Revista Romaqua 3-1

An XVII, nr. 3/2011, vol.
75
editat de
Cuprins
Contents
ROMAQUA
I.S.S.N. 1453 - 6986
ANUL XVII, nr. 3 / 2011, vol. 75
EDITOR:
ASOCIAIA ROMN A APEI
Splaiul Independenei nr. 202 A,
etaj 9, sector 6, Bucureti,
Cod 06002,
Tel./Fax: (021) 316.27.88
Tel./Fax: (021) 316.27.87
E-mail: romaqua@ara.ro
Website: www.ara.ro
ROMAQUA:
Este o publicaie tehnico-tiinific
de informare periodic, menit
s ofere informaii tehnice semnificative,
idei i opinii ale specialitilor.
COLEGIUL DE REDACIE:
Redactor ef:
Vladimir Rojanschi
Redactor ef-Adjunct:
Vasile Ciomo
Secretariat de redacie:
Gheorghe Anghel
Livia Ciaky
COLEGIUL TIINIFIC:
Aureliu Emil Sndulescu
Nicolae Panin
Sergiu Calos
Teniu Peitchev
Anton Anton
Ioan Bic
Alexandru Mnescu
Ion Mirel
Sandu Marin
Margareta Nicolau
Traducere n limba englez:
Daniela Munteanu
Responsabilitatea editrii revistei
ROMAQUA revine Asociaiei Romne a Apei.
Reproducerea integral sau parial
este permis cu condiia citrii sursei.
EDITORIAL
V.l. ROJANSCHI
Concursul Detecia Pierderilor de Ap la a - 4-a ediie

Water Loss Detection Competition - 4th edition
SILVIu LCTuu
Echipamente romneti performante pentru protecia mediului

Performant Romanian equipments for environmental protection
DAN RObESCu , RALuCA MOCANu , VALENTIN SILIVESTRu
Studiul perfomanei biofiltrelor de nisip pentru reducerea

contaminanilor microbieni: coliformi totali, E. coli si enterococi
din apa potabil destinat rilor n curs de dezvoltare
The study of the biosand filters performance with respect to
the removal of Total Coliforms, EColi and Enterococcs microbial
contaminants for the drinking water supply in the developing
countries
IOANA STNESCu
14
Young Water Professionals

Grupul de Lucru din Romania,
berlin 2-5 mai 2011
Romanian Working Group
berlin 2-5 may
23
Monitorizarea calitaii apei destinate consumului uman

The monitoring of water quality intended for human
consumption
LuCACIu I., .a.
Detectivii apei pierdute o nou publicaie de specialitate
Alin ANCHIDIN
Probleme n implementarea proiectelor din fonduri europene
Studiu de caz: Proiectul de pregtire a aplicaiei de finanare
din fondul de coeziune pentru judeul Arge
Problems in European funds projects implementation - Study
case: The project of preparing the cohesion funds application
for Arges County
ANCA-ELENA bOR
26
38
40
ANALIZA APEI CONSuMATE SI A APEI PIERDuTE N ZONELE

CONTORIZATE IN ZONELE 348, 349 I 840 N DISTRICTuL
REZIDENIAL GEO MILEV, SOFIA
ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSuMPTION AND WATER LOSSES IN DMA
348, 349 AND 840 IN GEO MILEV RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT, SOFIA
GANTCHO DIMITROV
54
O SOLuIE EFICINET DE REuCERE A PIERDERILOR DE AP I A

NuMRuLuI DE AVARII N PARTEA DE JOS A ORAuLuI KARDJALI
AN EFFICIENT SOLuTION FOR THE REDuCTION OF WATER LOSSES AND
NuMbER OF FAILuRES IN THE LOWER PART OF THE TOWN OF
KARDJALI
GANTCHO DIMITROV, V. DIMITROV
57
100 DE ANI DE ALIMENTARE Cu APA

IN SISTEM CENTRALIZAT LA bISTRITA
100 YEARS OF CENTRALIZED WATER SuPPLY IN bISTRITA
FLORIN ILIESCu
60
EDITORIAL
a
l
e
d Dezvoltarea Durabil
laEconomia Verde
Experiena aplicrii acestui

model de dezvoltare, conform
specificului fiecrei ri, avnd
n vedere concluziile unor Conferine Internaionale precum,
Rio+10 de la Johanesburg
(Africa de Sud) din
2002, Conferina
Prof. UNIV. dr. INg. VladImIr rojaNschI de la Copenhaga
Prorector - UEB, Vicepreedinte cTs ara
(pentru prelungirea
Protocolului de la
Kyoto) din 2009,
n 1992, la Rio de
Conferina de la Cantun (MeJaneiro (Brazilia), s-a
xic) din 2010, au scos n eviadoptat n mod oficial
den nerealizri, neclariti
i diferene de concepie n
un nou concept de
abordarea conceptului. Poluadezvoltare a societii
rea continu s existe, fenoumane Dezvoltarea
mene ale deteriorrii agravante
a mediului se maDurabil. Prin acest
nifest, epuizarea resurconcept se caut
selor naturale continu,
stoparea formelor
inclusiv a surselor de
grave de poluare a
hran. In aceste condii,
n pregtirea viitoarei Conmediului, a
ferine Mondiale Rio+20, ce
consumului excesiv
se preconizeaz a avea loc n
de resurse naturale i
2012 la Rio de Janiero s-a
ca alternativ
lansat un nou concept, care
s indice cile concrete i cu
continuarea
o
valabilitate global, i anudezvoltrii sociome, Economia verde.
economice pe baza
unui optim ntre cei
patru piloni:
economic,
tehnologic, uman i
ambiental.
nr.3 / 2011 www.romaqua.ro
Trebuie menionat c Economia Verde este instrumentul

prin care se poate atinge Dezvoltarea Durabil, prin corelarea mai bun a celor patru
piloni, menionai mai nainte,
att la nivel naional, ct i
pe plan internaional. Tranziia

spre o Economie Verde n Romnia, pe baza unor abordri
i dezbateri, organizate de Ministerul Mediului i Pdurilor,
presupune, printre altele:
Crearea de condiii pentru
produse verzi i cu impact
minim asupra mediului;
Aplicarea unor instrumente
stimulative, pentru astfel
de produse;
Atragerea capitalului privat
i orientarea spre sectoare
cu aport semnificativ n raport cu Economia Verde;
Promovarea unor investiii
publice spre noi sectoare
care s respecte capacitatea de suport a ecosistemelor.
Fa de aceste tendine, Sectorul APEI nu poate
sta deoparte. Apa este n aceeai msur i o resurs economic si una indispensabil
vieii pe pmnt, dar i un
factor de mediu, ce asigur
existena i echilibru tuturor
ecosistemelor. Toi operatorii
de ap sunt i trebuie s fie
implicai profund n managementul i utilizarea durabil
a resurselor de ap. i aa
cum s-a spus, tranziia spre o
Economie Verde poate fi un
suport spre atingerea acestui
deziderat.
EDITORIAL
ARA EDITORIAL
implicat n politica european a apei
In adoptarea unei politici i

strategii a tranziiei spre o Economie Verde, la nivel de operator, se sugereaz cteva direcii sau ci de aciune:
proiectarea ansamblului sistemului de alimentare cu ap
potabil i de canalizare/epurare avnd n vedere reducerea sau optimizarea consumului de resurse, materii
prime, inclusiv energie; apa
asigurat consumatorilor include n pre procente de circa 50-70% energie; reducerea unor procente se concretizeaz prin reducerea
proporional a presiunii asupra sistemului energetic;
extragerea de ap din captri
la un nivel care s asigure
debitele salubre / ecologice
n aval, n cazul surselor de ap de suprafa i evitarea deprecierii / epuizrii
n cazul captrilor din apa subteran;
generarea redus de deeuri i produse
secundare de pe ntregul flux tehnologic
al tratrii i epurrii apelor;
transformarea staiei de epurare n staie
de producie de ap curat menajer
(posibil a fi folosit la irigaii, stropit i
splat strzi, apa menajer pentru gospodrii i ferme etc.) i compost (posibil
a fi folosit ca ngrmnt pentru sere,
cmp pentru cultur mare etc.);
introducerea unor practici moderne de
management a apei pe sistemele de
transport i distribuie, pe platforme i
la utilizatori avnd n vedere reducerea
semnificativ a pierderilor de ap, a
normelor specifice de consum, a introducerii generalizate a contorizrii apei,
etc.
Pe de alt parte n introducerea unor
tehnici, tehnologii, practici, procedee n
numele tranziiei spre o Economie Verde,
trebuie fcut cu atenie, cu discernmnt,

cu apelarea la o analiz tehnico-economic
pe ntreg ciclul de via a alternativelor
analizate. In acest mod se pot evita situaii
n care economii ntr-o zon sunt anulate
i chiar depite de pierderi sau de consumuri excesive ntr-o alt zon.
Desigur toate aceste noi orientri nu
trebuie fcute n detrimentul sau renunarii
la respectarea strict a condiiilor de calitate
a apei potabile, livrat utilizatorilor, i nici
la calitatea apelor uzate epurate, impuse
descrcrii n receptori sau a nmolului
integrat ntr-un mod sau altul n natur.
Aa vom asigura respectarea i asigurarea
sntii oamenilor, a calitii vieii i a
mediului.
Sectorul Apei trebuie s devin un
promotor al celor mai bune practici
de mediu i al aplicrii celor mai bune
tehnologii ale momentului n ansamblul servciilor publice de interes general!
www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011
EVENIMENTE CARE AU FOST
Concursul
DETECIA PIERDERILOR DE AP
la a 4 -a editie
INg. sIlVIU lcTUU

dIrEcTor ExEcUTIV cfPPda
Ajuns la a 4-a ediie,
Concursul Detecia
Pierderilor de Ap s-a
desfurat n perioada
17-19 mai 2011 la
Climneti Cciulata.
Evenimentul organizat
de ARA prin Centrul de
Formare i Perfecionare
Profesional n
Domeniul Apei
(CFPPDA), a beneficiat
de gzduirea
Operatorului regional de
servicii de alimentare cu
ap i canalizare
SC APAVIL SA i de
susinerea companiilor
SEBA Dynatronic i
Grundfos. La aceast
ediie au participat 17
echipaje (Gorj, Sibiu,
Neam, Tulcea, Dolj, Olt,
Constana, Bucureti,
Severin, Cluj, Tg Mure,
Timi, Alba, Galai,
Deva, Maramure, Satu
Mare) i n calitate de
observatori, Aquabis i
Water Company Donau
(Bulgaria).
Acest eveniment dedicat n primul

rnd practicienilor, este compus din
dou seciuni: o parte practic (evaluarea n teren) i una teoretic (n
cadrul seminarului desfurat la
sala). In acest an, echipele aflate n
concurs au avut de evaluat 4 trasee
cu lungimi ntre 36 i 85 de metri,
fiecare dintre ele avnd particulariti
diferite. Simularea unei zile de activitate intense din cadrul activitii de detecie a pierderilor a fost complete. In
ziua de concurs, organizatorii i mai ales participanii
au fost nevoii s fac fa
diverselor provocri: zgomotul specific unui drum
european (aflat n imediata
vecintate a unui traseu),
interesul i vlva creat n
zona traseelor i explicaiile
cerute de cei din zona sau
numrul mare de avarii (3)
de pe un tronson.
Ca i la ediiile anterioare, fiecare
participant este un ctigtor prin
informaiile noi i schimbul de experien pe care l-au fcut n aceste
zile. Trofeul a fost adjudecat de echipa Companiei de Ap Olt, care a
fost premiat de sponsori cu un echipament Hydrolux i cu un tablou
de control al presiunii pentru o staie
de pompare.
Ctigtorul n anul acesta al concursului de pierderi este principalul
operator al judeului Olt n domeniul
ap, canal, epurare ce opereaz n
Municipiul Slatina i oraele: Drgneti-Olt, Scorniceti, Piatra-Olt i
Potcoava. Prima poziie obinut n
competiia de anul acesta, demon-
streaz eforturile Companiei de Ap Olt pentru creterea performanei serviciilor i, mai

ales, atenia deosebit
acordat reducerii pierderilor de ap de ctre conducerea
Companiei, prin Directorul genera,
dna. Strinu Iuliana i a Directorului
tehnic, dl. Ra Florea. Eforturile
deosebite fcute de gazde, sub coordonarea Directorului general
dl. Cristian Jianu pentru buna desfurare a evenimentului, participarea ANRSC prin dl. Cristian Piroc
Coordonator Regional, mesajul
expertului Andy Bowden, implicarea

mediul tiinific prin preedintele
CFPPDA dl.Prof. univ.dr.ing. Alexandru Mnescu, domnii ef lucrri
dr. ing. Sorin Perju i asistent drd.
ing. Daniel Cornea (UTCB), prezena
dlui. prof. univ. Sergiu Calos, din
Republica Moldova, i contribuiile
companiilor Seba KMT, prin Directorul general dl. Bogdan Ardeleanu
i Companiei Grundfos prin
dna. Ioana Ionescu, confirm faptul
c acest eveniment a adus un plus
de valoare n cadrul Companiilor
de ap din Romnia i mai ales, c
el devine de la an la an, un concurs
mai riguros i cu att mai atractiv
pentru sectorul apei din ara noastr.
STUDII I CERCETRI
ABSTRACT
The experience gathered in the field of high speed blade machines allowed development, in own conception, of
series of electrical centrifugal natural gas or air compressors and electrical centrifugal air blowers in a large
variety of flows and pressures, making INCD Turboengines COMOTI the only national producer for such complex
equipments. The paper presents the principal characteristics of these equipments and there behavior in
functioning conditions, in Wastewater Treatment Plants.
daN roBEscU
ralUca mocaNU
ValENTIN sIlIVEsTrU
Institutul Naional de Cercetare Dezvoltare Turbomotoare COMOTI Bucureti, Bd. Iuliu Maniu, nr. 220D,
sector 6, Bucureti
dan.robescu@comoti.ro, r.mocanu@yahoo.com,
valentin.silivestru@comoti.ro,
Keywords:
centrifugal air blowers
wastewater treatment
cogeneration
1.Introducere
introducere
1
INCD Turbomotoare COCOMOTI este singura unitate
specializat din Romnia care
integreaz activitile de cercetare tiinific, proiectare,
producie, experimentare, testare, transfer tehnologic i inovare n domeniul turbomotoarelor de aviaie, motoarelor
industriale cu turbin cu gaze,
mainilor paletate de turaie
nalt, echipamente pentru
protecia mediului.
Procesele de oxigenare sunt
folosite n foarte multe biotehnologii de fabricaie a diferitelor produse industriale
sau alimentare (societi comerciale de fabricare a produselor de hrtie, produse din
carne, abatoare, produse lactate, societi de procesare a
legumelor i fructelor, indus-
Echipamente romneti
performante pentru protecia
mediului
tria petrolier, etc), dar mai
ales n tratarea i epurarea
apelor.
Se tie c instalaiile de oxigenare a apelor sunt utilizate
n toate staiile de epurare a
apelor uzate la treapta biologic de degradare a materiei
organice, i, se precizeaz, c
sunt multe staii care intr i
vor intra n retehnologizare
sau n construcie (Buzu,
Botoani, Bucureti, Eforie Sud
etc). Totodat astfel de instalaii de oxigenare se vor amplasa la treapta de epurare
avansat, cu treapta de denitrificare, cu care, n mod obligatoriu, vor fi dotate absolut
toate staiile de epurare (prevede legislaia european).
n principal, rezultatele
cercetrilor realizate de INCD
Turbomotoare COMOTI, n
domeniul mainilor paletate
destinate proteciei mediului,
se vor valorifica prin generalizarea instalaiilor de aerare,
prin execuia de astfel de echipamente specifice nevoilor de

aer fiecrei staii de epurare.
Necesarul la nivel naional
de astfel de instalai de aerare,
de diferite dimensiuni i capaciti este foarte mare.
Avnd n vedere c n viitor
vor fi retehnologizate multe
staii de epurare a apelor uzate
urbane sau industriale,apare
un necesar de peste 200 de instalaii de medie capacitate.
2. Generaliti ale suflanale Suflantelor
centrifugale
de aer cenreatelorGeneraliti
2
trifugale de aer realizate de INCD
lizate de inCD turbomotoare
Turbomotoare COMOTI
CoMoti
Domeniul de Utilizare
Staii de Tratare i/sau Epurare a Apelor Uzate industriale
i urbane:
furnizarea de aer comprimat
n bazinele de aerare pneumatic, aferente treptei biologice
de epurare a apelor uzate;
separarea grsimilor;
STUDII SI CERCETARI
splarea filtrelor;
furnizarea de oxigen la operaii
de deferizare i/sau demanganizare.
Condiii de mediu:
mediul: temperat continental
temperatura aerului aspirat:
-30 +40oC
umiditatea relativ: maximum
90%
altitudinea: 0 1.000 m.
La cerere se pot realiza echipamente pentru funcionarea
n codiii particulare de mediu
(marin, tropical etc) sau antiex.
Protecia mediului:
produs nepoluant (antrenare
cu motor electric);
nivel de zgomot: 80 dB (A);
aerul livrat nu conine urme
de ulei, avantaj esenial pentru
funcionarea n instalaii pneumatice de oxigenare.
Dimensiuni de baz
Fig. 1. Domeniul de operare al suflantelor realizate

de INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI bucureti.
Domeniul de operare
tipul suflantelor: centrifugale, cu rotor de tip nchis i
palete curbate napoi.
tipul antrenrii: motoare
electrice asincrone cu tensiune
de alimentare de 400V sau
6kV funcie de puterea motorului electric.
17.000 30.000 rpm, asigurate

prin multiplicatoare de turaie.
Suflantele sunt cu debit
reglabil. Modificarea debitului
de aer este realizat cu aparate
directoare cu palete reglabile
sau prin variaia turaiei cu
convertizoare de frecven. n
acest mod se menine randamentul mainii la valoarea
maxim n gama larg de variaie a debitului.
3
La cerere INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI execut i alte

dimensiuni de suflante n
gama de debite 1.500 15.000
m3/h la presiuni de refulare
1,4 2,5 bara.
Caracteristici constructiv
funcionale
Suflantele sunt antrenate
cu motoare electrice la turaia
de 3.000rpm. rotorul suflantei
funcioneaz la turaii de
Cercetri teoretice i experimentale asupra suflantelor centrifugale realizate de INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI
3.1. Suflanta TS 3500 - 1,6

A fost amplasat n Staia
de Epurare a Apelor Uzate a Municipiului Trgovite n iunie
2009 i funcioneaz la parametri nominali fr ntrerupere
sau intervenii.
n figura 2 se prezint suflanta i bazinele de aerare n
care se insufl un debit de aer
STUDII I CERCETRI
randamentul adiabatic al rotorului: 0.97;

randamentul adiabatic al suflantei (rotor+voluta): 0.84.
Fig. 2. Suflant centrifugal TS 3500 i bazinele de aerare.
de 3500m3/h i presiunea aerului refulat: 1,6 bar.
INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI este capabil s pro iecteze i s execute suflante

centrifugale industriale cu randamente de peste 82% ale cror rotoare centrifugale, inclusiv cele 2D si 3D au randamente mai mari de 90%. n
prezent, la COMOTI, optimizarea gazodinamic a suflantelor centrifugale (unitreapt
sau multitreapt) se face cu
Pentru a determina performanele n exploatare a mainii

paletate n cadrul INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI s-au realizat calcule aerodinamice n
softul Ansys CFX 11.0 n care
s-au urmrit distribuia presiunii (fig. 3, fig. 4), a numrului mach (fig. 5), a temperaturii
(fig. 6, fig. 7) i entropiei (fig.
8) pe palele rotorului. n figurile 9, 10 i 11 se prezint
distribuia liniilor de curent
la diferite nlimi ale paletei
de rotor.
n urma calculelor aerodinamice, efectuate cu softul
Ansys CFX 11.0 s-au obinut
urmtoarele rezultate:
puterea aerodinamica: 58.7
kW;
gradul de comprimare pe rotor:
1.72;
gradul de comprimare pe suflant (rotor+voluta): 1.61;
STUDII SI CERCETARI
softul Ansys CFX 11.0.

