleaguide
toearthquakepreparedness/
Earthquakepreparedness:http://www.fema.gov/medialibrary/assets/documents/7877
Earthquakepreparedness:http://www.utah.gov/beready/earthquakePreparedness.html
July2015
22
BuildingDesignandMaintenance(Earthquake)
TheRisk:
Structure: Within the Philippines buildings have to contend with typhoons, flooding and
earthquakes.Thisposesauniqueproblemforbuildingdesign.Anopenstorydesigntocopewith
floodingoraheavyrooftocopewithtyphoons,maynotbethebestdesigninanearthquake.It
isthereforeabsolutelycriticaltoliveinproperlydesignedorretrofittedbuildings.
Intheeventofa7.2magnitudeearthquakethisistheexpectedbuildingdamage:
ResidentialBuildingDamage
PublicBuildingsDamage
1030StoreyBuildingDamage
3060StoreyDamage
Heavy12.7%
Heavy810%
Heavy11%
Heavy2%
Partly25.6%
Partly2025%
Partly27%
Partly12%
Source:MetroManilaEarthquakeImpactReductionStudy,2004JICA,PHIVOLCS,MMDA.
So,todispelthemyth,modernhighrisebuildingsinMetroManilaarebyfarthesafestbuildings
tobeinwhenanearthquakestrikes.Additionally,mostmodernhighrisesareonsolidrockof
theupthrownblock,whichisthesafestplacetobe.Lowfloorsinhighrisecondominiumsare
probablyoptimalasliftswillbeoutofactionfollowingaquake.
MidrisebuildingsinMetroManilashouldbetakenonacasebycasebasis.Mostarearchitect
designed,whichisadvantageous.Modernbuildsarelikelytobethesafest.Olderbuildingsmay
notbeuptothecurrentcode.
Lowrise buildings, for the most part houses, are variable in design. They may not have been
architect designed or reviewed from a seismic
perspective. Modern constructions are more
likelytobeuptocode.
Fixtures:Thefixturesshouldbepreciselythat
FIXED! Furniture and heavy items turn into
projectiles in an earthquake. This is why the
DROP, COVER and HOLD ON method is
recommended. You should be protecting your
head from falling ceilings, bookcases and
objects. By forward planning you can not only
reducethehazardtoyourself,butalsosaveyour
valuablesandtreasuredheirlooms!
Right:Furnitureandheavyobjectsfallduringalarge
earthquake.Itisimportanttosecureitems.During
anearthquakepracticeDROP,COVER&HOLDON
method.Credit: 5
,https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Shizuoka_earthquake_struck_room_20090811.jpg
July2015
23
Whattodo:
Structure:Toevaluateyourhomeorapotentialhomeaskquestionslike:
Wasitarchitectdesigned?
Whenwasitbuiltpre1992?
Hasitbeenseismicallyevaluatedorretrofitted?
Isthehousewellmaintained,anyoldcracks?
Isitaregularshape?Doesithaveoverhangs?
Isitbuiltonaslope?
DoesithavewideopenareassuchasLanaior
garagewithnowallsbetweencolumns?
Hasithadextrafloorsadded?
Arethewalls4inchesor6inchesthick?
Areunsupportedwallsmorethan3mwide?
AmIonsoftriversedimentorsolidsoil/rock?
Doesthehousefeelsolidandconstructedwell?
Usethesequestionstogetafeelingfortheconstruction,butattheendofthedaytheonlyway
to be certain is to have a seismic review of the property done. You ideally need full architect
drawingssothatrebar,foundations,etc.canbereviewed.Aseismicretrofitistentimescheaper
thanrebuildingyourhomeanditmaysaveyourlife!
AboveRight:TiltedVictorianhomeatHowardand17thStreetsintheMissionDistrictofSanFrancisco
showingliquefactionrelateddamagefromthe1906earthquake.PhotographbyG.K.GilbertoftheU.S.Geological
Survey.http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/liquefaction/image_pages/tilted_victorian.html
Fixtures:Ifyouarehappywiththestructurethenturnyourattentiontotheinterior:
Securetallcupboards,bookcasesandheavyfurnituretowallswithLbrackets.
Heavyobjectsshouldbeplacedclosetogroundlevel.
Useblutack,museumputty,velcroorinvisiblenyloncordtosecuredisplayitems.
Ensurepictureandmirrorhooksaresecure.
Makesurethatcupboards,especiallyfoodcupboardscloseorlocksecurelysothe
contentsarenotthrownout.Shelvescanbefittedwithbarstopreventfallingobjects.
EnsureABCfireextinguishersaretohandandpositionednearanexitroute.
Windowfilmscanstopwindowsfromshattering(orusemaskingtapeforaftershocks).
Evaluateelectricalwiringloosewiresmaybeafirehazard.
Keephallwaysandescaperoutesfreeofobjectsthatmayhamperyourexitiftheyfall.
Bracewatertanksandconsiderflexiblehoses.Thisisyourmainwatersupply.
Ensurethereisnothingaroundyourbedthatmayfallandinjureyou.
Resources:
Checkingyourhouse:
http://satreps.PHIVOLCS.dost.gov.ph/images/jica_materials/2_questionaire_chb_english_ver1_0_january2
0_2014.pdf
Preparation:http://www.wikihow.com/PrepareforanEarthquake
Preparation:http://www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/rthqkswtd/indexen.aspx#s4
July2015
24
25
ABOVE:APHIVOLCSDOSTPublicationHowSafeismyHouse?Page1.
http://satreps.PHIVOLCS.dost.gov.ph/images/jica_materials/2_questionaire_chb_english_ver1_0_january20_2014.pdf
July2015
26
July2015
27
July2015
28
July2015
29
July2015
30
July2015
ABOVE:APHIVOLCSDOSTPublicationPHIVOLCSEarthquakeIntensityScale(PEIS).
July2015
31
ABOVE:APHIVOLCSDOSTPublicationEarthquake!AreYouPrepared?
July2015
32

Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards in Metro Manila 2015-07

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards in Metro Manila 2015-07

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

NaturalandAnthropogenicHazards

There are many fault lines in the

Philippines, a number of which have historically caused significant damage in

Liquefaction (Earthquake): The underlying soil is an extremely

Tsunamis (Earthquake): Shortly after an earthquake one should

Volcanic Eruptions: The Philippines is largely volcanic. There are no

Flooding (Meteorological): Flooding is a significant issue within

Security (Earthquake): Following a large earthquake, law and order

Building Design and Maintenance (Earthquake): Your

The safest option is to be at least 300

Be aware that everywhere in Metro

Bottom Right: Multiple historic surface

Left: Liquefaction risk in Metro

Expect and prepare

Right: Flooding in Manila (Sept. 17,

Where possible, do not

Always have at least 10 days to 2

In a high risk area:If downstreamfrom adam

If in a landslide prone area then move to safer

Expect aftershocks. Vacate dangerous areas and

S-ar putea să vă placă și