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Prepared By s.Umar,M.E.,D.I.D.,M.I.V.,M.I.S.T.E.,

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WHAT IS MEAN BY CONCRETE

MIXTURE OF
BINDING MATERIAL

Lime , Cement , Polymer , Resins , Bitumen , Tar , Plastic , Etc

FINE AGGREGATE

Clean River Sand

COARSE AGGREGATE

Pebbles, Gravel, Shale , HBG Stone

IN PRESENCE OF WATER

Must Be Neutral

CONCRETE FROM PAST TO PRESENT

THE TUNKHANNOCK
VIADUCT WAS BEGUN IN
1912 AND IS STILL IN
REGULAR SERVICE AS OF
2014.

UNREINFORCED CONCRETE

Outer view of the Roman Pantheon,

still the largest unreinforced solid
concrete dome.

Inside the Pantheon dome, looking straight up.

The concrete for the coffered dome was laid
on moulds, probably mounted on temporary
scaffolding.

IMPORTANCE OF CONCRETE

CONCRETE IS EVERYWHERE!! ROADS, SIDEWALKS, HOUSES, BRIDGES, SKYSCRAPERS, PIPES, DAMS, CANALS, MISSILE SILOS, AND
NUCLEAR WASTE CONTAINMENT. THERE ARE EVEN CONCRETE CANOES AND FRISBEE COMPETITIONS.

IT IS STRONG, INEXPENSIVE, PLENTIFUL, AND EASY TO MAKE. BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY, IT'S VERSATILE. IT CAN BE MOLDED TO
JUST ABOUT ANY SHAPE.

CONCRETE IS FRIENDLY TO THE ENVIRONMENT. IT'S VIRTUALLY ALL NATURAL. IT'S RECYCLABLE.

IT IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED MATERIAL IN CONSTRUCTION.

SLIGHTLY MORE THAN A TON OF CONCRETE IS PRODUCED EVERY YEAR FOR EACH PERSON ON THE PLANET, APPROXIMATELY 6
BILLION TONS PER YEAR.

BY WEIGHT, ONE-HALF TO TWO-THIRDS OF OUR INFRASTRUCTURES ARE MADE OF CONCRETE SUCH AS: ROADS, BRIDGES,
BUILDINGS, AIRPORTS, SEWERS, CANALS, DAMS, AND SUBWAYS.

APPROXIMATELY 60% OF OUR CONCRETE HIGHWAYS NEED REPAIR AND 40% OF OUR CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGES ARE
STRUCTURALLY DEFICIENT OR FUNCTIONALLY OBSOLETE.

LARGE CITIES LOSE UP TO 30% OF THEIR DAILY WATER SUPPLY DUE TO LEAKS IN CONCRETE WATER PIPES.

IT HAS BEEN ESTIMATED THAT THE NECESSARY REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS TO OUR INFRASTRUCTURES WILL COST $3.3
TRILLION OVER A NINETEEN-YEAR PERIOD. $1 TRILLION OF THAT IS NEEDED FOR REPAIRING THE NATION'S CONCRETE.