Studiul aerodinamic al volutei suflantei TS 3500-1,6 este
necesar pentru a verifica i
eventual a optimiza geometria
n vederea obinerii unor pierderi ct mai mici n procesul
de curgere prin carcasa spiral.
Pentru acest caz, datorit
geometriei complexe a volutei
nu este posibil calculul unei
seciuni a acesteia, ci calculul
ntregii carcase spirale. Geometria volutei pentru calculul
aerodinamic a fost implementat n Programul CFX11 cu
ajutorul Programului iCeM.
Acest Program, din suita
CFX11 permite executarea de
geometrii complexe ca aceasta,
ct i specificarea intrrii, ieirii, pereilor etc.
Fluidul de lucru pentru
acest caz se consider aerul
n condiii ideale. Datele de
intrare sunt date n continuare:
presiunea de referin este cea

atmosferic, i anume 101325
Pa.
Astfel pentru intrarea n
turbosuflant s-au considerat
urmtoarele date:
temperatura total = 293.15K;
intensitatea turbulent = 5%;
direcia de intrare a aerului=
perpendicular pe intrare.
Pentru ieirea din volut

s-a considerat presiunea static
de 60.000 Pa n raport cu presiunea de referin. A fost considerat doar un canal din turbosuflant datorit posibilitii
de a utiliza condiia de periodicitate.
Dimensiunile volutei calculate sunt urmtoarele: voluta
pleac de la un diametru de
aproximativ 16.6mm i ajunge
pn la un diametru de
150mm n seciunea de ieire.
La discretizarea domeniului
de calcul s-a avut n vedere o
ct mai bun rezoluie n jurul
pereilor volutei pentru a se
prezice ct mai bine mrimea
i poziia desprinderilor. S-a
folosit o reea de noduri structurat dup cum se observ
n figura 12.
Teoria stratului limit a fost
folosita doar n apropierea pereilor carcasei spirale. n cele
ce urmeaz se vor prezenta
rezultatele obinute n urma
Fig. 12 .Distribuia elementelor in domeniu de calcul.
STUDII I CERCETRI
Fig. 13. Distribuia vitezei n rotor

i volut.
analizei CFD.
n figura 13 se observ cum
viteza scade pe msur ce se
apropie de ieirea volutei.
Deasemenea este de remarcat
profilul vitezei pe ultima poriune a volutei, de la intrarea
n tubul drept, aici se observ
o curgere neuniform cu vrtejuri mari.
Un alt lucru interesant de
remarcat este existena unui
vrtej ce se formeaz de la
aproximativ cele mai mici seciuni circulare ale volutei i
continu pn la ieirea din
volut. Singurul lucru care se
schimb pe parcursul volutei
este mrimea i poziia acestui
vrtej dup cum se observ
n figura 14.
n ultimii ani INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI studiaz
o variant modern de turbosuflant centrifugal alctuit
mult mai simplu, n schema
cinematic, prin eliminarea
multuplicatorului de turaie.
3.2. Implementarea tehnologiei COMOTI n Staia de
epurare a apelor uzate S.C.
Some S.A Dej
10
Fig. 14. Distribuia de presiune

n domeniu.
Staia de epurare biologic

Urior a fost proiectat i realizat pentru epurarea biologic comun a apelor uzate ale
oraului Dej i a apelor uzate
tehnologice ale fabricii de celuloz i hrtie SC Some SA.
Pentru obinerea nmolului
activ necesar epurrii biologice, la pornirea iniial a staiei,
aceasta a funcionat doar cu
apa uzat menajer pn cnd
s-a format nmolul activ, dup
care staia a fost alimentat

treptat i cu ape uzate tehnologice. n perioada de amorsare apele tehnologice au fost
deviate n rul Some.
n figura 15 se prezint familia de suflante amplasate
n staia de epurare. Suflanta
TS 10.000-1,6 cu debitul de
aer variabil 5000 - 10000m3/h
i presiunea aerului refulat:
1,6 bara i Suflanta TS 3500 1,5 cu debitul de aer 1800 3500m3/h i presiunea aerului
refulat: 1,5 bara.
Pentru a optimiza procesul
de aerare din staie de epurare
s-a instalat o bucl de automatizare alctuit din modulul
1 i modulul 2, dup cum
sunt artate n figura 16.
n partea dreapt a imaginii
este prezentat panoul electric
de supraveghere, reglare i
control instalaie avnd instalat
Fig. 15. Suflante centrifugale amplasate n staia de epurare urior Dej.
STUDII SI CERCETARI
Fig. 16. Modulul de comand a sistemului expert de conducere automat.
pe u panoul operator modulul 1. n figura 16 se observ

pe ecranul monitorului schema
tehnologic a staiei de epurare
a apelor uzate cu bazinele de
aerare (patru bazine) i decantoarele secundare de tip
longitudinal (opt decantoare
plane) la finalul circuitului de
ap. Pe aceast schem se implementeaz valorile msurate
pentru parametri fizico-chimici
de ctre traductoarele speciale
montate n canale i n bazine.
Softul elaborat permite achiziia i interpretarea rezultatelor msurate direct pe instalaia existent n staia de
epurare a apelor uzate.
Experimentrile efectuate
n SEAU Some - Dej au pus
n eviden variaiile orare,
diurne i sezoniere ale parametrilor de calitate ai apei. n
figurile 17 i 18 se remarc
din trasarea curbelor de variaie apariia unor ocuri ale

ncrcrii n suspensie i a ncrcrilor organice. Este evident c o instalaie i un proces
tehnologic complex nu poate

fi condus optim, n sensul obinerii unor performane ridicate de purificare a apei, dac
parametri de intrare variaz
n limite largi.
Experimentele efectuate,
dup calibrarea softului introdus n calculator, pe baza
traductoarelor de pH, suspensii, CCO, debit, etc. arat c
sistemul de monitorizare i
control a parametrilor SEAU
reuete s menin valorile
constante ale concentraiei oxigenului dizolvat n bazinul de
aerare, precum i ale consumului chimic de oxigen. Dei
la intrarea n SEAU exist variaii n limite largi ale parametrilor (suspensii, CCOCr, organici, pH) sistemul de comand reuete s menin
constante valorile concentraiilor oxigenului dizolvat n ba-
Fig. 17. Variaia zilnic (luna februarie 2008) de oxigen dizolvat nregistrat de
senzorul din bazinul de aerare nr.2.
11
STUDII I CERCETRI
zinul de aerare, a concentraiei

n suspensii i a consumului
chimic de oxigen la evacuare.
Prin aceasta se poate considera c sistemul de comand
automat conceput i realizat
ocuprile n acest domeniu;

reglarea debitului de aer n limitele largi (40...100%) ca
urmare a posibilitii reglrii
turaiei motorului electric prin
reparaii;
dimensiuni de gabarit i greutate reduse;
creterea randamentului comprimrii cu cca 8% datorit
utilizrii rotorului centrifugal
de tip nchis i eliminrii multiplicatorului de turaie, pompelor de ungere i a grupului
de rcire a uleiului.
bibliografie
5
Bibliografie
Fig. 18. Variaia zilnic (luna martie 2008) de oxigen dizolvat nregistrat de
senzorul din bazinul de aerare nr.2.
n cadrul temei rspunde cerinelor i scopului de conducere a procesului tehnologic

din SEAU.
4
Concluzii
4.Concluzii
Echipamentele de aerare
oferite de INCD Turbomotoare
COMOTI sunt o soluie modern ce se afl n plin expansiune n lume, ca urmare
a unor avantaje importante:
ponderea consumurilor energetice relative la echipamentele
de aerare din totalul consumului din SEAU este de cca
60 80% fapt ce justific pre-
12
convertizorul de frecven;
simplitate constructiv datorit
eliminrii unor subansamble
din componena suflantelor
centrifugale actuale (multiplicatorul de turaie, batiul cu
rezervorul de ulei, instalaia
de ungere cu ulei a ansamblului multiplicator i a lagrelor ansamblului rotoric, grupul radiator-ansamblu ventilator pentru rcirea uleiului,
cuplajul ntre motorul electric
i suflant);
reducerea costurilor de ntreinere i exploatare i a timpului de oprire n vederea efecturii lucrrilor de revizie i
1. Florea, J., Robescu, D.

Hidrodinamica instalaiilor de
transport hidropneumatic i
de depoluare a apei i aerului.
Ed. Didactic i Pedagogic,
Bucureti, 1983.
2. Florea, J., Robescu, D.,
Petrovici, T. Aspecte ale proiectrii hidrodinamice a aeratoarelor de suprafa cu rotor
i ax vertical. Buletinul Institutului Politehnic Bucureti,
nr. 3, 1978.
3. Florea, J., Robescu, D.,
Petrovici, T. Metode pentru
determinarea debitului vehiculat de aeratoarele mecanice
de suprafa. n volumul Colocviului de Echipamente pentru tratarea i epurarea apelor,
Bucureti, 1980.
4. Robescu Dan, Procedee,
instalaii i echipamente pentru epurarea fizic a apelor
uzate. Bucureti, 1999.
5. Raport de activitate
contract CEEX 174/2006.
6. Raport de activitate
contract PN INOVARE
21/2007.
STUDII I CERCETRI
IoaNa sTNEscU
departmanentul de Inginerie sanitar i Protecia apelor, facultatea de
hidrotehnic, Universitatea Tehnic de construcii Bucureti, romnia
(E-mail: ioana_ais@yahoo.com)
ABSTRACT
Point of view drinking water treatment technology enables those without access to safe water sources to improve
the quality of their water by treating it in the home. One of the most promising emerging point of view technologies
is the biosand filter (BSF), a household scale, intermittently operated slow sand filter. The major objectives of this
research were to: (1) gain an understanding of the hydraulic flow condition within the filter (2) characterize the
ability of the BSF to reduce the concentration of enteric bacteria (3) gain insight into the key parameters of filter
operation and their effects on filter performance. Between 6 to 8 weeks microbial challenge experiments are
reported herein in which the source water was charged to the filter daily. Tracer tests indicate that the BSF
operated at hydraulic conditions closely resembling plug flow. BSF performance in reductions of E Coli ranged
from 10 -100 to less than 1 MPN(most probable number), after at least 20 days of operation. Total Coliforms
reduction were much higher from 200 300 to less than 1 and Enterococcs reduction ranged from 12 18 to 1 MPN.
ei
Studiul performan
pentru
ip
is
n
e
d
r
lo
e
r
lt
fi
io
b
anilor
in
m
ta
n
o
c
a
e
r
e
c
u
red
totali,
i
m
r
fo
li
o
c
i:
n
ie
b
o
micr
apa
in
d
i
c
o
c
o
r
te
n
e
i
s
E. coli
rilor n
t
a
n
ti
s
e
d
il
b
ta
o
p
*
e
r
a
lt
o
v
z
e
curs de d
iosand
The study of the b
e with
c
n
a
m
r
fo
r
e
p
s
r
e
lt
fi
oval of
m
e
r
e
th
to
t
c
e
p
s
re
and
li
o
C
E
,
s
m
r
fo
li
o
C
l
Tota
obial
Enterococcs micr
inking
r
d
e
th
r
fo
ts
n
a
in
contam
e
water supply in th
*
s
ie
tr
developing coun
Keywords:
biosand filters
microbial reduction
water treatment
INTRODuCERE
Conform Organizaiei Mondiale a Sntii, 1.1

miliarde de oameni (OMS, 2004) din rile n curs
de dezvoltare nu au acces la surse de ap potabil.
Tehnologiile de tratare in situ permit accesul la
tratarea apei i mbuntirea calitii ei prin tratarea
in situ, acas. Una dintre cele mai promitoare
tehnologii este cea de filtrare prin biofiltre de nisip,
14
INTRODuCTION
According to the World Health Organization,

1.1 billion people (WHO, 2004) in the developing
world lack access to improved sources of drinking
water. Point of view drinking water treatment and
safe storage technology allows people without access to safe water sources to improve the quality of
their water by treating it in the home, thereby tak-
Lucrare prezentat n cadrul 1st Danube - Black Sea Regional Young Water Professionals Conference, 14-15 iunie 2011, Bucureti
STUDII I CERCETRI
Studiul perfomanei biofiltrelor de nisip pentru reducerea contaminanilor microbieni: coliformi totali, E. coli si
enterococi din apa potabil destinat rilor n curs de dezvoltare
cu operarea corespunztoare sau asemntoare filtrrii lente pe nisip. Tehnologiile de tratare locale
i cele de stocare a apei permit populaiei din rile
cu acces limitat la surse de ap potabil s mbunteasc calitatea apei prin tratarea ei acas, permind controlul asupra siguranei apei potabile.
Una dintre tehnologiile folosite local este biofiltrul
de nisip (BSF - biosandfilter), utilizat la nivel de
gospodrii, cu operare tip filtrare lent pe nisip
(SSF).
BSF const dintr-o camer de plastic umplut
cu nisip cu un tub de evacuare elevat care permite
filtrului s menin un strat de ap deasupra suprafeei de nisip i care previne deshidratarea
(fig.1). BSF este similar cu procesul SSF convenional
(filtrare lent pe nisip) prin aceea c nu este necesar
pretrarea sau splarea n contracurent i operarea
este simpl, fiind condus gravitaional, dect prin
filtrare sub presiune. n filtrarea lent pe nisip
convenional, SSF, patul de nisip rmne udat n
timpul operrii i apare un proces de maturare
coacere, n timpul cruia se formeaz un strat biologic (numit schmutzdecke), pierderea de presiune
crete i odat cu aceasta i performanele. Cu
toate acestea, BSF nu opereaz n mod continuu
dar intermitent, astfel nct este alimentat cu o ncrcare zilnica de 20 l ap de alimentare, fiind posibile chiar i mai multe alimentri. O parte din
apa alimentat filtrului rmne n BSF pn la urmatoarea ncrcare. Perioada de timp ct nu se
mai elimin apa din filtru se numete perioada inactiv. Avnd n vedere c aproximativ 500.000 de
oameni la nivel mondial se bazeaz pe BSF ca
surs de ap potabil, exist mai multe rapoarte
privind implementarea biofiltrelor de nisip, satisfacia utilizrii i procentul cu privire la reinerea
coliformilor sau a E.Coli n testele efectuate (Murcott,
2002; Stauber et al., 2006). Cu toate acestea, foarte
puine date provin din condiii bine controlate de
laborator. Studiul de fa este legat de reinerea
bacteriilor i de caracteristicile de performan ale
biofiltrului.
Obiectivele acestei cercetri pe biofiltre au fost:
(1) de a caracteriza operarea hidraulica a biofiltrului,
(2) de a msura eficiena de reducere a E.Coli, Coliformilor Totali i a enterococilor, i (3) de a ctiga
experien cu privire la parametrii de proiectare i
operaionali care afecteaz performana filtrului.
Testele au fost realizate n cadrul Laboratorului de
ing control of the safety of their drinking water.

One of the most promising emerging point of view
technologies is the biosand filter (BSF), a household-scale, intermittently operated slow sand filter
(SSF).
The BSF consists of a plastic chamber filled with
sand with an elevated discharge tube that allows
the filter to maintain a layer of water above the
sand surface and prevents dewatering (fig.1). The
BSF is similar to a conventional SSF (slow sand filtration) in that there is typically no pretreatment or
backwashing and operation is simple, being gravity driven rather than pressure filtration. As in conventional SSFs, the sand bed remains wetted
throughout operation and a ripening process occurs, during which a biolayer (or schmutzdecke)
forms, head loss increases and performance improves. However, the BSF does not operate continuously but instead, intermittently, wherein a single
charge of feed water (typically up to 20 l although
multiple daily charges are possible) is made each
day. During this charge, the operation is in a declining rate mode of filtration. A portion of the
charged water remains in the BSF until the next
charge. The time period when water is no longer
discharging from the filter is referred to as the idle
time. As many as 500,000 people worldwide rely
on the BSF for safe drinking water and there are
several reports that have addressed field implementation, user satisfaction, and percentage removal of coliforms or E. Coli in the field (Murcott,
2002; Stauber et al., 2006). However little has been
reported on microbial removal under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The study deals with
bacterial removal and BSF performance characteristics.
The objectives of this research on the BSF were
to: (1) characterize its hydraulic operation, (2)
measure the reduction efficiency of E. Coli, Total
coliforms and enterococcs , and (3) gain insight into
the key design and operational parameters that affect filter performance. The tests were conducted
at the Michigan State University, The Water Quality Engineering Laboratory, MSU, the source water
for the tests being the water from the Lake Lansing.
The experiments were conducted on two BSF, one
that was supplied by a pump and the other by
pouring.
15
STUDII I CERCETRI
inginerie n calitatea apei din Michigan State University East Lansing, sursa de apa folosit pentru
realizarea testelor a fost ap de lac din Lacul
Lansing. Experimentele au fost realizate pe doua
biofiltre, unul fiind alimentat de ctre o pomp si
cellalt prin turnare.
1.1. Characteristics of BsF design and operation
As shown in figure 1, dewatering of the filter between charges is avoided by a vertical discharge
tube that rises from 2 to 7 cm above the height of
the filter media. The filtered water passes through
the media bed and enters the discharge tube
through the underdrain gravel. The discharge tube
1.1. Caracteristicile de proiectare i operare ale
is screened in the plastic filter used in these experbiofiltrului-BsF
iments. The elevated outlet allows the media to reDin figura 1, se poate observa c deshidratarea
filtrului ntre ncrcri este evitat
main saturated after a charge has
been filtered but water is no
prin prezena unui tub vertical
longer flowing from the outlet.
de curgere care are zona de evaAnother unique aspect of the
cuare la 2-7 cm deasupra nlimii
BSF design is to promote unimediului filtrant. Apa filtrat
form drip flow over the sand
trece prin patul de nisip i pietri
surface by use of a plastic or
i ptrunde n tubul de evacuare
sheet metal diffuser prevents the
care se afl sub stratul de pietri.
charge of water from disturbing
Acest tub este proiectat n filtrul
the biolayer.
de plastic folosit n aceste expeThe design of the BSF differs
rimente. Poziionarea acestui tub
significantly from that of the SSF.
ridicat permite mediului s rThe maximum recommended filmn saturat dup o alimentare
tration rate of the BSF is nearly
a filtrului, astfel nct apa nu mai
15 times greater than from the
este evacuata. Un alt aspect unic
SSF (1.1 m/h in contrast to a recal designului biofiltrului BSF este
ommended 0.08 0.4 m/h) (Fox
de a promova o curgere uniform
et al., 1994). The depth of the BSF
pe suprafaa de nisip prin folosisand layer is about 50 % less than
rea unui difuzor metalic sau de
for the SSF (0.4m compared to a
plastic cu rol de prevenire a turde plastic folosit n aceste
recommended starting depth of
bulenei n biofiltru odata cu um- Fig. 1. Seciune prin biofiltru
experimente.
plerea lui.
A cross section of the plastic bSF used in these experi- > 0.8 m for the SSF with a miniments.
mum of 0.5- 0.7 m).
Proiectarea biofiltrului difer
semnificativ de la cea a filtrrii lente pe nisip.
Viteza maxim de filtrare recomandat a BSF este
MetHoDs
2 2. METHODES
de 15 ori mai mare dect cea n filtrarea lent pe
2.1. Filters characteristics
nisip (1.1 m/h fa de cea recomandat de 0.08
Both filters used in these experiments were plas0.4 m/h) (Fox et al., 1994). Adncimea stratului de
tic, 80 l capacity filters. The filters contained 5 cm
nisip a biofiltrului este cu 50 % mai mic fa de
of underdrain gravel, 5 cm of medium sized supcea pentru filtrarea lent pe nisip - SSF (0.4m comport gravel, and 40 cm of sand, the effective size
parativ cu adncimea de nceput recomandat >
(d10). All filter media were crushed granite gravel
0.8 m pentru SSF cu un minim de 0.5- 0.7 m).
and were sieved according to standard interna2 2. METODE
tional field procedures fro the BSF (Manz, 2007).
MetoDe
One filter was supplied by a peristaltic pump with
a flow of 0.5l/min and the other filter was supplied
2.1. Caracteristicile filtrelor
by pouring. The first filter flow rate was 0.14 m/h
Ambele filtre folosite n aceste experimente au
and for the other filter of 0.47 m/h. The daily
fost din plastic, cu o capacitate de 80l pentru fiecare.
charge for both filters was of 20l daily. Flow rate
Filtrele au fost construite avnd un strat inferior
16
STUDII SI CERCETARI
de pietris de 5 cm, 5 cm strat suport din pietris i

un strat de nisip de 40 cm, dimensiunea efectiv
(d10). ntre cele doua starturi a existat un strat ACX
cu o grosime de 2 cm cu rol dezinfectant ce conine
metal granulat - 135 g ACX mixat cu 3l ap. Toate
mediile filtrante au ca provenien granit mrunit
i au fost cernute conform procedurilor din standardele internaionale pentru BSF (Manz, 2007).
Un filtru a fost alimentat cu o pompa peristaltic
cu un debit de 0.5l/min, cellalt filtru fiind alimentat
prin turnare. Primul filtru a avut o vitez de curgere
de 0.14 m/h i cel de-al doilea de 0.47 m/h. ncrcarea zilnic pentru ambele filtre a fost de 20l.
Debitul a fost msurat zilnic imediat dup alimentare, 0.3 l/min pentru primul filtru, respectiv
0.9 l/min pentru cel de-al doilea. Alegerea pentru
o alimentare de 20 l zilnic s-a bazat pe volumul
maxim existent deasupra mediului filtrant i pe
media zilnic a necesarului unei familii n rile n
curs de dezvoltare (Sobsey, 2002).
2.2. Design al studiilor microbiologice
Dou experimente de filtrare cu rol de reinere
microbian au fost realizate, pe o durata de 40-55
zile (ntre lunile Octombrie i Noiembrie 2010),
pentru a determina eficiena biofiltrului de nisip
n reducerea concentraiei de E.Coli determinat
prin metoda q PCR- reacia de polimerizare n lan
n timp real i prin indicatori microbiologici pentru
apa potabil. Sursa de ap brut a fost Lacul
Lansing, din Statul Michigan, cu trei prelevri n
datele de 10/05/10, 10/20/10 i 11/04/10. Ambele
filtre au fost alimentate nainte de aceste experimente
cu aceeai cantitate de ap de 20l zilnic timp de
trei sptmni, pentru a forma un strat biologic.
Au fost realizate teste la fiecare cinci zile n timpul
acestei perioade. Apa prelevat a fost stocat la
temperatura de laborator i s-a permis atingerea
temperaturii de aproximativ 20 C. Sursa de ap
brut (apa de lac) nu primete deversri de ape
uzate. Alcalinitatea apei de surs a fost de
225 mg/l CaCO3.
Analizele microbiologice au fost realizate prin
folosirea de indicatori bacteriologici pentru grupurile
Coliformi Totali, E.Coli i Enterococi. Tipul bacterian
E.Coli O 157:H7 a fost, de asemenea, testat prin
PCR cantitativ cu o proba fluorescent, SYBR green,
pentru a evidenia cantitile secvenei de ADN n
timp real, reprezentat grafic.
0
was measured daily just after the introduction of

the charge, 0.3 l/min for the first filter, and
0.9 l/min for the second one, respectively. The
choice of a 20 l charge was based on the maximum
volume for the BSF reservoir above the filter material and the lower range of typical daily family
usage in developing countries (Sobsey, 2002).
2.2. Design of microbial challenge studies
Two microbial challenge filtration experiments,
with duration of 40-55 days (between October and
November 2010), were conducted consecutively to
determine the efficacy of the BSF in reducing the
concentration of E. Coli determined by q PCR and
microbial indicators from drinking water. Feed
water was obtained from Lake Lansing water by a
three times sampling on the dates of 10/05/10,
10/20/10 and 11/04/10. Both filters had been fed
before these experiments with the same 20 l daily
water for 3 weeks, In order to form the biological
layer. Tests every five days were conducted during
this period. The water was stored at the laboratory
temperature and was allowed to reach room temperature (approximately 20 C). None of these sample source waters received wastewater discharges.
The alkalinity of the source waters was 225 mg/l
as CaCO3.
The microbial analysis were conducted by bacterial indicators for the group Total Coliforms,
E.Coli and Enterococcs. The bacterial E. Coli O
157:H7 were also tested in quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with the use of a fluorescence probe, SYBR green to reveal the quantities of
template DNA in real time and to display this
graphically.
0
2.3. residence time distribution in BsF

The residence time distribution (RTD) of water
within the BSF was measured to assess the deviation from ideal plug flow conditions due to the dispersion in the flow paths through porous media
(sand and gravel in this system). The pores of a
clean, unripened BSF were filled with distilled
water (DI) at the start of the tracer test. The tracer
test began by removing the DI water above the filter media and charging the filter with a 200 mg/l
NaCl solution. The response to this positive step
input of tracer was followed. The NaCl feed was
replaced with DI so as to produce a negative step
17
STUDII I CERCETRI
2.3. timp de retenie n biofiltrul BsF

input and the response was again followed. This
Distribuia timpului de retenie a apei n BSF a
technique provided two independent measures of
fost msurat pentru a estima devierea de la condiiile
RTD.
de curgere tip piston datorat dispersiei n cile de
curgere prin mediul poros (nisipul i pietriul din
One NaCl tracer test was conducted to deteracest sistem). Porii unui biofiltru curat au fost ummine the effect of flow rate through the filter on
plui cu ap distilat la nceputul
RTD. In two tests, the flow rate
testelelor. Testul de trasabilitate
was held constant throughout
a nceput prin eliminarea apei
the tracer test by maintaining the
distilate de deasupra mediului
head constant at 5 cm (1 cm),
using a peristaltic pump. Confiltrant i apoi umplerea cu o soductivity of the filtered water
luie de 200 mg/l NaCl. Alimenwas measured as a surrogate for
tarea filtrului cu soluia de sare
a nlocuit apa distilat producnd
NaCl concentration [Fisherbrand
un pas de intrare negativ i s-a
Traceable Conductivity , Resistivity
urmrit rspunsul la aceast
and TDS Meter (Cat. No. 09-326schimbare.
2)].
Un test de trasabilitate cu NaCl
a fost realizat pentru a determina
2.4. Microbial analyses
Fig.2 . Rezultatele testelor de traefectul vitezei de curgere prin sabilitate pentru biofiltrul de plastic
Filters were charged daily
filtru. n teste, viteza de curgere
with water from the Lake LansBSF.
a fost meninut constant prin
Results of the input tracer tests ing, Michigan (the characteristics
reinerea unui volum de ap conof the source waters are preconducted with the plastic BSF.
sented in the table 1). The microstant deasupra mediului filtrant,
bial analyses were conducted with Colilert - 18
respectiv o nlime de 5 cm (1 cm), cu ajutorul
System (IDEXX Laboratories) for enumeration of
unei pompe peristaltice. Conductivitatea apei filtrate
total coliforms and Escherichia Coli, and on Ena fost msurat ca surogat pentru concentraia de
NaCl [Fisherbrand Traceable Conductivity , Resistivity
terolert system (the trays were sealed with a
and TDS Meter (Cat. No. 09-326-2)].
Quanti-Tray Sealer Model 2X, IDEXX) , both meth2.4. Analize microbiologice
ods being approved by the U.S. Environmental
Filtrele au fost umplute zilnic cu ap provenit
Protection Agency for use in drinking water analydin Lacul Lansing, Michigan (caracteristicile sursei
sis.
de ap bruta sunt prezentate n tabelul 1). Analizele
microbiene au fost realizate cu sistemul Colilert 18
Escherichia coli O 157:H7 were also tested in
(Laboratoarele IDEXX) pentru numrarea coliforquantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with
milor totali i a Escherichia Coli, i cu sistemul Enthe use of a fluorescence probe, SYBR green to reterolert pentru numararea Enterococilor (plcile
veal the quantities of template DNA in real time
au fost sigilate cu ajutorul unui Quanti-Tray Sealer
and to display this graphically. For the polymerase
Model 2X, IDEXX), ambele metode fiind metode
chain reaction, P-22 was used that needs 45 cycles
aprobate de ctre EPA (the U.S. Environmental
with a Light Cycler 1.5, Roche. The samples were
Protection Agency Agenia de Protecia Mediului)
processed and filtered for bacterial analysis by real
pentru analize de ap potabil.
time PCR method and were pretreated for DNA
Escherichia coli O 157:H7 a fost testat i prin
extraction by MagNa Pure Compact System. The
metoda PCR n timp real (reacie de polimerizare
amplification curves were converted and the valn lan) cu ajutorul unei probe fluorescente, SYBR
ues are related to cps/ l (copies per liter). Reducgreen, pentru a evidenia cantitile secvenei de
tions in microbe concentration by passage through
ADN n timp real i pentru a fi evideniate grafic.
the BSF during the ripening period were calculated
Pentru polimerizarea n lan, s-a folosit programul
by log 10 Reduction = log 10 (Feed Water ConcenP-22 care prevede 45 de cicluri realizate cu echipatration) log 10 (Filtered Water Concentration).
18
STUDII SI CERCETARI
mentul Light Cycler 1.5, Roche. Probele au fost

procesate iniial i filtrate pentru analize bacteriologice determinate prin metoda PCR cantitativ i
au fost pretratate pentru extracia de ADN prin
MagNa Pure Compact System. Curbele de amplificare au fost convertite i valorile se refer la
cps/l (copii per litru). Reducerea n concentraia
microbiana prin trecerea prin biofiltrul BSF n
timpul perioadei de formare a stratului biologic
este calculat:
Reducerea log 10 = log 10 (concentraia ap
bruta) log 10 (concentraia ap filtrat).
3
3.REZuLTATE
reZuLtAte si DisCuii
3.
RESuLTS
resuLts AnD DisCussion
3.1. tracer tests

The results of the tracer tests are presented in
figure 2. The ordinate scale is expressed in time,
minutes. The tracer response pattern shown in figure 2 shows that the filter flow rate either in the
constant head (two head values) or the declining
head mode did not affect the RTD at the filtration
rates tested (0.14 0.47 m/h). The sharp rise in
conductivity to the feed water value was expected
of plug flow. The subsequent sharp decline in conductivity to the baseline value after the negative
step input is also seen after the same time as
needed for the DI water, providing evidence of
plug flow. From the perspective of biolayer development and microbial removal processes, the results suggest the same time is available to all
parcels of water that enter the BSF.
3.1. teste de trasabilitate

Rezultatele testelor de trasabilitate sunt prezentate
n figura 2. Abscisa prezint timpul, exprimat n
minute. n figura 2 se arat c viteza de curgere a
filtrului, meninnd acelai nivel constant deasupra
mediului filtrant, nu a afectat timpul de retenie
(0.14 0.47 m/h). Valoarea de salt a conductivitii
3.2. Microbial reduction
apei de alimentare a dovedit curgerea tip piston.
Reductions in E.coli. The log10 reduction in E.
Revenirea conductivitii la valoarea apei distilate
Coli were, for both filters, of almost 2 to 3 log10.
dup saltul negativ se observ dupa acelai timp
The reduction for total coliforms was of 1.5 log 10
necesar apei distilate, punnd n eviden curgerea
units for both filters and for enterococcs of 0.2 log
tip piston. Din punct de vedere a dezvoltrii
10 unit. The results for Filter 1 and Filter 2 are prestratului biologic i a proceselor de reducere misented in table 2. Figure 3, figure 4 describe the recrobian, rezultatele sugereaz c acelai timp este
duction for filter 1 and filter for the bacteria: Total
necesar pentru toate votabel 1. Caracteristici ale sursei de ap brut, Coliforms, E.Coli and Entelumele de apa care trec
rococcs, determined by
Lake Lansing, Michigan
prin biofiltru.
bacterial indicators, and
Characteristics of the source waters,
3.2. reducerea microbiafigure 5 describes the reLake Lansing, Michigan
n
duction for E.Coli
Reducerea n E.coli.
tested with q PCR
Reducerea logaritmica
method.
a E. Coli a fost, pentru
cele doua biofiltre, de
aproximativ 2 pn la
3 uniti log10. Reducerea pentru coliformii totali a fost de 1.5 uniti
ConCLusions
4 4. CONCLuSIONS
log 10 i de 0.2 uniti log 10 pentru enterococi,
pentru ambele biofiltre. Rezultatele pentru Filtrul
Reductions of bacteria by the BSF tend to in1 i Filtrul 2 sunt prezentate n tabelul 2. n figurile
crease with repeated charges and time in use as filters matured(ripened). The increase in microbial
3 i 4 se descrie reducerea pentru filtrul 1 i filtrul
attenuation that occurs over repeated charges and
2 pentru bacterii: Coliformi Totali, E.Coli i Entetime in use is related to filter maturation and needs
rococi, determinate prin indicatori bacteriologici,
i n figura 5 se prezint reducerea pentru E.Coli
systematic study. These findings raise questions
testat cu metoda q PCR.
about the assurance of safe water provided to users
19
STUDII I CERCETRI
4
4.
CONCLuZII
ConCLuZii
of the BSF during the early stages of operating the

BSF before ripening. Whether or not the media, for
example, could be modified to provide an adsorptive function to compensate for lower initial microbial reduction due to the lack of ripening remains
for future research.
Reducerea bacteriilor prin filtrare pe biofiltru

de nisip tinde s creasc pe msura ncrcrilor repetate i odata cu creterea timpului de maturare
a filtrului. Creterea n reinerea microbian, care
The results from these microbial challenge studapare n urma acestei perioade de formare a stratului
ies indicate that reductions were very good after a
biologic, este legat de maturarea filtrului i n
ripening period of 3 weeks.
acest sens sunt necesare studii sistematice. ntrebrile
care survin n urma
Tabel 2. Rezultatele pentru Filtrul 1 i 2 pentru reducerea
indicatorilor microbieni: Coliformi Totali, Escherichia Coli i Enterococi.
acestor teste sunt leWhether the obThe results for the Filter 1 and 2 in for the reduction
served microbial regate de sigurana apei
of microbial indicators : Total Coliforms, Escherichia Coli and Enterococcs.
filtrate care urmeaz a
ductions by the BSF
fi folosit n timpul peare sufficient to prorioadei de iniiere i
vide microbiologically
nainte de maturare.
safe drinking water
Dac mediul, spre
without addition of a
exemplu, ar putea fi
disinfectant remains to
modificat pentru a asibe shown by epidemigura o funcie de adological study of misorbie cu rol de comcrobial heath risks
pensare a reinerii misuch as reductions of
crobiene redus n etadiarrhea disease from
pa iniial, datorit lipBSF filtered waters
sei perioadei de maand by comparison of
turare, rmne ca o
the observed microbial
provocare n cercetrile
reductions to those reulterioare.
quired by drinking
Rezultatele acestor
water regulations in
studii microbiene au
specific countries or
indicat faptul c reduregions. Also of practical importance is
cerea este eficient
whether microbial redup o perioad de 3
ductions observed in
sptmni.
this study can be genn vederea utilizrii
apei filtrate ca surs de
eralized to BSFs in
ap potabil n urma
household use globreducerii microbiene
ally and, correspondobservat prin BSF fr
ingly, the extent to
adiia unui dezinfecwhich microbial retant, sunt necesare stuductions achieved by
dii epidemiologice ale
the BSF correlate with
riscurilor asupra snreductions in housetii cum ar fi reducerea
hold waterborne illbolilor cauzate de entenesses, such as diarrhea.
Fig. 3. Reducerea bacterian pentru Filtrul 1 i Filtrul 2,
rocolite prin filtrarea pe
n timpul perioadei 10/20/10 - 11/03/10
bacterial reduction for Filter 1 and Filter 2,
BSF i compararea reduAcknowledgements
during 10/20/10 and 11/03/10
cerilor microbiene obserThis research was
20
STUDII SI CERCETARI
vate, cu cele cerute de

reglementrile pentru
apa potabil din rile
sau regiunile specifice.
De asemenea, ca importan a practicii,
sunt reducerile microbiene observate n
acest studiu i posibilitatea de a putea generaliza rezultatele la
nivel de performane
ale biofiltrului n utilizarea la nivel global
n gospodrii, i, corespunztor, nivelul de
extindere la care reducerea obinut cu aceste biofiltre de nisip
s-ar putea corela cu reducerea bolilor cauzate
de agenii patogeni din
ap.
carried out with the financial support of

Michigan State University, in developing
the Program TREHB
(Training and Research in Environmental Health in Balkans).
reFerenCes
1. Buzunis, B.J., 1995.

Intermittently operated
slow sand filtration: a
new water treatment
process.Masters TheFig.4. Reducerea bacteriana pentru Filtrul 1 si Filtrul 2,
sis, University of Caln timpul perioadei 11/04/10 - 11/15/2010
bacterial reduction for Filter 1 and Filter 2,
gary, Department of
during 11/04/10 and 11/15/2010
Civil Engineering, Clgary, Alberta
2. Elliot, M.A.,Stauber,
C.E., Koksal, F., Liang,
K.R.,Huslage, F.A.,Sobsey, M.D.,2006.The oprecunotin
eration, flow condiAceasta lucrare de
tions and microbial recercetare a fost realizat
ductions of an intercu ajutorul suportului
mittently operated
financiar susinut de
household-scale sand
filter.
ctre Michigan State
3. Manz, D., 2007.
University, n cadrul
Preparation of media
Programului TREHB
for the biosand water
(Training and Research
filter: three layer sysin Environmental Health
tem, AB .
in Balkans).
Fig. 5. Reducerea E.Coli, testare - q PCR
4. Murcott, S., 2002.
E.Coli reduction, determined by q PCR
Nepal Water Project
BiBLioGrAFie
2001-2002. Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Civil Engineering, Cam1. Buzunis, B.J., 1995.Intermittently operated slow
bridge, MA.
sand filtration: a new water treatment
5. Sobsey, M.D., 2002. Managing Water in the
process.Masters Thesis, University of Calgary,
Department of Civil Engineering, Clgary, AlHome: Accelerated Health Gains from Imberta
proved Water Supply (WHO/SDE/WSH
2. Elliot, M.A.,Stauber, C.E., Koksal, F., Liang,
/02.07).WHO, Geneva.
K.R.,Huslage, F.A.,Sobsey, M.D.,2006.The ope6. Stauber, C.E., Elliot, M.A., Koksal, F.Ortiz, G.M.,
ration, flow conditions and microbial reductions
DiGiano, F.A., Sobsey, M.D., 2006. Characteriof an intermittently operated household-scale
sation of the biosand filter for E. Coli reductions
sand filter.
from household drinking water under con3. Manz, D., 2007.Preparation of media for the biotrolled laboratory conditions and field use connr.3 / 2011 www.romaqua.ro
21
STUDII I CERCETRI
sand water filter:

ditions. Water Sci.
three layer system,
Technol. 54 (3), 1-7.
AB .
7. World Health Or4. Murcott, S., 2002.
ganization
(WHO),
Nepal Water Project
2004. Water sanitation
2001-2002. Massaand hygiene links to
chusetts Institute of
health facts and figTechnology , Deures.
partment of Civil
8. Duke, W.F., Nordin,
Engineering, CamR.N.,
Baker,
D.,
bridge, MA.
Mazumder, A., 2006.
5. Sobsey, M.D., 2002.
The use and performManaging Water in
ance of Biosand filters
the Home: Accelein the Artibonite Valrated Health Gains
ley of Haiti: a field
from Improved Wastudy of 107 houseFigura 6. Reducerea E.Coli n experimentele realizate.
ter
Supply
holds.
Rural Remote
.E.Coli reductions over the length of microbial challenge experiments.
( W H O / S D E
Health 6.
/WSH/02.07).WHO, Geneva.
9. Sims, R., Slezak, L., 1991.Slow sand filtration:
6. Stauber, C.E., Elliot, M.A., Koksal, F.Ortiz, G.M.,
present practice in the United State, In: LogsDiGiano, F.A., Sobsey, M.D., 2006. Characteridon, G.(Ed), Slow Sand Filtration. American Sosation of the biosand filter for E. Coli reductions
ciety of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp 1-18
from household drinking water under controlled
10. Huisman, L., Slow Sand Filtration, Professor of
laboratory conditions and field use conditions.
Sanitary Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Technological University, Delft
Water Sci. Technol. 54 (3), 1-7.
Netherlands, World Health Organization, 1974
7. World Health Organization (WHO), 2004. Water
11. Fox, K.R., Graham, N.J.D., Collins, M.R., 1994.
sanitation and hygiene links to health facts
Slow sand filtration today: an introductory reand figures.
8. W.F., Nordin, R.N., Baker, D., Mazumder, A.,
view. In: Collins, M.R.,Graham, N.J.D.(Eds),
2006. The use and performance of Biosand filters
Slow Sand Filtration. American Water Works
in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: a field study
Association, Denver, CO, pp. 1-8.
of 107 households. Rural Remote Health 6.
9. Sims, R., Slezak, L., 1991.Slow sand filtration:
present practice in the United State, In: Logsdon,
Vrei s i proAlegnd s
G.(Ed), Slow Sand Filtration. American Society
movezi activiapari n paginile reof Civil Engineers, New York, NY, pp 1-18
tateaprin intermediul
vistei, vei fi promovat i
Revistei ROMAQUA?
n mediul online, att prin
10. Huisman, L., Slow Sand Filtration, Professor of
intermediul revistei ce se disSanitary Engineering, Department of Civil EnNoi i oferim o gam larg de
tribuie n format electro nic, ct
gineering, Technological University, Delft Neti prin site-urile pe care ARA le
instrumente i metode prin care
herlands, World Health Organization, 1974
deine n portofoliu.
poi s i faci cunoscut afacerea.
11. Fox, K.R., Graham, N.J.D., Collins, M.R., 1994.
Pentru detalii nu ezitai s ne
Slow sand filtration today: an introductory recontactai!
Acum poi alege ntre publicarea
view. In: Collins, M.R.,Graham, N.J.D.(Eds),
Tel.: 004 021 316 27 87;
de pagini de reclam, index de
004 0747 029 988
firme, articole de promovare,
Slow Sand Filtration. American Water Works
FAX: 004 021 316 27 88
organizare de evenimente.
Association, Denver, CO, pp. 1-8.
E-mail:romaqua@ara.ro
22
Grupul de Lucru din romania

Berlin 2 5 mai 2011
In perioada 2-5 mai 2011, la Berlin s-a
desfurat unul dintre cele mai importante
evenimente din sectorul apei - Wasser
Berlin International, organizat de German
Association for Water, Wastewater and
Waste (DWA), avand motto Know H2O
W n cadrul
cruia este inclus
si programul
Young Water Professionals (YWP),
anul acesta fiind
la cea de a 10-a
ediie.
Manifestrile
Wasser Berlin International se
adreseaz att lucrtorilor din domeniul apei ct i
marelui public, fiind
n acelai timp gazda unor ample conferine profesionale, constituind un bun
mediu de dezvoltare a unei platforme a
tinerilor specialiti din domeniul apei din
ntreaga lume.
Avnd n vedere c a fost constituit un
Grup de Lucru al Tinerilor Profesioniti
din domeniul Apei i la noi n ar n
cadrul Consiliului Tehnico tiinific al Asociaiei Romne a Apei, a fost posibil participarea unor tineri romni la programul
Young Water Profesionals Wasser Berlin
2011.
La acest Program au participat 54 tineri
din 22 de ri (Germania, Ungaria, Polonia,
Bulgaria, Yemen, Sudan, SUA, Croatia,
Slovacia, Siria, Nepal, Etiopia, Banglades,
Iordan, Palestina, China, Romnia, etc).
Din ara noastr au fost 8 tineri reprezentani
ai unor companii de ap i uniti de nvmnt superior.
Au fost formate 6 Grupuri de lucru n
fiecare fcnd parte cte cel puin un
reprezentant romn. Fiecare grup a avut
cte o tem de lucru, trebuind n final s
susin cte o prezentare:
Grupul 1 Trade fair visit; reprezentani
din Croatia, Siria, Ungaria, Nepal, Germania,

Bulgaria, Ungaria i Romnia (D-na Sacoiu
Oana Compania de Ap Braov);
Grupul 2 Prezentarea staiei de
tratare a apei de la Friedrichshagen i
provocrile din alte
ri; reprezentani
din Germania , Ungaria, Yemen, Sudan, Polonia, SUA
i Romnia (D-na
Cotoar Claudia
- practicant n
cadrul Instituiei
publice Regierung
von Schwaben,
Augsburg, Germania);
Grupul 3
Water Operators
Partnerships
national and international experiences working together; reprezentani
din Bulgaria, Etiopia,
Iordania, Germania,
Eritreea, China, Brazilia i Romnia (D-na
Pcal Adina i
D-l Kovacs Peter
SC Aquatim SA);
Grupul 4 Prezentarea sectorului
german al apei;
reprezentani din Siria,
China, Yemen, Germania, Indonezia, Ungaria i Romnia (D-l
Chereche Sergiu Leonard Compania
de Ap Some - Cluj)
Grupul 5 - Prezentarea interactiv a
Conferinei cu suport imagistic; reprezentani
din Sudan, Iordania, Germania, Slovacia,
Palestina, China, Ungaria, India i Romnia
(D-l Dippong Thomas Compania de
Ap Satu Mare);
Grupul 6 - Prezentarea Staiei de epu-
rare de la Wassmannsdorf; reprezentani

din Polonia, Ungaria, Bulgaria, Etiopia,
Germania, Banglades i Romnia (D-l Forir
Nicolae Sebastian SC. APA-CANAL
SA Sibiu i D-ra Stoica Maria UTCB Fac. Hidrotehnic).
Mare parte din tinerii participani au
fost interesai de Forumul romnesc al
GWP (German Water Partenership) n
cadrul cruia au fost fcute prezentri de
domnii, n ordinea prezentrilor, Ilie Vlaicu
AQUATIM Timioara, Peter Kostner
Academica (Fundaia Romno-German
de Ap), Anton Anton UTCB Facultatea
Hidrotehnic i Vasile Ciomo Asociaia
Romn a Apei i de prezentarea proiectului
Modele de competen n domeniul apei
WACOM realizat cu participare internaional.
Foarte instructive au fost vizitele la
Staia de tratare ap potabil Friedrichshagen
i Staia de epurare
Wassmannsdorf unde
au fost prezentate
procesele tehnologice i s-au purtat
discuii.
Organizarea
exemplar, programul foarte bine structurat, complex i
divers, au fcut ca
ediia din acest an
a
programului
Young Water Professionals (YWP)
s se bucure de un
deosebit succes, oferind participanilor
ansa de a avea o puternic i fructuoas
experien n domeniul managementului
apei, n plus oferindu-se i posibilitatea interactionarii intre organizaii i experi din
diferite ri, fiind i o extraordinar experien
intercultural, o posibilitate de schimb i
mprtire a cunotinelor i a know-howului, dar nu numai din perspective tehnice,
ci i prin prisma experienei i viziunilor
altor profesioniti din domeniul apei.
23
STUDII I CERCETRI
lUcacIU I., crUcErU l., cosma c., NIcolaU m.,

ghEorghE s., dINU l., PaTroEscU V.,
Institutul National de cercetare dezvoltare pentru Ecologie Industrial - EcoINd, Panduri 90-92,
050663 Bucureti, sector 5, romnia (E-mail: ecoind@incdecoind.ro)
hEm l. j., hafskjold l. s., EIkEBrokk B.

sTIfTElsEN sINTEf, department of Water i Environment, strindveien 4, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
(Webpage: www.sintef.no)
ABSTRACT
In Romania, water intended for human consumption is obtained from surface water (90-92%) and underground water
resources, and the existent systems of water supply cover only 65% of population consumption (97% for urban population).
Under EEA Financial Mechanism, INCD ECOIND and STIFTELSEN SINTEF (Norway Company) will developed in partnership a
project for monitoring potable water quality (from catching until production and distribution) supplied by two Romanian
companies, which have, at regional level, monopoly on services of potable water production and distribution for at least
100,000 inhabitants.
The potable water quality monitoring duration was 12 months, over 1400 samples were taken from 185 sampling points:
catchment (raw water), technological flows, plant exit, from storage tanks and from networks distribution to final
consumers. For each sample, physical, chemical and bacteriological monitoring was performed according to national and
European regulations. The analytical results showed that, at most treatment plants the concentration of free chloride,
trihalomethanes, aluminium, iron, zinc, sulphur and ammonium exceeded the limits at all times, while turbidity, nitrate,
organic matters and manganese were sporadically detected. Regarding microbiological quality of monitored potable water,
we observed the presence of mesophile bacteria at 220C and 370C, and in some water treatment plants Clostridium
perfringens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were detected.
The expected results of the project are: optimization and implementation of appropriate water quality monitoring program
from producer to final consumers; improvement of the actual methods of analysis and implementation of new methods for
conformity to the requirements for potable water quality control; optimization of analytical control schemes; measures for
optimization of the actual flows of water treatment / potabilization; recommendations for arrangement/maintenance/control
of distribution network; knowledge and innovation transferred to other water treatment plants and water supply systems.
Monitorizarea
nate
ti
s
e
d
i
e
p
a
i
i
ta
li
a
c
*
n
a
m
u
i
lu
consumu
water
The monitoring of
r human
quality intended fo
*
n
o
ti
p
consum
Keywords:
Drinking water,
monitoring system;
quality, water treatment plant
INTRODuCERE
Este cunoscut faptul ca resursele de ap (de

suprafa i subterane) sunt destul de limitate n
raport cu cerinele de ap iar resursele nu sunt ntotdeauna de calitatea corespunztoare impus
pentru apele de suprafa utilizate pentru potabilizare.
26
INTRODuCTION
Nowadays, it is unanimously recognized that

water resources (ground and surface water) are
limited to water requirements and water resources are not always of proper quality.
In Romania, water intended for human consumption is obtained 90-92% from surface and un-
STUDII I CERCETRI
n Romnia, apa destinat consumului uman

este obinut din surse de ap de suprafa (9092% ) i subteran, iar sistemul de distribuie ap
potabil acoper doar 65% din consumul populaiei
din care 97% este direcionat ctre populaia urban.
Procedeele de tratare aplicate n Romnia pentru
obinerea apei potabile din surse naturale sunt, n
general, metode clasice: micrositare, coagulare
floculare cu sulfat de aluminiu, decantare - filtrare,
sedimentare i dezinfecie cu clor. Calitatea apei
furnizat de aproximativ 1400 de staii de tratare
i distribuie existente pe teritoriul Romniei, nu
ndeplinesc ntodeauna cerinele reglementrilor
n vigoare pentru parametrii chimici i microbiologici, conducnd la un potenial risc pentru sntatea uman.
Sub egida Mecanismului Financiar EEA, INCDECOIND Bucureti i STIFTELSEN SINTEF (Institut
de Mediu din Norvegia) au dezvoltat n parteneriat
un proiect de monitorizare a calitii apei potabile
(de la captare pn la producere i distribuie)
furnizat de dou companii romneti care dein,
la nivel regional, monopolul serviciilor de producere
i distribuie a apei potabile pentru mai mult de
100 000 de locuitori.
Principalul scop al proiectului este ndeplinirea
condiiilor de calitate a apei potabile destinate
consumului uman, produs i distribuit de companiile luate in studiu, n conformitate cu reglementrile naionale i europene, n vigoare, pentru
a se asigura protecia sntii populaiei i a
reduce la minim riscul de mbolnvire.
Prezenta lucrare descrie situaia actual a calitii
apei potabile distribuit de doi operatori regionali
situati in zona de sud-est a Romaniei, dup evaluarea rezultatelor obtinute in urma implementrii
unui program de monitorizare complex.
derground water, and the existent systems of

water supply cover only 65% of population requirements, of which 97% is for urban population.
The treatment systems applied in Romania for
potable water are, in general, classic: micro sieving, coagulation/flocculation with aluminium sulphate, pre-chlorination, decantation/filtration,
sedimentation and disinfection with chlorine. The
quality of water supplied by approx. Romanian
1400 treatment & distribution plants not always
fulfil the requirements of the regulations for chemical and microbiological parameters, leading to
potential risks for public health.
Under EEA Financial Mechanism, INCD
ECOIND (Romania) and STIFTELSEN SINTEF
(Norway) developed in partnership, a project for
monitoring potable water quality (from caching
until production and distribution) supplied by
two Romanian companies, which have, at regional
level, monopoly on services of potable water production and distribution for at least 100,000 inhabitants.
The overall goal of the project was to protect
public health from the adverse effects of any contamination of water intended for human consumption, by ensuring that potable water
produced and supplied by the Romanian companies meets quality conditions imposed by the national and European regulations and can be safety
consumed.
The present paper is intended to present the actual situation of drinking water quality supplied
by 2 national companies, after a monitoring program implementation, to ensure the quality indicators for human health.
2
PROGRAMuL
MONITORIZARE
2.proGrAMuL
DeDEMonitoriZAre
Iniial, s-au organizat vizite de lucru in teren la

sase operatori regionali producatori si distribuitori
de apa potabila situati n zona de sud-est a
Romniei pentru evaluarea sistemelor de tratare
/ potabilizare ap si a schemelor de control analitic
existente, n vederea selectrii a doua companii
de ap, care necesit mbuntirea sistemului de
2 2.MonitorinG
MONITORING PLAN pLAn
Initially, we organized field visits at 6 regional

operators - potable water producers and distributors from South-Eastern part of Romania - to assess the current water treatment operations /
potabilisation and analytical control schemes, in
27
STUDII I CERCETRI
monitoring a calitii apei potabile. S-au investigat

urmtoarele aspecte: sursele de apa brut; procesul
tehnologic de tratare aplicat pentru obinerea de ap
potabil; modalitaile de stocare a apei potabile; detalii
privind starea tehnica a staiilor de pompare i sistemului
de distribuie ap potabil la consumatori; modul in
care se realizeaza controlul calitatii apei in laboratoarele
de analize ale statiilor de tratare.
order to select 2 water companies requiring improvement of monitoring control system for
potable water. The next aspects investigated were:
raw water sources and technological processes; system
control of the treatment process and water quality monitoring plan on the treatment flow; the technical situation of water storage reservoirs and distribution
systems;
In urma evalurilor s-a constat c pentru fiecare

staie de tratare / potabilizare ap se asigur controlul periodic al calitii apei brute, pe fluxul de
tratare, apei potabile stocat n rezervoarele de
nmagazinare i distribuit consumatorilor, fiind
stabilite puncte de control att n staie, ct i n
reeaua de distribuie, precum i frecvena prelevrii
probelor. Facilitile i dotarea laboratoarelor cu
echipamente i aparatur de laborator permite
monitorizarea periodic a parametrilor privind
calitatea organoleptic i microbiologic a apei
potabile, dar exist parametrii normai n Legea
Apei Potabile, care nu sunt verificai / monitorizai.
Analizele efectuate in mod curent n cadrul laboratoarele staiilor de tratare sunt: msurtori
fizice de temperatura, pH, conductivitate; determinri
volumetrice duritate, cloruri, alcalinitate, oxidabilitate;
determinri spectrometrice (colorimetrice) turbiditate,
clor rezidual liber i total, amoniu, nitrai, nitrii i
unele metale (de regula: aluminiu, fier, mangan) i
analize bacteriologice.
Nici unul din laboratoarele vizitate nu au implementat un sistem de management al calitii
in conformitate cu cerinele referenialului SR EN
ISO 17025: 2005 i nu au solicitat acreditarea
RENAR sau autorizarea / nregistrarea la Ministerul
Sntii pentru monitorizarea calitii apei potabile
conform prevederilor H.G. nr. 974/2004.
Analiza datelor i informaiilor colectate din
staiile de tratare ap i laboratoarele de analiz
care aparin celor sase operatori regionali vizitai
n luna iulie 2009 au condus la selectarea celor
doua companii regionale de ap participante n
Proiect, i anume: SC ECOAQUA SA Clrai cu
sase staii de tratare (Chiciu- Clrai, Oltenia,
Urziceni, Lehliu Gar, Budeti, Fundulea) i SC
Compania de Utiliti Publice Dunrea SA Brila
cu sapte staii de tratare (Brila, Chicani, Gropeni,
Ianca, Movila Miresii, Victoria i Roiori). Sursele
After investigations, we established that for

each water treatment plant the periodic quality
control of influent raw water, on the treatment
flow, from the storage reservoirs and at consumers are ensured. The local laboratory infrastructure allows periodical monitoring for
efficiency treatment control (especially for chlorination), for organoleptic characteristics and microbiological quality, but some indicators imposed by
Potable Water Law are not monitored. They routinely perform physical measurements (temperature,
pH and conductivity), volumetric determinations
(water hardness, chloride, alkalinity and oxidability),
spectrometric determinations (turbidity, free and total
residual chlorine, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate) and
metals (aluminium, iron, manganese) and microbiological quality. Their analytical and microbiological
methods are outdated, dont have a quality management system implemented according to SR EN
ISO 17025 and RENAR accreditation or authorization / registration at Health Ministry for water
quality control according to Governmental Decision no. 974/2004, but interest and preoccupation
exist [8].
28
The analysis of data and collected information

from water treatment plants and analyses laboratories which belong to six regional water operators visited in Julie 2009 have lead to the selection
of 2 regional companies participating in this project: SC CUP Danube SA Brila with 7 treatment
plants (Brila, Chicani, Gropeni, Ianca, Movila
Miresii, Victoria and Roiori) and SC ECOAQUA
SA Clrai with 6 treatment plants (Chiciu,
Oltenia, Urziceni, Lehliu Station, Budeti, Fundulea). The raw water sources of these water distribution companies are surface water from Danube
River and ground water from deep wells.
STUDII SI CERCETARI
de ap brut ale acestor companii sunt reprezentate

de ap de suprafa (Fluviul Dunrea) i ap subteran (foraje de mare adncime).
Pe baza informatiilor colectate din teren i
avnd in vedere reglementarile legislative referitoare la calitatea apei utilizat pentru potabilizare
i a apei potabile, s-a elaborat un plan complex de
monitorizare calitate ap, cu identificarea punctelor
de control, frecvenei de prelevare probe, metodelor
de analiz aplicate pentru determinarea indicatorilor fizico-chimici i bacteriologici de interes, modalitilor de nregistrare / verificare corespunzatoare a rezultatelor. Pentru a asigura un control
eficient, adecvat i complet al calitii apei de la
captare, pe fluxul de tratare i in sistemul de distribuie, pe traseul productor-consumatori, implementarea programului de monitoring s-a realizat
pe o perioada de 12 luni calendaristice i lunar, sau efectuat prelevari de probe si determinari analitice pentru un numar semnificativ de indicatori
fizico-chimici si bacteriologici.
De asemenea, s-au realizat instruiri ale personalului din cele doua companii implicate in Proiect
i vizite de lucru ntre partenerii implicai n
Proiect, pentru a asigura schimbul de experien,
n vederea dezvoltrii/implementrii de noi metode
de control a eficientei proceselor de tratare aplicate
si al calitatii apei potabile, din punct de vedere
bacteriologic.
Pentru eficientizarea implementrii programului
de monitoring s-a elaborat unui Ghid de prelevare
care descrie cerinele privind efectuarea prelevrii
probelor de ap n conformitate cu Directiva Apei
Potabile (DWD) i explic modalitile concrete
de punere n practica a cerinelor DWD, precum
i de realizare a activitii de monitorizare. n
anexele Ghidului sunt furnizate informaii utile
personalului din cadrul staiilor de tratare, referitoare la: amplasarea punctelor de prelevare, parametrii
care trebuie monitorizai on-line, zilnic i conform
unui program; procedura de selectare a punctelor de
prelevare n reeaua de distribuie i definirea punctelor
critice la consumatori; parametrii care se analizeaz n
mod curent pentru evalurarea calitii apei brute i
parametrii care ar trebui monitorizai periodic si care,
de regula, nu sunt determinati n laboratoarele din
cadrul staiilor de tratare; modul practic n care trebuie
analizate statistic datele privind calitatea apei, nregistrate
pe o perioada de timp (de exemplu 1 an).
Based on the collected field information and

considering the legislation for water quality used
for potabilization and drinking water, we developed a complex plan for water quality control
with identification of control points, the number
and types of water samples, sampling frequency/samples analysis, physical-chemical and
microbiological indicators and the methods of
analysis applied, modalities for registration and
verification of proper results. To ensure an efficient and complete control for water quality (from
catching, on the treatment flow and in the distribution system to consumers), the monitoring plan
implementation was performed for 12 months and
on a monthly basis and analytical determination
for a significant number of physical, chemical and
bacteriological indicators was made.
Also, we performed personnel training for the
two selected companies and work visits between
project partners for changing experience, in order
to develop / implement new control methods for
efficiency of applied treatment and of quality
potable water from the bacteriological point of
view.
For efficiency of monitoring programme implementation was elaborated a Sampling Guideline according to European Drinking Water Directive for
each of the selected water suppliers, which included: the control points; frequency of sampling
(online, daily and according with an established
program); selection procedure of sampling points
from distribution network and critical points at
consumers; routine and periodical monitoring parameters; statistical analysis of collected data concerning water quality registered for a longs
periods (for example 1 year).
AnALYsis
3 3.sAMpLinG
SAMPLING ANDAnD
ANALZSIS
CAMPAIGN CAMpAiGn
In the period of October 2009 - September 2010,
sampling and analysis were organized monthly to
ensure an efficient control, appropriate and complete for water quality from catching, on treatment
flow and in distribution system to consumers
(schools, high schools, school residences, hospitals, train stations, local public authorities build-
29
STUDII I CERCETRI
3.CAMpAniA
De preLeVAre / AnALiZA
3
CAMPANIA DE PRELEVARE - ANALIZ
n perioada octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010
s-au realizat lunar, campanii de prelevare i analiz
probe de ap, pentru a asigura un control eficient,
adecvat i complet al calitii apei de la captare,
pe fluxul de tratare i n sistemul de distribuie
ap potabila, pe traseul productor consumatori
finali (coli, licee, internate, spitale, gri, localuri
ale autoritilor publice locale primrii, consilii,
politie, pompieri brutrii, cofetrii, restaurante,
campinguri, staii de distributie carburanti, magazine, piete, locuine particulare, etc.). Timp de
un an de zile, cu o frecventa lunara, s-au monitorizat
sapte staii de tratare din cadrul companiei regionale
SC CUP Dunarea SA Brila i respectiv, sase
staii de tratare din cadrul companiei SC ECOAQUA SA Clrai.
Prelevarea a fost efectuat de personalul specializat din cadrul INCD-ECOIND, respectnduse indicaiile standardelor naionale i internaionale
privind prelevarea probelor de ap de suprafa,
a apei subterane i a apei potabile, precum si
Ghidul de prelevare elaborat in cadrul proiectului,
ings townhalls, police, councils, firemans,- bakers, restaurants, campings, carburant distribution
stations, magazines, markets, particular residence). For one year, monthly, were monitored 7
treatment plants of SC CUP Danube SA Brila
and 6 treatment plants of SC ECOAQUA SA
Clrai.
The sampling was performed by INCD
ECOIND specialised personnel, according to national and international standards concerning surface water, ground water and drinking water
sampling, and according to sampling Guideline
elaborated in this project.
In accordance to monitoring plans and national
and European regulations (Law no. 458/2002 concerning drinking water quality, modified/completed by Law no.311/2004, G.D. no. 100/2002
(NTPA 013) concerning the norms for surface
water quality intended for human consumption,
modified by G.D. no. 662/2005, Directive
98/83/EC for water quality intended for human
Fig. 1 Prelevarea probelor de ap.

Sampling of drinking water (treatment plant).
30
STUDII SI CERCETARI
cu detalii privind prelevarea probelor de apa pe

fluxul de tratare al statiilor de potabilizare.
Conform Planurilor de monitoring i avnd in
vedere reglementarile naionale i europene, n
vigoare (Legea nr. 458/2002 privind calitatea apei potabile, completat/modificat prin Legea nr.311/2004;
Hotrrea Guvernului nr. 662/2005 privind Normele
de calitate ale apelor de suprafa utilizate pentru potabilizare, Directiva 98/83/EC; Directiva 75/440/EC),
un numr semnificativ de indicatori fizico-chimci
i bacteriologici au fost analizai pentru a stabili
caracteristicile de calitate ale apei brute, tratat i
apei potabile distribuit consumatorilor finali.
Pe parcursul perioadei de monitorizare s-au
prelevat peste 1400 probe din 185 puncte de prelevare fixate la: captare surse de ap brut; pe
fluxul tehnologic al celor 13 staii de tratare ap la
iesirea din statii si din rezervoarele de stocare / inmagazinare si retele de distribuie consumatori finali,
puncte stabilite de comun acord cu reprezentanii
celor doua companii implicate n realizarea Proiectului.
In campaniile de prelevare din lunile mai si
iunie 2010, s-au prelevat probe de apa bruta si
apa tratata (apa potabila la iesirea din statia de
tratare), care au fost trimise la partenerul SINTEF,
din Norvegia, in vederea efectuarii unor analize
specifice pentru controlul eficientei proceselor de
tratare. De asemenea,in laboratoarele de la partenerul SINTEF au fost efectuate analize de paraziti
din probe prelevate din Dunare (statia captare
Chiciu Calarasi), in luna decembrie 2010.
4 4.reZuLtAte
REZuLTATE
Analizele fizico-chimice i microbiologice (aproximativ 55 000 de analize) au fost efectuate n laboratoarele din INCD-ECOIND utiliznd metode
de analiz acreditate, echipamente moderne, msuri
de control i asigurare a calitii rezultatelor n
conformitate cu prevederile referentialului SR EN
ISO 17025: 2005.
n urmtoarele grafice (fig. 2 17) sunt prezentate rezultatele statistice ale determinrilor
analitice i microbiologice pentru probele de ap
prelevate din cadrul celor doua companii de ap.
use, Directive 75/440/EC for surface water quality), a significant number of physical, chemical
and bacteriological determinations were performed to assess the quality of raw water, treated
water and water at consumers.
During monitoring programme over 1400 samples were colected from 185 control points at: caching raw water sources; tehnological flow of
the 13 treatment plants of the two selected companies; outpout of plants and from stock reservoires and distribution network final consumers.
The control points were agreed with the officials
of the two participating water companies.
During sampling campaign from May to June
2010 were colected raw water and treated water
samples (input and output) to be analised by SINTEF partner (from Norway) for the specified determinations. Also the partner performed
parasites determinations from raw water (Danube
River) in december 2010.
4 4.resuLts
RESuLTS
About 55.000 physical chemical and bacteriological analyses were performed by INCDECOIND Bucharest using accredited methods,
modern equipments, control measures and quality assurance of results in conformity with ISO
17025:2005.
In the next graphics (fig. 1. 17.) are presented
the statistical results of analytical and microbiological determination for the collected water samples of the two water companies.
The statistic analysis of the results showed that
the most frequent exceedings were registered for
free chlorine, trihalomethans and oxidability, for
surface raw water sources (Danube River). In case
of deep wells we observed some constant exceedings for manganese, sodium, boron and sulphides,
which were also detected to the consumers. Concerning microbiological quality, the surface water
is polluted with a significant number of total
colonies at 22oC and 37oC, total coliforms, streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella sp. and parasites. This
31
STUDII I CERCETRI
Fig. 2. Variaia indicatorilor de oxidabilitate (CCOMn) pentru staia de tratarea ap potabil Clrai Chiciu (octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of oxidability indicators (CCOMn) for Clrai Chiciu treatment plant (october09 september10).
Fig. 3. Variaia clorului liber pentru staia de tratarea ap potabil Clrai Chiciu (octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of free chlorine for Clrai Chiciu treatment plant (october09 september10).
Fig. 4.Variaia trihalometanilor pentru staia de tratarea ap potabil Clrai Chiciu (octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of trihalomethanes for Clrai Chiciu treatment plant (october09 september10).
Fig. 5. Variaia clorului liber la consumatorii staiei Clrai Chiciu

(noiembrie 2009 februarie 2010).
Variation of free chlorine at Clrai Chiciu consumers
(november09 february10).
32
Fig.. 6 Variaia trihalometanilor la consumatorii staie Clrai

Chiciu (noiembrie 2009 februarie 2010).
Variation of trihalomethanes at Clrai Chiciu consumers
(november09 february10).
STUDII SI CERCETARI
Fig. 7. Variaia bacteriilor mezofile la 37oC pentru staia Clrai Chiciu

(octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of mesophile bacteria at 37oC for Clrai Chiciu treatment plant
(october09 september10).
Fig. 9. Variaia bacteriilor mezofile la 37oC pentru consumatori

staie Clrai Chiciu .
Variation of mesophile bacteria at 37oC
for Clrai Chiciu consumers .
Analiza statistic a rezultatelor analitice a evideniat c cele mai frecvente depairi s-au nregistrat
pentru indicatorii clor rezidual liber, trihalometani
i ncrcare organic, n cazul surselor de ap de
suprafa (din Fluviul Dunrea). n cazul forajelor
de mare adncime s-au observat depairi constante
la mangan, sodiu, bor, sulfuri i hidrogen sulfurat,
care se menin pn la consumatori.
Din punct de vedere bacteriologic apa de suprafa brut este poluat, prezentnd o ncrcare
microbiologic semnificativ pentru numrul total
de germeni la 22oC i 37oC, coliformi totali, streptococci fecali, bacterii din specia Salmonella i parazii (Giardia). Aceast ncrcare se reduce prin
procedeele de tratare, ns la ieirea din staie i
consumatori se menin nc depairi, fa de
valorile admise, pentru numrul total de germeni
la 22oC i 37oC, n unele cazuri constant, iar n
altele sporadic.
Apa subteran utilizat pentru potabilizare
Fig. 8. Variaia bacteriilor mezofile la 37oC pentru pentru staia urziceni

(octombrie 2009septembrie 2010) (br 1-20 consumatori).
Variation of mesophile bacteria at 22oC for urziceni treatment plant
(october09 september10).
Fig. 10. Variaia bacteriilor mezofile la 22oC pentru consumatori

staie Clrai Chiciu.
Variation of mesophile bacteria at 22 oC
for Clrai Chiciu consumers .
microbiological pollution is reduced after treatment process, but the outflows and water at consumers still exceeds for number of total colonies
at 22oC and 37oC, constantly, or sporadically in
some cases.
The ground water used for potabilisation have
constant overtaking for number of total colonies
at 22oC and 37oC, , which are maintain at treatment plant outflow and at consumers.
During the project were developed / implemented some new methods concerning: natural
organic matter (hydrophobic and hydrophilic
fractions); biodegradable dissolved organic carbon quantitative; assimilable organic carbon; specific UV absorbance; suspended solid matter and
particles distribution depending on their dimensions; proteins concentration through Lowry
33
STUDII I CERCETRI
Tabelul 1. Indicatorii neconformi pentru sursele de ap brut, efluent staii de tratare i ap potabil distribuit consumatorilor (SC ECOAQuA SA Clrai)
Overtaking indicators for raw water sources, outflow plants and distributed water- consumers (SC ECOAQuA SA Clrai).
prezint depiri constante pentru numr total

de germeni la 22oC i 37oC, care se menin la ieire
din staie i ct i la consumatori.
Pe parcursul derulrii proiectului fost dezvoltate
/ implementate urmatoarele metode noi de analiz:
determinarea fraciilor hidrofobe i hidrofile ale materiei
organice naturale, determinarea coninutului de carbon
organic dizolvat biodegradabil, determinarea carbonului
organic asimilabil, determinarea absorbanei UV specifice,
determinarea coninutului de materii n suspensie i
distribuia particulelor funcie de dimensiunea acestora,
determinarea coninutului de proteine prin metoda
Lowry, determinarea concentraiei de adenozin-trifosfat
total i extracelular din apa potabila, determinarea paraziilor (giardia) din apa brut Dunrea.
34
method; total and extracellular adenosine triphosphate concentration; parasites determination (Giardia) from raw water.
5 5.ConCLusions
CONCLuSIONS
The surface water treatment plants from the 2

districts (Oltenia, Clrai Chiciu, Brila, Chicani, Ianca, Gropeni, Movila Miresii) use Danube
water as raw water. According to monitoring
data, Danube water showed exceedings (NTPA
013) for global and specific oxidability. We appreciated that the organic matter form Danube water
is biodegradable (CCOCr /CBO5 0,35), with trihalomethans generation potential and bacteria
STUDII SI CERCETARI
Fig. 11. Variaia indicatorului de oxidabilitate (CCOMn) pentru staia de tratare brila (octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of oxidability indicators (CCOMn) for brila treatment plant (october09 september10) .
Fig. 12. Variaia clorului liber pentru staia de tratare brila (octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of free chlorine for brila treatment plant (october09 september10).
Fig. 13. Variaia trihalometanilor pentru staia de tratare brila (octombrie 2009 septembrie 2010).
Variation of trihalomethanes for brila treatment plant (october09 september10).
Fig. 14. Variaia clorului liber la consumatorii staiei de tratare brila .

Variation of free chlorine at brila consumers (april09 september10).
Fig. 15. Variaia trihalometanilor la consumatorii staiei de tratare brila.

Variation of trihalomethanes at brila consumers (april09 september10).
35
STUDII I CERCETRI
Fig. 16. Variaia nr. total de germeni la 22oC la consumatorii staiei de tratare
brila (br 1 20 consumatori).
Variation of total no. of colonies 22oC for brila consumers (br 1 20).
Fig. 17. Variaia nr. total de germeni la 37oC la consumatorii staiei de tratare
brila (br 1 20 consumatori).
Variation of total no. of colonies 37oC for brila consumers (br 1 20).
Tabelul 2. Indicatorii neconformi pentru sursele de ap brut, ieire staii i ap distribuit consumatori (SC CuP Dunarea SA brila)
Overtaking indicators for raw water sources, outflow plants and distributed water- consumers (SC CuP Danube SA brila).
36
STUDII SI CERCETARI
5.ConCLuZii
CONCLuZII
Staiile de tratare ap de suprafa din cele

dou judee (Oltenia, Calarai-Chiciu, Brila,
Chicani, Ianca, Gropeni, Movila Miresii) utilizeaz
ap de Dunare ca apa brut. Conform datelor de
monitorizare, apa de Dunare prezint neconformiti (NTPA 013) legate de ncarcarea organic
global i specific. Se precizeaz c ncrcarea
organic prezent n apa de Dunare are caracter
biodegradabil (CCOCr/CBO5 0,35), cu potenial
de generare trihalometani i favorizare dezvoltare
filme biologice n reea.
Neconformitile nregistrate pentru apa potabil
la ieire din staie i consumatori sunt legate de
indicatorii clor rezidual liber i trihalometani care
prezint fluctuaii de concentraie cu depairi fluctuante ale valorilor admise.
Staiile de tratare ape subterane din cele dou
judee (Roiori, Victoria, Urziceni, Lehliu, Budeti,
Fundulea) utilizeaz ca ap brut, apa de foraj (H
= 35 120 m), contextele de impurificare (tip poluani, concentraii, matrici asociate) fiind diverse.
n consecin, fluxurile de tratare aplicate n statiile
existente sunt diferite, cu eficiene variabile de ndepartare poluani specifici. Manganul i amoniul
au fost identificai n majoritatea resurselor, pe
domenii variabile de concentraie n asociere cu
diversi poluani de natur anorganic.
n baza studiului de monitorizare efectuat, specialitii INCD ECOIND Bucureti au facut urmtoarele recomandri de modernizare a staiilor de
tratare ap potabil existente:
Optimizare treptei de coagulare/floculare separare
(decantare-filtrare) prin stabilirea condiilor optime
(pH, timp de reacie, doze coagulant, oportunitate
adaos floculant) de utilizare coagulani prehidrolizai
pe baz de aluminiu n vederea creterii eficienei
de reinere ncrcare organic i diminurii concentraiei de aluminiu rezidual n apa tratat i
prin eficientizare treaptei de filtrare (viteze de
filtrare, cicluri de filtrare/spalare etc.)
Posibiliti de ndepartare ncrcare organic i
component bacteriologic: preoxidare (ClO2, Cl2,
O3); procese de membrana (MF, UF); cuplare procese
oxidative procese biologice (biofiltre)
Studii de tratabilitate privind potenialul ncrcrii
organice solubile remanente de a genera trihalometani,
n diverse trepte de tratare.
biofilms development in network distribution.

Noncompliances registered for potable water
from plant outflow and consumers were free chlorine, trihalomethans and total no. of colonies at
22oC and 37oC, which showed fluctuant exceedings compared with normative values.
The ground water treatment plants from the 2
districts (Roiori, Victoria, Urziceni, Lehliu,
Budeti, Fundulea) use deep well water (H=35 120m ) as raw water and the type of contamination is diversified. Also, the applied treatment
flows are different, with variable efficiencies of
specific pollutants remove. As noted above, manganese and ammonia were identified in the majority of ground water sources, with variable
concentrations domains in association with inorganic pollutants.
Based on monitoring study of water quality,
the INCD ECOIND Bucharest specialists have
made the following recommendations for existent
potable water treatment plants modernization:
Optimization of coagulation / flocculation settling process (decantation filtration) through
establishment of optimal conditions (pH, reaction
time, coagulant dose, flocculent opportunity
addition) for aluminum prehidrolisants coagulants used for organic matter remove efficiency
and residual aluminum concentrations reduction
from treated water, and filtration process efficiency (filtration speed, filtration cycles/ washing)
Possibility for organic matter and bacteriological
pollution remove: preoxidation (ClO2, Cl2, O3),
membrane process (MF and UF), oxidative
process coupled with biological process (biofiltres)
Trasability studies concerning the potential of
remanent soluble organic mater to generate
trihalomethants, along of treatment process.
37
STUDII I CERCETRI
reFerenCes
1. Law no. 458/2002 concerning potable water quality, modified/completed by Law no.311/2004;
2. Governmental Decision no. 662/2005 concerning the norms for the surface waters quality intended for human consumption;
3. Directive 98/83/eC for water quality intended for human use;
4. Directive 75/440/eC for surface water quality used for potabilization;
5. i. Lucaciu*, L.Cruceru*, C. Cosma*, M. nicolau*, L. Dinu*, V. patroescu*, s. Gheorghe*, Lars J. Hem**, Leif s. Hafskjold**, B. eikebrokk**, *INCD ECOIND Romania; **STIFTELSEN SINTEF Norway, Monitoring system of the quality
of water intended for human consumption, produced and distributed by romanian companies, International Conference SGEM
2010, 21-26.06.2010 Albena, Bulgary;
6. i.Lucaciu*, L.Cruceru*, C.Cosma*, C. Cosma*, M. nicolau*, G. Vasile*, J. petre*, D. staniloaie*, Lars J.Hem**, Leif
s.Hafskjold**, B.eikebrokk**, *INCD ECOIND Romania; **STIFTELSEN SINTEF Norway, Evaluation of the monitoring
activity performed for two Romanian companies which produce and supply dinking water, COST Action 637, 4 th International
Conference on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water, Kristianstand, Sweden, October 13-15, 2010;
7. G. Vasile, Quality control of drinking water (Suppliers Public Network System Customers Tap), COST WG meeting,
Bucharest, 27 may 2010;
8. ir europA, Improving the quality of potable water, INNNSIKT 17/2010;
Detectivii apei pierdute

o nou publicaie de specialitate
Profesia asociat deteciei pierderilor de ap a dat natere, de-a lungul timpului, multor comparaii i metafore, fiind
asemanat cu un indian care ascult pmntul, cu un doctor care ascult pulsul reelei cu un stetoscop sau cu un detectiv
care investigheaz dispariia apei din reea. De altfel, n Roma antic reprezentanii acestei profesii erau numii comisarii apei.
Detectivii apei pierdute, despre care vorbim n rndurile de fa, nu se refer ns la oamenii care urmresc firul apei, ci la o revist de profil
adresat acestor specialiti, cu apariie anual, al crui primul numr a fost lansat la sfritul lunii martie.
Este tiut c fiecare echip de detecii a pierderilor de ap deine un jurnal n care i noteaz defectele
constatate, zgomotele depistate i mai ales problemele ntmpinate. Realizatorii acestui prim numr s-au gndit
s creeze un altfel de jurnal, n paginile cruia cei interesai s poat face adnotri sau consemnri, n beneficiul
tuturor colegilor din domeniu. Astfel, colectivul de redacie format din Alin Anchidin (Timioara), Leila Kajnak
(Trgu Mure), Gabriela Lupncescu (Craiova) i Florin Vasilache (Bucureti) a realizat o selecie de materiale
nouti, studii de caz, teorii, prezentri de echipamente i altele care au legtur cu pierderile de ap. Proiectul
de fa vine ca o dezvoltare a forumului ,www.pierderiapa.forumactual.com, lansat n anul 2010, practic o
platform de transfer de cunotine ntre operatorii de ap din ar.
Toate persoanele implicate n detectarea sistematic a pierderilor trebuie s fie bine instruite, astfel nct
membrii grupului s poat atinge eficiena maxim n detectarea pierderilor. Colectivul de redacie este de prere
c mprtirea cunotinelor, meninerea unui spirit de dialog, a deschiderii spre punctele de vedere ale celorlali
sunt un ctig. Dei nucleul de forumiti de detecii pierderi s-a format n urma competiiilor naionale la care
au participat, ceea ce i d coeren ca grup este orientarea spre dezbatere, nu spre competiie, dezbaterea fiind
privit ca un veritabil ctig.
Menionez aici cteva din subiectele abordate de Detectivii apei pierdute explicarea terminologiei de specialitate ap nefacturat i
pierdere, importana funcionrii vanelor, metode neconvenionale de depistare a pierderilor de ap, localizarea pierderilor cu ajutorul gazului
trasor i relatri de la concursurile naionale i internaionale din domeniu.
Mulumesc pe aceast cale colaboratorilor care ne-au trimis materiale i le doresc cititorilor lectur plcut i util!
Publicatia este n romnete i englez, ea putnd fii gsit i descrcat de pe adresa http://pierderideapa.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/4/.
Alin ANCHIDIN
Compartiment Detecii pierderi
38
STUDII I CERCETRI
aNca-ElENa Bor
departament Business advisory, Bdo Business advisory srl,
str. nvingtorilor, nr. 24, Bucureti 3, 030922, romnia,
(e-mail: anca.bors@bdo.ro)
ABSTRACT
Investment projects financed by the European Union from the Cohesion Fund bring important benefits to local
communities and to the regional operator but also responsibilities regarding the project implementation
according to national and European regulations. To access an investment project, the regional operator needs
to implement a project for preparing the financing application and the related documentation. Such a project is
the project for preparing the financing application for Arges County, which is used for identifying the problems
encountered in projects implementation. The problems identified with the help of the study case are translated
into the investment project implementation for establishing the similar problems that may appear. The
implementation problems refer mainly to project management with impact on the entire project, including the
financial and technical aspects. The means to prevent and solve the implementation problems are directly
related to the knowledge and abilities of the project management team and project organization but also to their
capacity to adapt to the continuously changing project internal and external environment.
Probleme n
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
in
a
e
s
r
m
a
t
le
n
b
Pro
impleme
i
r
du
funds projects
proiectelor din fon
lementation
p
im
europene
paring the
tire a
iectul de preg
Studiu de caz: Pro
re din Fondul de
a
n
a
n
fi
e
d
i
e
i
a
c
apli
e *
rg
A
l
u
e
d
ju
u
tr
n
e
Coeziune p
ject of pre
*
Study case: The pro
ty
n
u
o
C
s
e
pplication for Arg
Cohesion Funds a
Keywords:
Regional operator
investment project, project management
project organisation, knowledge
CADRu I METODA
Contextul actual al operatorilor serviciilor de ap i ap

uzat din Romnia este puternic marcat de necesitatea conformrii cu Directivele Europene pentru Ap i Ap Uzat,
prin implementarea proiectelor de investiii din fonduri nerambursabile UE, din alocri bugetare locale i de la bugetul de
stat, dar i din sursele proprii ale operatorilor.
Aceste proiecte de investiii au att o component evident
40
bACKROuND AND METHOD
The current context in Romania for water and wastewater

services operators is strongly influenced by the need to
comply with the European Directives for water and wastewater, through implementation of investment projects
from EU grants, local and state budget allocations, but
also operators own sources.
STUDII I CERCETRI
Probleme n implementarea proiectelor din fonduri europene Studiu de caz: Proiectul de pregtire a aplicaiei
de finanare din fondul de coeziune pentru judeul Arge
de protecie a mediului, dar i una social datorit beneficiului

adus populaiei din aria proiectului, contribuind la dezvoltarea
durabil a operatorului regional, a sectorului de ap i apa
uzat i n general a zonei respective.
n vederea accesrii fondurilor europene nerambursabile,
operatorii de ap i autoritile locale s-au aliniat cadrului instiutional conform Programului Operaional Sectorial Mediu
(POS Mediu), ceea ce a dus la extinderea ariei de operare a
acestora prin integrarea n organizaia deja existena a managementului operaiunilor din aria nou preluat. Impactul asupra
organizaiei se poate observa i n rolul pe care l ocupa aria
extins a serviciilor n managementul strategic al operatorului
regional, n relaiile cu Asociaia de Dezvoltare Intercomunitara
i celelalte instituii i organisme.
Conform datelor relevate de Master Planurile realizate
pentru fiecare jude, necesarul de finanare pentru conformarea
acestora n totalitate la Directivele Europene privind Ap i
Apa Uzat, depete capacitatea respectivei comuniti de
a genera fondurile necesare implementrii proiectelor de
investiii. Pe termen mediu problema finanrii pare s fie
rezolvat pentru aria de operare existenta prin accesarea
fondului de coeziune i a celorlalte surse mentioante mai sus
astfel nct aglomerrile deservite cu peste 10,000 echivalent
populaie s se conformeze n totalitate directivelor pn n
2015 iar cele cu peste 2,000 echivalent populaie s nceap
conformarea pentru orizontul de timp 2018.
Considernd experiena companiilor de ap n implementarea
proiectelor de investiii, cele mai notabile ca mrime i complexitate fiind proiectele ISPA, se poate formula ntrebarea n
ce msur vor reui operatorii de ap s implementeze
proiectele de investiii din Fondul de Coeziune ce au o mrime
i o complexitate considerabil mai mare dect orice proiect
implementat pn n prezent, astfel nct s utilizeze i s optimizeze toate sursele financiare disponibile? Aceast ntrebare
se dezvolta pe fondul cadrului instituional n care operatorul
i desfoar activitatea n noua sa postur de autoritate
contractant i de implementare a proiectului de investiii
finanat din Fondul de Coeziune.
Pentru ca operatorul regional s poat accesa i implementa
proiectul de investiii, primul pas ce trebuie parcurs este
pregtirea aplicaiei de finanare mpreun cu documentaia
tehnic, financiar, economic i de mediu aferenta. Att
datorit complexitii i mrimii documentaiei ct i a reglementrilor specifice ce trebuie ndeplinite de aplicaia de
finanare, acest prim pas s-a concretizat ntr-un proiect de
asisten tehnic cu scopul de a pregti documentele menionate
pentru proiectul de investiii, care asigura conformarea la Directivele Europene de Ap i Ap Uzat a aglomerrilor
incluse. Beneficiarii unui astfel de proiect sunt operatorul
regional i autoritile locale, iar la un nivel mai extins populaia
These type of investment projects have a strong environmental component, but also a social one due to the
benefits brought to the population in the project area,
contributing to sustainable development of the regional
operator, the water and wastewater sector and of the respective area in general.
In order to access EU non-refundable financing, the
regional water operators and local authorities have
complied with the instructional framework under Sectoral
Operational Programme Environment (SOP Environment),
which led to the enlargement of the water companies operation area by integrating in the existing organization
the operational management of the took over area. The
impact on the organization is observed in the role that
the extended service area occupies in the regional
operators strategic management in relation to Intercommunity Development Association (IDA) and other institutions
and bodies.
According to data revealed by the Master Plans
prepared for each county, the financing need to assure
the compliance to the Water and Wastewater Directives
is beyond their capacity to generate funds for implementing
the investment projects. On medium term, the funding
problem seems to be solved for the existing operated
area through the accession of the Cohesion Fund and
other sources referred to above, the agglomerations with
over 10,000 population equivalent fully complying with
the directives by 2015, while those with more than 2,000
population equivalent begin compliance for the time frame
2018.
Considering the experience of the water and wastewater
companies in implementing investment projects, the most
notable in size and complexity being the ISPA projects,
the following question is formulated: Will the water operators be able to implement investment projects from
the cohesion fund with size and complexity considerably
higher than any project so far implemented, using and
optimizing all the available financial resources?". This
question arises on the institutional framework in which
the regional operator is active in his new position as contracting and implementing authority of the investment
project financed from the Cohesion Fund.
For the regional operator to access and implement
41
STUDII I CERCETRI
din aria proiectului.

Proiectul de asisten tehnic pentru pregtirea aplicaiei
de finanare pentru judeul Arge este un astfel de proiect
premergtor i este folosit ca studiu de caz pentru identificarea
problemelor ntlnite n implementarea proiectelor. Tipurile de
probleme identificate n proiectul de asisten tehnic sunt
translatate n proiectul de investiii n vederea stabilirii tiparului
problemelor similare care se pot manifesta n timpul implementrii
proiectului. Problemele de implementare identificate se refer
n principal la managementul de proiect, acestea avnd impact
la toate nivelele proiectului, inclusiv asupra aspectelor financiare
i tehnice.
Metodologia Roland Gareis1 (Director al departament
Projektmanagement Group din Universitatea de Economie i
Administrarea Afacerilor Viena) privind managementul de
proiect a fost utilizat n prezentarea aspectelor de management de proiect att pentru proiectul de asisten tehnic,
ct i pentru proiectul de investiii. Indiferent de abordarea
de management de proiect, cum ar fi Prince 2, PMBoK, ICB
sau Roland Gareis, principiile de baz ale managementului
de proiect sunt similare.
2. ASPECTE ALE PROIECTULUI DE CONSULTAN
I A PROGRAMULUI DE INVESTIII
Un proiect de consultan pentru pregtirea aplicaiei de
finanare este mai puin complex dect un program de investiii2,
datorit att lungimii ct i a activitilor care urmeaz s fie
efectuate. Cu toate acestea, din punct de vedere al managementului de proiect sau program, metodele i instrumentele
sunt similare n ambele cazuri, dar dimensiunea aplicrii lor
este diferit. Acest fapt permite desfurarea acestui exerciiu,
avnd n vedere faptul c problemele identificate la nivel de
proiect au un impact mai puternic atunci cnd apar la nivel de
program.
2.1. Constrngerea proiectului legat de timp
Pn la sfritul lunii martie 2011, Comisia European a
aprobat pentru Romnia un numr de 29 proiecte de investiii
n sectorul de ap i apa uzat ce vor fi finanate din Fondul
de Coeziune n cadrul POS Mediu, cu o valoare de aproximativ
3,2 miliarde euro.
Majoritatea proiectele de consultan pentru pregtirea
aplicaiilor de finanare au avut o durat mai mare de un an,
datorit faptului c nu ndeplineau n totalitate cerinele de
aprobare, suferind corecii care au dus la amnarea momentului
n care operatorul regional a semnat contractul de finanare i
Roland Gareis (2005): Happy Projects, Vienna: Manz.
Se refera la proiectul de investiii, motivul denumirii de program este explicat in
seciunea Management de proiect sau program.
the investment project, the first step is to prepare the

funding application together with the related technical, financial, economic and environmental documentation.
Due to complexity and size of the documentation and the
specific regulations that have to be met by the funding
application, this first step has resulted in a technical assistance project which is aimed at preparing the abovementioned documents for the investment project that
leads to the water and wastewater directives compliance
for the agglomerations considered. The beneficiaries of
such an investment project are the regional operator and
the local authorities, and to a broader level the population
in the project area.
Such a project is the technical assistance for preparing
the financing application for Arges county, which is used
as study case to identifying the problems encountered in
projects implementation. The types of problems identified
in the technical assistance project are translated into the
investment project to establish the pattern for similar
problems that may appear during the project implementation. The implementation problems identified are project
management related with impact on all project levels, including the financial and technical aspects.
The project management methodology of Roland
Gareis (Head of Department Projektmanagement Group
in Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration) was used in presenting the project management
aspects of both the technical assistance project and investment project. No matter the project management approaches, such as Prince 2, PMBoK, ICB or Roland Gareis,
the basic principles of project management are similar.
2. CONSULTANCY PROJECT
AND INVESTMENT PROGRAMME ASPECTS
A consultancy project for preparing the financing application is less complex than an investment programme
due to both its length and the activities to be performed.
However, from project or programme management point
of view, the methods and tools are similar in both cases,
but the extent is different. This allows the present exercise
to be carried, having in mind that the problems identified
at project level have a stronger impact when occurring at
42
STUDII SI CERCETARI
micornd perioada disponibil pentru implementarea proiectului,

deoarece proiectele POS Mediu trebuie implementate pn
n 2013, existnd posibilitatea extinderii perioadei de implementare conform regulii n+2.
Din start, operatorul regional trebuie s ia n calcul aceast
prim constrngere, cea a timpului disponibil pentru implementarea proiectului, datorit perioadei lungi necesare pregtirii
documentaiei i aprobrii finanrii. Datorit acestei constrngeri
de timp, devine deosebit de important modul de abordare a
implementrii proiectului, cu alte cuvinte managementul de
proiect sau program.
2.2. Management de proiect sau program
Privind abordarea din prisma managementului de proiect
sau a managementului de program se impune o clarificare a
celor doi termeni, considernd teoria managementului de
proiect i practica profesional. Managementul de proiect se
refer la toate activitile ce sunt realizate n vederea demarrii,
planificrii, coordonrii, controlului i finalizrii unui proiect
care reprezint o organizaie temporar pentru realizarea
unui proces de afaceri unic, desfurat pe termen scurt spre
mediu, cu importana strategic i o complexitate medie spre
ridicat3. Astfel, putem caracteriza ca proiect activitatea de
consultan pentru realizarea aplicaiei de finanare, modernizarea
unei staii de tratare a apei, extinderea reelei de ap ntr-o
aglomerare i exemplele pot continua.
Managementul de program are o definiie similar cu cea
a managementului de proiect cu deosebirea c prin program
se nelege o organizaie temporar pentru ndeplinirea unui
proces de afaceri unic i complex4, format din mai multe
proiecte i activiti. Conform teoriei i practicii managementului
de proiect, un exemplu de program este Extinderea i
reabilitarea infrastructurii de ap i apa uzat n judeul Arge.
n cazul n care un astfel de program de investiii este
tratat ca un proiect, exist riscul ca acesta s nu fie considerat
n totalitatea complexitii sale i a tuturor aspectelor implicate.
n consecin, rezult o serie de probleme, unele din ele fiind
ntlnite n programele de investiii n implementare, finanate
din Fondul de Coeziune n cadrul POS Mediu.
Dei n prezent, se folosete la nivel naional termenul de
proiect pentru a denumi programul de investiii finanat n
cadrul POS Mediu, n aceast lucrare se va folosi n continuare
denumirea de program de investiii, pentru a nu pierde din
vedere faptul c proiectul de investiii pentru judeul Arge
se refer de fapt la un program de investiii.
Activitile pe care le desfoar Unitatea de Implementare
a Proiectului sunt activiti integrate de management a pro-
3
4
the programme level.

2.1. Project time constraint
European Commission has approved 29 water and
wastewater investment projects to be financed from the
Cohesion Fund under SOP Environment in Romania with
a value of about 3.2 billion Euros, until the end of March
2011.
Most consulting projects for preparing the funding
application lasted for more than one year due to the fact
that they did not fully meet the approval requirements,
suffering correction that delayed the moment when the
regional operator signed the financing contract and decreasing the time available for the project implementation
as the SOP Environment project have to be implemented
by 2013, with the possibility of extending the implementation
period under the "n +2" rule.
From the beginning, the regional operator should consider this first constraint, the time available for project
implementation due to long period for preparing the documentation and approving the financing. Because of the
time constraint, it becomes especially important the
effective approach of project implementation, in other
words, project or programme management.
2.2. Project or programme management
Regarding the approach in terms of project management
or programme management, a clarification of the two
terms is needed taking into consideration the project
management theory and professional practice. Project
management refers to all the activities undertaken in
order to start, plan, coordinate, monitor and finalise a
project that represents a temporary organisation for the
performance of a relatively unique, short to medium term,
strategically important business process of medium to
large complexity.. Thus, we may describe as project the
consulting activity for preparing the financing application,
the modernization of a water treatment plant, the extension
of the water network in one agglomeration, and the
examples continue.
Programme management has a similar definition to
project management, except that through programme is
understood a temporary organisation for the fulfilment
Gareis, R. (2005): Happy Projects!, Vienna: Manz, pagina 37

Gareis, R. (2005): Happy Projects!, Vienna: Manz, pagina 355
43
STUDII I CERCETRI
gramului, att prin monitorizarea i controlul proiectelor n

desfurare ct i prin procesarea, consolidarea i raportarea
datelor la nivel de program. Operatorii regionali trebuie s
asigure att competene de management de proiect ct i
competene de management de program pentru a asigura implementarea programului de investiii conform obiectivelor
sale.
Aa cum am stabilit mai sus activitatea de consultan
pentru pregtirea aplicaiei este de fapt proiectul premergtor
implementrii ntregului program de investiii la nivelul
operatorului regional. Modul n care se realizeaz managementul
de proiect la nivelul proiectului de consultan este esenial
obinerii unor rezultate bune ntr-o perioad de timp rezonabil
i la un cost acceptabil.
2.3. Planificarea proiectului i a programului
Proiectul de consultan pentru pregtirea aplicaiei de finanare i a documentaiei aferente pentru judeul Arge este
un astfel de proiect premergtor iar contextul i obiectivele
sale sunt similare cu cele ale proiectelor de consultan ce au
acelai scop. Proiectul a nceput pe data 25 iunie 2010,
principala constrngere fiind cea legat de timpul necesar implementrii, i anume ase luni pentru finalizarea ntregii documentaii i depunerea aplicaiei de finanare.
Timpul redus de implementare a proiectului a dus la planificarea i organizarea acestuia ntr-un ritm accelerat. n cadrul
planificrii s-a vizat identificarea tuturor rezultatelor ca urmare
a implementrii proiectului i planificarea activitilor pentru
realizarea lor ntr-un orizont de timp specificat. Componentele
proiectului au vizat crearea cadrului instituional conform POS
Mediu, stabilirea aglomerrilor, realizarea studiilor de teren, a
calculelor i dimensionrilor, stabilirea investiiilor ce vor face
parte din aplicaie, pregtirea studiului tehnic de fezabilitate,
a analizei financiare, instituionale i economice, obinerea
avizelor i permiselor de mediu i evaluarea impactului asupra
mediului, stabilirea strategiei de achiziii i pregtirea aplicaiei
de finanare.
O caracteristic n planificarea proiectului a fost cea a
nceperii oricrei activiti ce nu era dependenta de alta ct
mai curnd n cadrul proiectului i nceperea activitilor dependente imediat ce puteau fi realizate. Dei planificarea
iniial era stimulat innd cont de toate limitrile cunoscute
la momentul realizrii sale i stabilind sfritul lunii decembrie
pentru finalizarea proiectului, realitatea i dezvoltrile ce au
urmat au dus la devansarea acestui termen, aa cum se
ntmpl cu majoritatea proiectelor.
n practic managementului de proiect este cunoscut
faptul c o planificare riguroas a proiectului creaz premisele
unei implementri mai uoare a acestuia dect n cazul unei
planificri realizate doar pe hrtie i care nu consider
44
of a complex and unique business process composed

of several projects and activities. According to the theory
and practice of project management, an example of programme is "Extension and rehabilitation of water and
wastewater infrastructure in Arges County.
If such an investment programme is treated as a
project, the risk that the programme will not be considered
in all its complexity and with all the issues involved
arises. Consequently, problems result, some of which
are encountered in the investment programmes in progress
financed from the Cohesion Fund under SOP Environment.
Although, currently we nationally use the term project
to name the investment programme financed under SOP
Environment, in this paper from this point forward, the
term investment programme will be used, not to lose
sight of the fact that "the investment project" for Arges
County is in fact an investment programme.
Activities carried out by the Project Implementation
Unit are integrated activities of programme management,
both through ongoing monitoring and control of the
projects in progress and the data processing, consolidation
and reporting at the programme level. Regional operators
must provide both project and programme management
skills to ensure the implementation of the investment
programme according to its objectives.
As we established above, the consultancy activity for
preparing the application is actually the project leading
to the implementation of the entire investment programme
at the level of the regional operator. The effective implementation of the project management approach at the
level of the consultancy project is essential for obtaining
good results in a reasonable period and to an acceptable
cost.
2.3. Project and programme planning
The consulting project for preparing the financing application and related documentation for Arges county is
such a precursory project and its context and objectives
are similar to those of other consulting projects that had
the same goal. The project started on 25th of June 2010,
the main constraint being the implementation period,
namely six months to complete all the documentation
and submit the funding application.
STUDII SI CERCETARI
aspectele importante date de contextul, limitrile i dependentele

proiectului. O lips de rigoare n planificare poate crea
probleme pe durata implementrii, distorsionnd sau nelund
n calcul rezultatele ce trebuie atinse n contextul limitrilor i
dependenelor proiectului.
Practica actual n licitarea contractelor, care acorda
numrul maxim de puncte ofertantului care identific cel mai
mare numr de activiti pentru punerea n aplicare a proiectului,
reduce de fapt importana planificrii, evideniind abordarea
cantitativ i nu pe cea calitativ. Numrul de activiti
identificate de ctre un contractant potenial nu poate msura
experiena sa n implementarea proiectului. Chiar mai mult,
planificarea detaliat ar putea fi neltoare, n cazul n care
nu este revizuit la nceputul proiectului, deoarece nu include
cele mai recente date cu privire la limitrile i dependentele
proiectului.
n implementarea programului de investiii de ctre operatorului regional este recomandat ca pentru fiecare proiect n
parte, responsabilul de proiect din cadrul Unitii de Implementare
a Proiectului (UIP) s solicite contractantului o planificare
revizuit a implementrii proiectului dup semnarea contractului,
care s considere dezvoltrile recente i s permit monitorizarea
progresului. Planificarea revizuit a fiecrui proiect trebuie integrat n planificarea ntregului program pentru a monitoriza
efectiv progresul realizat n implementare.
2.4. Organizarea proiectului i a programului
Un alt aspect important este cel al crerii i consolidrii
organizaiei temporare a proiectului. Conceptul de organizaie
temporar a proiectului vizeaz rolurile direct implicate n implementarea proiectului, dar fr a se referi doar la echipa
contractantului, ci considernd beneficiarul parte integrant
din aceast organizaie. Prin aceast abordare este creat pe
durata desfurrii proiectului o echip temporar, n care
parteneriatul i colaborarea conduc la rezultate superioare
cazului n care organizaia proiectului ar fi fost considerant
ca fiind compus doar din experii consultantului, asigurnd
astfel implicarea beneficiarului care este direct interesat de
rezultatele proiectului.
Prin considerarea beneficiarului ca parte a organizaiei
proiectului, operatorul regional este implicat n majoritatea
activitilor i ntlnirilor realizate n cadrul proiectului, deciziile
i experiena sa fiind utilizate n fiecare faz a proiectului.
n figura 1 se prezint organizaia de proiect aa cum a
fost conceput pentru proiectul de asisten tehnic care a
pregtit aplicaia de finanare pentru judeul Arge.
Beneficiarul este reprezentat n figura 1 de echipa proprietarului proiectului i de reprezentanii autoritilor locale i
personalul operatorului regional. Echipa proprietarului proiectului
este format din directorul general, managerul de proiect
The reduced period to implement the project has led

to its accelerated planning and organisation. The planning
was aimed to identify all the deliverables resulted from
the project and to allocate activities to achieve them in a
specified period of time. Project components are the following: creating the institutional framework under the
SOP Environment, the establishment of agglomerations,
carrying out field studies, calculations and sizing, establishment of investments part of the application, performing
the technical feasibility study, financial, institutional and
economic analyses, obtaining environmental permits and
environmental impact assessment, establishment of the
procurement strategy and financing application preparation.
A feature of the project planning was the beginning of
any activity that was not dependent as soon as possible
and of dependent activities immediately when they could
be realised. Although the initial planning was stimulated
considering all the limitations known at the time and
setting the end of December 2010 for project closing, the
facts and developments that followed led to the term prolongation, as happens with most projects.
Project management practice has proved that a careful
planning of the project creates prerequisites for a lighter
implementation than the case when the planning is made
only on paper and important aspects related to the project
context, limitations and dependencies are not considered.
A lack of rigor in planning may create problems during
the implementation, changing or failing to take into
account the results to be achieved in the context of limitations and project dependencies.
The current practice in contract tendering to give the
maximum number of points to the tenderer that identified
the biggest number of activities in implementing a project
is actually downsizing the importance of planning, emphasizing the quantitative approach and not on the qualitative one. The number of activities identified by a
potential contractor is not giving the measure regarding
its experience in project implementation. Even more, the
detailed planning could be misleading in case it is not revised at the project start as it does not incorporate the
latest data regarding the project limitations and dependencies.
45
STUDII I CERCETRI
When the regional operator

implements the investment programme, it is recommended that
the project officers in the Project
Implementation Unit (PIU) request
to the contractors a revised planning for projects implementation,
after signing the contracts, that
consider the recent developments
and allows the progress monitoring. The revised planning of
each project should be consolidated into the planning of the entire programme to effectively monitor the implementation progress.
2.4. Project and programme
organisation
Another important aspect is
Fig. 1. Organizaia de proiect. Project organisation
the creation of the temporary projeful unitii UIP pentru Fondul de Coeziune i ali directori
ect organization and its consolidation. The concept of
din top management. Personalul operatorului regional implicat
temporary project organization refers to the roles directly
n proiect este desemnat din cadrul UIP, din departamentul fiinvolved in project implementation, but doesnt only cover
nanciar, cel cu responsabiliti privind cadrul instituional i
the contractors team, considering the beneficiary part of
din departamentul tehnic, n timp ce reprezentanii autoritii
locale sunt angajaii ADI i decidenii din cadrul autoritilor
this organization. By applying this approach, a "temporary"
locale.
team is created where the partnership and collaboration
Toate aceste persoane au fost implicate activ pe parcursul
lead to better results than if the project organization
desfurrii proiectului, fiecare la nivelul su de responsabilitate
would be considered as consisting only of consultant exi n aria sa de expertiz. Deoarece echipa consultantului a
perts, ensuring the involvement of the beneficiary which
lucrat ndeaproape cu cea a beneficiarului au fost introduse
is directly interested in the project results.
din timp comentariile i opiniile acestuia n diversele documente
By considering the beneficiary as part of the project
rezultate, stabilindu-se o relaie de parteneriat i de comunicare
care a permis implementarea fazelor proiectului mai rapid
organization, the regional operator is involved in most of
dect n cazul unor proiecte similare.
the activities and meetings conducted in the project, its
De asemenea, personalul operatorului regional a putut
decisions and experience being used in each phase of
observa din timp zonele n care proiectul nu se ndrepta n
the project.
direcia dorit de beneficiar i a sesizat aceste probleme,
The figure below shows the project organization as it
lund msuri mpreun cu echipa consultantului astfel nct
was designed for the technical assistance project that
s nu fie alocat efort i timp semnificativ pentru obinerea
unui rezultat nedorit.
prepared the financing application in Arges County.
Costul unei astfel de abordri const n timpul alocat att
The beneficiary is represented in the figure above by
din partea experilor consultantului ct i din partea personalului
the project owner team and the representatives of local
beneficiarului pentru crearea unei relaii de colaborare i
authorities and regional operators staff. Project owner's
pentru discutarea i agrearea aspectelor proiectului din aria
team consists of the general manager, the project manager
lor de expertiz.
- head of PIU for cohesion fund and other directors from
n implementarea programului de investiii de ctre operatorul
46
STUDII SI CERCETARI
regional, se recomanda ca acesta s considere crearea unei

organizaii temporare a proiectului pentru fiecare din proiectele
pe care le are n planul de achiziii, asigurnd astfel o relaie
de parteneriat i de comunicare mbuntit cu contractorii.
Operatorul regional poate crea i o organizaie temporar a
programului care implic top managementul, membrii UIP,
personal din cadrul operatorului i managerii de proiect a
tuturor proiectelor n desfurare pentru identificarea sinergiilor
dintre proiecte i a activitilor de optimizare a implementrii
programului de investiii.
n cazul n care nu se nelege necesitatea crerii unei
relaii de colaborare intre contractant i operatorul regional,
exist posibilitatea apariiei pe timpul implementrii a unor
probleme de comunicare care pot duce la amnri n implementare, depiri ale costurilor sau chiar nerespectarea
modului de realizare a proiectului, find cunoscut faptul c majoritatea problemelor ce apar n proiecte au ca baza comunicarea
defectuas.
2.5. Expertiza divers n acelai proiect /program
O problem des ntlnit, dar uneori mai puin vizibil,
este cea a concilierii ntre partea tehnic i partea financiar
a echipei de experi din cadrul proiectului de consultan.
Dei dorina comun este de a pregti o documentaie fezabil
care s fie aprobat ntr-un timp scurt i care s mulumeasc
operatorul regional i autoritile locale, necunoaterea i neexprimarea conditilor pe care le au de ndeplinit ambele pri
n realizarea documentaiei pot duce la multiple reveniri asupra
documentaiei, chiar i a datelor intrare, ducnd la ntrzieri n
pregtirea acesteia. Zona de expertiz tehnic i cea financiar-economic trebuie s se completeze reciproc pentru a
dovedi c programul de investiii este viabil i c exist o
nevoie de finanare ce nu poate fi acoperit din sursele proprii
ale operatorului regional.
Soluia acestei probleme este comunicarea ntre experii
tehnici i cei economico-financiari pe toat perioada derulrii
proiectului pentru a se cunoate limitrile i cerinele existente
de ambele pri, astfel nct fiecare s contientizeze impactul
pe care l are munca sa asupra ntregului proiect.
Probleme similare pot aprea n implementarea programului
de investiii, chiar privind aceeai zon de expertiz. Acest tip
de probleme poate fi identificat prin monitorizarea atent a
proiectului i se recomanda adresarea problemei din momentul
apariiei sale prin implicarea managementului proiectului i a
echipei UIP.
2.6. Implicarea prilor tere n proiect
Un alt aspect important este considerarea prilor implicate
n proiect astfel nct toate prile ce ar avea un interes i un
aport n implementarea proiectului s fie consultate i implicate
top management. Regional operators staff involved in

the project is assigned from PIU, finance department,
technical department and employees with responsibilities
regarding the institutional framework, as the local authorities representatives are employees of IDA and the
decision makers in the local authorities.
All these persons were actively involved throughout
the project at their level of responsibility and in their area
of expertise. Since the consultant team worked closely
with the beneficiary, its comments and views were introduced from time in the various documents resulted, establishing a partnership and open communication relationship which has enabled the implementation of the
project phases earlier than in similar projects.
Also, the regional operators staff had the opportunity
to observe early in the project the areas where it was not
heading to the direction desired and notified these issues,
taking action together with the consultant team and preventing the use of significant effort and time for an undesired output.
The cost of this approach consists in the time spent
by both consultants experts and operators staff to create
a collaboration relationship and to discuss and approve
projects aspects from their areas of expertise.
It is recommended that the operator when implementing
the investment programme considers the creation of temporary project organization for each of the projects in the
procurement plan, assuring the partnership and improved
communication with the contractors. The regional operator
may also create a temporary organization of the programme
involving the top management, members of the PIU, the
operator's staff and project managers of all projects in
progress to identify synergies between projects and the
activities for optimizing the implementation of the investment
programme.
In case the need to create a cooperating relationship
between the contractors and regional operator is not understood, there is the possibility that problems will arise
during the project implementation that may lead to delays,
cost overruns or even failure in respecting the project results, being known that most problems occurring in
projects are due to deficient communication.
47
STUDII I CERCETRI
nc din fazele de nceput. Beneficiul adus de o astfel de

abordare este nglobarea n proiect a opiniilor i informaiilor
ce provin de la pri tere dar care au impact asupra rezultatelor
proiectului, prin considerarea lor ct mai devreme n cadrul
proiectului, ducnd la economii de timp i cost.
Dar simpla identifcare a prilor implicate nu este suficient.
Prin ntlniri i discuii cu membrii organizaiei proiectului
trebuie identificat impactul potenial pe care l au acestea
asupra proiectului, msurile de atenuare sau de potenare a
impactul, iar aceste msuri trebuie puse n aplicare de ctre
echipa de management al proiectului.
Un pas important n identificarea intereselor, opiniilor i a
impactului prilor implicate este consultarea acestora nc
din faza de demarare a proiectului. Prile implicate care nu
au o prere pozitiv asupra proiectului pot fi abordate prin explicarea beneficiilor pe care acesta le aduce i modului n
care i pot aduce contribuia pentru maximizarea acestor beneficii. Procednd n acest mod, echipa de management a
proiectului i operatorul regional realizeaz pasi pentru a
asigura colaborarea lor.
n cazul proiectului ce face studiu de caz, prile implicate
considerate au fost echipa consultantului, operatorul regional,
autoritile locale, ADI, Comisia European, Ministerul Mediului
i Pdurilor i alte autoriti cu responsabiliti n aprobarea
avizelor i permiselor.
Pentru fiecare din acestea au fost luate msuri pentru a
asigura implicarea lor. Operatorul regional a fost implicat ca
parte a organizaiei de proiect, autoritile locale au fost
implicate prin ntlnirile realizate cu acestea n fiecare etap
n care aveau un rol de decizie i consultare (de exemplu:
stabilirea terenurilor disponibile pentru lucrri), Ministerul
Mediului i Pdurilor a fost implicat prin discuiile purtate cu
reprezentanii Organismului Intermediar i a Autoritii de Management pentru a ngloba constrngerile n realizarea documentaiei pe baza experinei acestora, iar autoritile de
avizare au fost consultate din timp pentru a cunoate procedura
acestora i documentele necesare.
n figura 2 se prezint prile implicate identificate n
cadrul proiectului de pregtire a aplicaiei de finanare pentru
judeul Arge.
Un exemplu de beneficiu adus de considerarea prilor
implicate ct mai devreme n cadrul proiectului este cel al Autoritii de Management ce a fost consultat n diferite faze
ale proiectului cnd trebuiau luate decizii ce afectau progresul
proiectului i direcia acestuia. Opiniile oferite de reprezentanii
Autoritii de Management au dus la reconfigurarea aglomerrilor
incluse n proiect, schimbarea soluiei tehnice privind epurarea
apei uzate i la verificarea datelor privind populaia nregistrat
i ratele de conectare. Revizuirea acestor aspecte au dus la
un rezultat optimizat al investiiei, asigurnd conformitatea
48
2.5. Different expertise in the same project/programme

A common problem, but sometimes less visible, is the
reconciliation between the technical and financial part of
the experts team from the consultancy project. Although
the common desire is to prepare a good documentation
to be approved in a short time that satisfies the regional
operator and the local authorities, unknowing and not
discussing the conditions that both sides have to meet in
preparing the documentation may result in multiple comebacks, even on entry data, leading to delays. The areas of
technical and financial-economic expertise need to complement each other to prove that the investment programme
is feasible and that there is a need for funding that cannot
be covered from regional operators own sources.
The solution to this problem is the improved communication between technical and financial-economic experts
during the entire project to acknowledge the existing requirements and limitations of both sides, so that everyone
is aware of his/her work impact on the entire project.
Similar problems may arise in investment programme
implementation, even on the same area of expertise. This
type of problems can be identified by careful monitoring
the project and it is recommended that the issue is addressed when it first emerges, involving the project management and PIU team.
2.6. Third parties involvement in the project
Another important aspect is the consideration of the
third parties in the project so that all the parties that have
an interest and a contribution in project implementation
are consulted and involved since the early stages. The
benefit of such an approach is embedding in project the
opinions and information coming from third parties with
impact on project results, by considering them as early
as possible during the project, resulting in time and cost
savings.
Only the third parties identification is not enough.
Through meetings and discussions with members of the
project organization it should be identified the potential
impact they have on the project, the mitigation measures
to attenuate or increase the impact, and these measures
should be implemented by the project management team.
STUDII SI CERCETARI
An important step in identifying

the interests, views and impact of
third parties is their consultation
in the start phase of the project.
The parties without a positive opinion on the project should be addressed by explaining the benefits
that the project brings and how
their involvement can maximize
these benefits. By proceeding so,
the project management team and
the regional operator are making
the steps to ensure their cooperation.
In the study case, the involved
parties considered were the conFig. 2. Prile implicate n proiect
Third parties involved in the project
sultant team, regional operator,
100% a aglomerrilor proiectului cu Directivele Europene de
local authorities, IDA, European
Ap i Ap Uzat.
Commission, Ministry of Environment and Forestry and
Dac opinia Autoritii de Management nu ar fi fost consiother authorities with responsibilities in approving the
derat n acel moment, ar fi existat posibilitatea, datorit
permits and licenses.
volumului mare de munc, c nici operatorul regional i nici
Measures were taken for each third party to ensure
consultantul s nu sesizeze necesitatea revizuirii documentaiei,
their
involvement. The regional operator was involved as
risipindu-se un volum mare de efort i timp ntr-o direcie care
part of project organizations, local authorities were
nu era necesar.
Un alt exemplu este cel al comunicrii cu autoritile locale
involved through meetings in every phase when they had
pentru stabilirea aglomerrilor parte a proiectului i a respectrii
decision or consultation role (e.g. establishment of land
cerinelor cadrului instituional de ctre toate localitile incluse
available for works), Ministry of Environment and Forestry
n aplicaia de finanare. Toate autoritile locale cu investiii
has been involved through discussions with the repreprioritare cuprinse n Master Plan au fost consultate pentru a
sentatives of Intermediary Body and Management Authority
stabili dac doresc s fac parte din proiect i s respecte ceto take into account the constraints in developing the
rinele instituionale, explicndu-se reprezentanilor lor beneficiile
documentation based on their experience, and the eni obligaiile pe care acest program de investiii le aduce.
dorsement authorities have been consulted for gathering
Din nefericire pentru comunitile locale respective au
information on their procedure and necessary documents.
existat i localiti cu peste 10,000 echivalent populaie care
The figure below presents the third parties identified
au refuzat s fie incluse n programul de investiii, deoarece
during the project of preparing the financing application
nu au dorit s ndeplineasc cerinele instituionale cerute de
in Arges County.
POS Mediu. Cu toate acestea, dimensionarea aglomerrilor
An example of benefit brought by considering the
conform dezvoltrilor recente i pe baza listei de investiii din
parties involved as early as possible in the project is the
Master Plan, a dus la prevenirea alocrii de timp i efort n
realizarea documentaiei pentru localitile ce nu se conformau
one related to the Management Authority that has been
cerinelor POS Mediu.
consulted in different project phases when decisions afPe de alt parte existau aglomerri sub 2.000 echivalent
fecting the project progress and direction had to be
populaie care ndeplineau cerinele instituionale dar nu au
made. The advices offered by Management Authoritys
fost incluse n aplicaie datorit dimensiunii reduse. n vederea
representatives have led to project agglomerations renceperii conformrii acestora, au fost alocate resurse din
49
STUDII I CERCETRI
partea operatorului regional i a autoritilor locale respective,

astfel nct s devin parte a ariei de deservire extinse a operatorului regional.
Probleme de natur diferit dar care provin din comunicarea
deficitar cu prile implicate pot aprea n implementarea
programului de investiii. Pentru a le evita este necesar identificarea i luarea de msuri privind prile implicate att la
nivelul fiecrui proiect ct i la nivel de program. Un exemplu
este omiterea opiniei Organismului Intermediar i a Autoritii
de Management n cheltuirea finanrii conform liniilor bugetare
alocate i a eligibilitii lor n unele proiecte n curs de implementare, cu consecine financiare asupra operatorului regional.
3. CONCLUZII
Datorit dimensiunii lucrrii, exist posibilitatea ca unele
probleme ce in de managementul de proiect s nu fie cuprinse
n aceast. Cu siguran, problemele ntlnite n implementarea
proiectelor sau programelor sunt mult mai diverse i complexe
dect cele prezentate. n momentul n care sunt analizate
cauzele, problema este redus de cele mai multe ori la lipsa
de comunicare sau organizarea defectuoas a proiectului.
Din prisma acestora se poate evalua dac managementul
de proiect sau program pune accent pe necesitile de baz
i considera proiectul n totalitatea complexitii i interdependenelor sale. Nu exist o reet de succes pentru implementarea
proiectelor dar exist metode, tehnici i abiliti ale persoanelor
implicate n proiecte care faciliteaz implementarea acestora
n parametri cerui i cu obinerea rezultatelor dorite.
Proiectul din studiul de caz prezentat este n continuare n
curs de implementare, dar rezultatele sunt deja vizibile. Dei
proiectul a fost implementat ntr-un timp mai degrab scurt, el
creaz premisele unei implementri a programului de investiii
cu mai puine obstacole, datorit implicrii operatorului regional
n toate fazele proiectului.
n implementarea proiectului o component important
rmne adaptarea la cerinele i situaiile noi, considernd
att mediul intern al proiectului ct i mediul extern ca fiind n
permanent evoluie, cu impact asupra variabilelor importante
i implicit asupra progresului su.
Succesul unui proiect depinde n mare msur de abilitatea
echipei de management a proiectului i a ntregii organizaii
de proiect de a rspunde la aceste provocri prin minimizarea
impactului negativ i maximizarea impactului pozitiv. Cunotinele
i abilitile persoanelor implicate n proiect dau valoarea i
potenialul acestuia orict de strict ar fi mediul i contextul n
care acesta este implementat.
50
configuring, technical solutions change especially regarding

wastewater treatment and a new verification of the population registered data and connection rates. The review
of all these aspects resulted in an optimized investment
use, assuring 100% compliance of the project agglomerations with the Water and Wastewater Directives.
A large volume of work and time could be wasted in
the wrong direction if the opinion of the Management Authority would have not been considered at that time, due
to the fact that neither the consultant, nor the regional
operator was aware of the necessary revision due to the
large work volume.
Another example regards the communication with the
local authorities to determine the agglomerations part of
the project and the compliance of institutional requirements
by all localities included in the grant application. To
achieve this, the local authorities with priority investments
in the Master Plan were consulted to determine if they are
willing to join the project and meet the institutional requirements, explaining to their representatives, the benefits
and obligations that the investment programme brings.
Unfortunately for local population, there were localities
with more than 10,000 population equivalent that refused
to be included in the investment programme, because
they didnt want to meet the institutional requirements
required by the SOP Environment. However, setting up
the agglomerations according to the recent developments
and based on the priority list in the Master Plan, prevented
the time and effort waste in developing the documentation
for the localities that didnt comply with the requirements
of SOP Environment.
On the other hand there were agglomerations under
2,000 equivalent population which met the institutional
requirements but were not included in the application
due to their small size. In order to start their compliance
there were allocated resources from the regional operator
and local authorities concerned to assure that they
become part of the extended service area of the regional
operator.
Problems of different nature but due to the poor communication with the third parties involved may occur in
implementing the investment programme. To avoid them,
it is necessary to identify and take action regarding the
STUDII SI CERCETARI
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Gareis, Roland (2005): Happy Projects, Vienna: Manz
2. Gareis, Roland (2008): Processes & Projects, Vienna:
Manz
Legislaia Uniunii Europene
3. Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning
urban waste water treatment published in Official Journal
L135 from 30.5.1991, page 40, as last amended by: Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 29.9.2003 published in the Official
Journal L284 from 31.10.2003, page 1; http://eurlex.europa.eu
4. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3rd November 1998 on the
quality of water intended for human consumption published
in the Official Journal no. 330 from 5.12.1998, page 32, as
amended by Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 29.9.2003 published in
the Official Journal no. 284 from 31.10.2003, page 1;
http://eur-lex.europa.eu
5. Ministerul Mediului i Dezvoltrii Durabile, Programul Operaional Sectorial Mediu 2007-2013, propunerea oficial
revizuit, mai 2007, http://www.mmediu.ro descrcat pe
5 februarie 2010
PREZENTARE ARTICOLE N ROMAQuA

TEXTuL TREbuIE S CONIN:
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identificare);
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capitole, subcapitole etc.)
in limba romana si engleza;
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- Redactare in WORD
(OFFICE) cu font Times
New Roman corp 12.
MOD DE RECENZARE:
- ARTICOLUL PROPUS VA FI RECENZAT DE 12 MEMBRII AI COLEGIULUI
TIINIFIC;
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l respins;
l acceptat cu modificri
sau completri;
l acceptat sub forma propus.
involved parties at the level of each project and programme.

The Intermediary Body and Management Authoritys point
of view in spending the allocated funding according to
budget lines and their eligibility was not considered in
some investment programmes in progress, with financial
consequences on the regional operator.
3. CONCLUSION
Due to the paper dimension, there is the possibility
that some issues related to project management are not
included. Certainly, the various problems encountered in
implementing projects or programmes are more diverse
and complex than those presented. When analyzing the
cause, the problem is often reduced to the lack of communication or poor organization of the project.
From this perspective, it can be assessed if the project
or programme management focuses on basic needs and
considers the project in all its complexity and interdependencies. There isnt a perfect recipe for successful
project implementation but there are methods, techniques
and skills of the persons involved in projects that facilitate
their implementation according to the requested parameters
and the desired results.
The project part of the study case is still in progress,
but the results are visible. Although the project was implemented in a rather short period of time, it creates the
background for a less difficult investment programme
implementation, due to the involvement in all phases of
the regional operator.
An important component in the project implementation
remains the adjustment to new situations and demands
considering both internal and external environment of
the project as constantly evolving, with impact on important
variables and on its own progress.
A successful project depends largely on the ability of
the project management team and the entire project organization to respond to these challenges by minimizing
the negative impacts and maximizing the positive ones.
The knowledge and skills of the persons involved in the
project give its potential value in a strict project environment.
51
Prof. dr. gaNTcho dImITroV, head of Water and sanitation dept.,

University of architecture, civil Engineering and geodesy, sofia
email: prof.dimitrov@abv.bg
ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSuMPTION AND WATER LOSSES
IN DMA 348, 349 AND 840 IN GEO MILEV RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT, SOFIA
The reduction of water loss
from the worn-out water distribution systems has a multiple
effect economic, social and
ecological [2]. In order to reach
such an effect in the water supply systems of the district metered areas (DMA) 348, 349, 840
of the district metered zone
(DMZ) 340 in Geo Milev district
of Sofia (Fig.1), analysis has
been made of their condition,
type of water users and variations in water flow and pressure
[1]. The three DMAs 348, 349
and 840 are fed by Dragalevtzi
that the static heads are over 100

m, which predestines the necessity of their regulation.
The three DMAs have a total
of 38127 m - long water distribution system with 1327 service
pipe connections, which deliver
water to 23209 users living in
1094 buildings. The PE, cast-iron
and steel pipes have the greatest
share, 37.8, 33.7%, and 21,3% respectively. The PE and cast-iron
pipes prevail in DMA 348
(36.3% and 32.4% respectively),
while the steel pipes share is
23.9%. In DMA 349 the cast-iron
Fig. 1. Location of DMAs 348,349 and 840 in Geo Milev district, Sofia, with the water
metering chambers 348-01; 349-01 and 840-01
pressure reservoir at elevation

653.8 through 400 mm steel
pipeline.
The comparison between the
elevation of Dragalevtzi pressure reservoir (653.8) and the
lowest elevations of the individual areas (DMA 348-550, DMA
349-552 and DMA 840) indicates
54
and steel pipes are 40.1% and

28% respectively. A smaller part
(16.1%) of the water supply system of the three DMAs is in operation after 1942-1945 and
1956-1969, while the bigger part
(50.5%) is in operation after
1985.
The failures in the water sup-
ply system come mainly from

corroded steel pipes and service
pipe connections. The number
of failures for the first quarter of
2009 are 15 (in street pipes), 6 (in
service pipe connections), and 1
(in a stop valve). The intensity of
failures (88 per year over a total
of 38127 m pipelines) is 2.31 per
kilometer per year. This intensity in the European countries is
0.8/km/year, and 0.1-0.4 /km/
year in USA and Japan. [2].
Electromagnetic flow meters
,,Aquaprobe II of ABB and loggers Multilog ZX of Halma
Water Management have been
installed at the input of the three
DMAs for measuring of water
flow and pressure. They are
two-channel ones and allow information transmission to the
central station in the form of an
SMS message every 15 minutes.
The respective data for the
water flow and pressure from 12
Jan to 19 Jan 2009 are illustrated
in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively.
Fig. 2 a,b,c, indicate that the
minimum night flow for the
three areas measured at 34801 is 390,58 m/h, and for DMAs
349 and 840 is 206.73 m/h and
66.88 m/h. The water head for
the period January-March 2009
varies considerably-from 55 m
to 80 m during daytime, and up
to 85 m in the night for DMA
348 (Fig.3a); from 55 m to 80 m
during daytime and up to 91 m
in the night for DMA 349 (Fig.3b);

and from 55 m to 86 m during
daytime and up to 86 m in the
night for DMA 840 (Fig.3c). This is
due to the different elevations of
the measuring points: DMA 348
569.5 elevation; DMA 349 555.5
elevation; and DMA 840 557.5 elevation as well as to the lack of
pressure regulation.
Data for the measured nigh
flow, night consumption, inevitable water losses, and water
losses in the night for the three
DMAs are shown in Table 1.
The infrastructural water loss

index ILI for the three areas is 58.4
and it has been determined
through the real annual water
losses CARL = 7147.82 m/d and
inevitable annual water losses
UARL=122.35 m/d [3,6].
Some studies in abroad indicate lower values of the ILI index,
for example in UK, ILI = 2 6.2;
Australia, ILI = 1-15.5; South
Africa, ILI = 2-15.5, and North
America, ILI = 1-6.2 [4,5,6]. Higher
values of ILI have been found in
Southeast Asia from 19 to 598, in
Thailand - from 46 to 543, and in
Bahrein 60 [6]. The conclusion is
that urgent measures should be
undertaken for water loss reduction in DMAs 348,349 and 840
through pressure regulation, regular monitoring of the water distribution system for hidden
leakages (followed by fast repairing actions), as well as replacement of worn-out pipeline
sections.
On the basis of the hourly flow
rate for the period January-March
2009 the experimental distribution
curve is obtained (Fig.4). The maximum hourly flow rate with 95%
confidence is 627 m/h.
In conformity with the maximum hourly flow rate, the neces-
(Fig. 5). The outcome is a reduction of the minimum night flow

for the three areas from 391 m/h
to 200 m/h , or by 51%.
The regulation accuracy can be
raised with the help of the hydromechanical pressure regulator
7PM of Bermad company, Israel,
which regulates the water flow
and the outflow pressure.
After putting into operation of
the pump units in the high-rise
buildings, possible pressure reduction in DMAs 349 and 840
may be expected.
sary
amount
for
fireextinguishing, and the inflow and
outflow pressure, two solutions
are suggested for pressure regulation at the point M 348.01 with a
pressure regulator DN 300 type
720 ES NVI with V-port of the
company Bermad, Israel, represented by Industrial Parts company in Bulgaria, and RKV RIKO
Valve with DN 300 of the VAG
company, Germany. The first solution has been chosen as a result
of a public procurement procedure.
After the installation of the
pressure regulator, the head has
been maintained between 46 m
and 53 m, while the flow has varied from 200 m/h to 600 m/h
The following conclusions may

be drawn up on the basis of the
measurement data analysis for
DMAs 348, 349 and 840 as well as
of the adopted solution for pressure regulation:
1. The analysis made for the
condition of the water supply systems in the three areas leads to a
systems failure density coefficient
equal to 2.31;
2. The water losses in the
DMAs in the night have been determined (see Table 2);
3. The infrastructural index
for water losses for the three areas
has been obtained (ILI = 58.4);
4. Statistical analysis of the
water flow for the three DMAs
has been made, and the experimental distribution curve of the
maximum hourly water flow has
been obtained (Qmaxh = 627
m/h);
5. The pressure variation at
the input of the DMAs has been
analyzed, and it has been found
that it is too high (from 5.5 bar to
9.1 bar); hence, its regulation is
necessary.
6. A DN 300 pressure regulator has been chosen for the three
areas, which led to a reduction of
the minimum night flow from 391
m/h to 200 m/h , or by 51%.
55
Fig. 2. Water flow variations in DMAs 348,349 and 840 for the period 12-19 Jan 2009; DMA 348; b DMA 349; c DMA 840
Fig. 3. Pressure height variations at the water metering chambers of DMA 348, 349 and 840; DMA 348; b DMA 349; c
DMA 840
Fig. 4. Distribution curve of the hourly water flow for DMA 348 for
reFerenCes
1. Dimitrov, G., Reduction of the
real losses of water through
pressure reduction with the
help of a pressure regulator for
a group of DMAs in the capital
city. No. G.D. - 158, 28.08.2007.
2. Dimitrov, G., Raising the effectiveness of the water supply
systems in Bulgaria. Research
work. 2004.
3. Lambert, A., W.Hirner. Losses
56
Fig. 5. Water flow variation after the installation of a
from Water Supply Systems:

Standard Terminology and
Recommended Performance
Measures. The blue pages.
IWA, October 2000.
4. Lambert, A. Ten Years Experience in using the UARL Formula
to
Calculate
Infrastructure Leakage Index.
Water Loss 2009. Cape Town
5. Limberger, R., K.Brothers,
A.Lambert,
R.McKenzie,
A.Rizzo, T.Waldron. Water

Loss Performance Indicator.
Water Loss, 2007, Bucharest.
6. Mckenzie,R.,C.Seago, R.Liemberger. Benchmarking of
Losses from Potable Water
Reticulation Systems-Results
from IWA TASK TEAM. Water
Loss 2007, Bucharest.
7. Introduction to Non Revenue
Water Management. Water
Loss 2009. Cape Town.
Prof. dr. gaNTcho dImITroV, head of Water and sanitation dept., University of architecture, civil Engineering and geodesy, sofia,
email: prof.dimitrov@abv.bg
V. dImITroV, sofia, email: valentinod@abv.bg
AN EFFICIENT SOLuTION FOR THE REDuCTION OF WATER

LOSSES AND NuMbER OF FAILuRES IN THE LOWER PART
OF THE TOWN OF KARDJALI
The real water loss reduction
and the number of failures depend considerably on the water
pressure management in the
water supply systems [1, 2, 3].
Studies in this respect have been
performed in Bulgaria [1, 2] in
certain areas of over 40 settlements, where 105 pressure regulators (with direct or indirect
action) are in operation. As a result, water losses have been reduced by 15% 40% of the 24h
water flow, and the number of
the visible failures dropped by
50% - 90% [1].
Of special interest is the proposed solution for pressure regulation in the lower part of the
town of Kardjali, where the
water supply service is offered
to 12 720 subscribers (27 400
population) through 6550 service pipe connections.
The lower part of Kardjali is
supplied from the Borovitsa
Dam (elevation 459), through
800mm and 900mm steel
pipelines, 25.463 km long. Water
is treated in two-stage treatment
plant (DWTP) through sedimentation with coagulation, filtration with rapid filters, ozonation
and disinfection. Water delivery
to the lower part of Kardjali is
realized from the pressure reservoir of 13000m3 capacity (water
surface
elevation
316.25)
through a DN800 steel pipeline.
The water distribution network of the lower part of Kardjali has an overall length of
75.834 km, of which 32.414
(42.7%) are plastic pipes (PEHD
and PVC), 6.034 km (8.0%) are
steel pipes, and 37.386 km
(49.3%) are asbestos-cement
pipes . The greater part of the
network (57.3%) consists of
worn-out steel and asbestos-cement pipes, which is the reason
for frequent failures and water
losses.
The highest areas of the
lower part (elevations 265-275)
are zones of low-rise buildings
(up to 3 floors), while the lowest
areas (elevations 230-245) feature mainly 5-7 storey buildings,
and some 10-12 storey buildings. The highest (14-storey)
building is at elevation 233, and
this is the critical point for determination of the minimum pressure in this part of the town.
Data analysis of water flow,
pressure maintained, and operational characteristics of the
water distribution network indicated that:
The capacity of the 13
000 m3 pressure reservoir is not
fully utilized, which predetermines the necessity of flushing
the rapid filters at the DWTP in
the night hours only, in spite of
the degree of clogging;
The water delivery to
the highest areas of the lower

part of the town is disturbed in
case of flushing the rapid filters
in the night;
Through
two
stop
valves, DN100 (at the market
and at the Lead-Zinc Works),
650m3 - 1300 m3 of water are released between 02:00h and
05:00h in the morning, which
can be discharged into the pressure reservoir as well;
No constant pressure is
provided in the water distribution network of the lower part of
the town, which leads to frequent failures;
The subjective and improper pressure reduction
through evacuation of preliminary treated water leads to additional water losses and
expenditures for reagents and
power supply;
There is no constant
water supply to the higher areas
and high-rise buildings in the
zone.
In order to eliminate the indicated shortcomings in the operation of the water distribution
system in the lower part of the
town and to raise the reliability
of the system, measurements of
the water flow and pressure
have been carried out in the period 10 15 August 2007 with
the help of the electro-magnetic
flow meter AquaProbe 2 of ABB
57
Fig.1 Variation of water flow at the input of the lower part of Kardjali for the period 10 - 15 Aug 2007
Fig.2. Variation of pressure at the input of the lower part of Kardjali for the period 10 - 15 Aug 2007
Fig.3 Variation of water flow and pressure at the input of the lower part of Kardjali on 13 Aug 2007 (Monday)
company at the input to the zone,

as well as current pressure measurements at specific points of the
system.
The variations in the water
flow and in the pressure at the beginning of the zone (elevation 248)
are shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2 respectively. The lowest values of
water flow and pressure are observed in the night due to the reduction of the supplied water
amount caused by flushing the
rapid filters at the DWTP. This is
well illustrated in Fig.3, which depicts the variations of the water
flow and pressure on 13 Aug 2007.
In spite of the pressure reduction
during certain time intervals in
the night, the relation between the
minimum and average 24h water
flow for the above period is from
51.6% to 69% , which is indicative
for the high water losses. Another
specificity is that the pressure at
the point of measurement (the beginning of the lower part of the
town) varies considerably from
2.56 bar to 6.53 bar, which may
cause failures and greater water
losses.
The dynamic pressures have
been measured at different points
of the water distribution system,
being 1.6 3.5 bar at elevations
265-275, and 3.5 6.0 bar for the
remaining part of the lower zone.
58
In conformity with the design

water flow (1275 m3/h) and fireprotection water amount (144
m3/h), and the necessary daytime
pressure of 5 bar and night-time
pressure of 3.5 bar, two technical
solutions have been suggested for
pressure regulation at the input to
the lower zone:
Pressure regulator delivered by the company Bermad, Israel, represented by Industrial
Parts Ltd., with diameter DN600,
type 720-24ES with ,,V-port for
regulation of daytime and nighttime pressure, with hydraulic ac-
tion (Figs. 4, 5).

Pressure regulator with a
ring-piston VAG RKV RIKO with
diameter DN400, delivered by
VAG-Germany, with electric
drive.
Following the public procurement procedure, the Bermad regulator has been selected. It has
been put into operation in August
2008, and its functioning has been
perfect so far. The shaft containing
the pressure regulator and the
necessary fittings is shown in
Fig.4. The pressure regulator, type
720-24ES-1 (Fig. 5) has two-cham-
Fig.4. Shaft with pressure regulator of bermad, with the necessary fittings and
blocks
Fig.5. Pressure regulator, bermad 720-24ES with V-port and 2 modes of operation
(day and night)
1-pressure regulator;
2-pilot valve for pressure regulation during the day;
3-pilot valve for pressure regulation during the night;
4-induction valve;
5-controller
ber driving mechanism, anti-cavity body, V-shaped gate for normal regulation of small and large
water flows, two pilot valves (2
and 3), controller BE-PRV, which
sends signals for opening and
closing of the induction valve 4
and securing the necessary daily
and night pressure.
The considerable effect of the
pressure regulator operation for
the lower part of Kardjali may be
expressed in the following way:
Water loss reduction by

20%;
Failure reduction by 75%;
Avoidance of treated
water losses (about 1000 m3/d)
due to the elimination of the need
to open the two DN100 stop
valves for pressure reduction - at
the Market, and Lead and Zinc
Works;
Reduction of power costs
and coagulants for water treatment at the DWTP;
Providing water reserves

by using the volume of the 13000
m3 pressure reservoir;
Improvement of service
quality by the water utility
through the maintenance of the
necessary pressure in the high
areas and buildings and reduction
of water supply breaks, due to
lower number of failures;
Avoidance of the role of
the human factor at the maintenance of the necessary water pressures and raising the operational
reliability of the water supply system;
Securing the necessary
fire-protection reserve in the
13000 m3 pressure reservoir;
Impact reduction of the
rapid filters flushing at the DWTP
on the water distribution.
The total economic effect of the
pressure regulator implementation is about 1.5 mil. Bulgarian
Leva per year. The funds spent for
shaft construction and assembly
of fittings, filter and pressure regulator have been reimbursed from
the reduced operational costs
(power consumption, coagulation,
disinfection, failures) for 4
months.
reFerenCes
1. Dimitrov, G., Raising the effectiveness of the water supply
systems in Bulgaria. Research
work. 2004.
2. Dimitrov, G., Trichkov, I. Experimental determination of water
losses in municipal water supply systems. Water Economy,
No. 3/4, 1996.
3. Frantozzi, M. Lambert.A, Including the effects of pressure
management in calculations of
Short-Run Economic Leakage
Levels. Water Loss, Bucharest,
2007.
59

INg. florIN IlIEscU
VIcEPrEEdINTE ara
100 DE ANI
DE ALIMENTARE
Cu APA IN SISTEM CENTRALIZAT LA bISTRITA
Municipiul Bistria a srbtorit la 14 mai 2011 100 De AnI

De AlIMenTAre CU AP n SISTeM
CenTrAlIzAT lA BISTrIA, intrnd n rndul oraelor centenare din Romnia, care au consemnat n decurul anilor astfel
de aniversri.
Evenimentul organizat de
SC AQUABIS SA Bistria a reunit peste 150 de participani,
reprezentani ai Companiilor
de ap din Romnia, profesori
universitari, firme de consultan, firme de producere a materialelor i echipamentelor pentru infrastructura de ap-canalizare, ca i constructori pentru
acest domeniu, mare parte din
ei membrii ARA.
Intlnirea aniversar a avut

loc la Casa de Cultur a Municipiului Bistria i a fost onorat
de prezena Primarului Ovidiu
Creu,a Vicepreedintelui Consiliului Judeean i a SubPrefec-
60
tului Judeului Bistria-Nsud,

precum i a Preedintelui ARA,
Vasile Ciomo.
Au fost, de asemenea, invitai o parte din salariaii care
lucreaza la AQUABIS, cteva
firme locale care acioneaz n
acest domeniu, precum i o delegaie din Republica Moldova
interesat de modul n care se
desfoar proiectele cu finanare UE n Romnia.
Directorul General al companiei AQUABIS, andru Ioan
a salutat oficialitile locale i
invitaii i a rugat s se transmit
cte un mesaj din partea acestora.
Primarul Municipiului Bistria adresndu-se participanilor a evideniat rolul comunitii
germane, care, la sfrit de secol
XIX i nceput de secol XX a
realizat mai multe cldiri re-
prezentative pentru oraul Bistria i pentru epoca respectiv,

care mai dinuie i astzi: Casa
de Cultur, Gimnaziul German,
actualmente Colegiul Naional
Liviu Rebreanu, la care se
adaug i sistemul de ap centralizat al oraului. S-au fcut
referiri la importana acestui
serviciu, ct i la nevoia de gestionare ct mai eficient a resurselor de ap de care beneficiem n zona n care locuim,
fiind n proximitatea Munilor
Brgului i Climani.
Domnul Profesor univ. dr.
Gheorghe Badea, Decanul Facultii de Instalaii din ClujNapoca a adus n faa participanilor cuvntul din partea
academic i a accentuat rolul
important pe care l are educaia
n transformrile economicosociale din Romnia, ca i modul
n care trebuie solicitat i realizat calitatea lucrrilor de
proiectare, consultan i execuie, care sunt n curs de derulare prin Programele i proiectele din infrastructura de ap,
n curs de derulare la nivel
naional.
Directorul General al
AQUABIS, a prezentat istoria
Sistemului de alimentare cu ap
din Bistria, din cele mai vechi
timpuri, cu accentul pe ceea ce
s-a ntmplat n perioada 1907www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011

1911, cnd s-a realizat captarea
de la Cuma, reeaua de transport i de distribuie din Bistria.
Un film proiectat a adus n faa
participanilor, fotografii din perioada construciei acestor lucrri
i imagini actuale ale surselor
de ap aflate la peste 20 Km de
Bistria, n zona Cuma din Munii Climani. S-au prezentat apoi
i etapele de dezvoltare ale sistemului de alimentare cu ap,
de la acel moment i pn n
prezent.
Preedintele ARA, Vasile Ciomo a fcut un elogiu privind
importana serviciilor de apcanalizare i a o oferit Diplome
de Excelen Primarului Bistriei
i Preedintelui Consiliului
Judeean Bistria-Nsud i
Diplome Aniversare pentru actualul Director General, andru
Ioan i Florin Iliescu, Director
General n perioada 1990-2002,
pentru contribuia adus la dezvoltarea serviciilor de ap-canalizare n Judeul Bistria-Nsud. S-a reamintit, de asemenea,
rolul avut de Bistria n nceputul

de constituire al ARA, cu ocazia
unui eveniment desfurat aici
n anul 1994, cnd s-a format
nucleul de membrii fondatori
ai acestei asociaii.
In cuvantul su, Vicepreedintele ARA, Florin Iliescu a
adus un omagiu persoanelor
care au lucrat n compania din
Bistria de-a lungul timpului,
i care, prin munca lor de zeci
de ani dedicat acestui domeniu,
au fcut ca lucrurile s se dezvolte la situaia actual. S-a pstrat un moment de reculegere
n memoria celor care au lucrat
n companie i au trecut n nefiin pe parcursul anilor. S-a
mulumit, de asemenea, D-lui
Vasile Ciomo pentru rolul pe
care l-a avut n sprijinirea dezvoltrii investiiilor de ap-canalizare n Judeul Bistria-Nsud, prin poziia sa n diferite
instituii, n perioada din 1995
i pn n prezent.
s-a trecut la unele prezentri ale

companiei TERAPLAST Bistria,
reprezentat de Directorul General tefan Buctaru, care a fost
coorganizator al evenimentului,
ale companiilor de Consultan
EPTISA i INOCSA-AECOM i
SOGREAH-ARTELIA, care lucreaz la Bistria n cadrul POS
Mediu i a furnizorului de pompe WILLO.
Dup terminarea acestor prezentri s-a efectuat o vizit la
fabricile TERAPLAST din noua
locaie, unde au putut fi studiate
tehnologiile i modul de fabricaie al produselor oferite de
aceast firm pentru sectorul
de ap.
Finalul evenimentului a
avut loc printr-o mas comun,
ntr-o locaie de secolul XVI aflat
n zona central a Bistriei, unde
s-a petrecut ntr-o atmosferplcuta i au socializat participanii la acest moment aniversar.
Dup aceste luri de cuvnt
AtLAs CopCo roMniA srL

soluii complete de aer comprimat.
suflante de aer pentru aplicaii n domeniul epurrii
i tratrii apelor reziduale.
Vnzri echipamente, nchirieri, service.
os. Bucureti-ploieti nr.135, Corp 2, parter, sector 1,
Bucureti 013686
tel: 021 352 36 23, fax: 021 351 37 64
office.ro@atlascopco.com,
www.atlascopco.com
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An XVII, nr. 3/2011, vol.

Concursul Detecia Pierderilor de Ap la a - 4-a ediie

Echipamente romneti performante pentru protecia mediului

Studiul perfomanei biofiltrelor de nisip pentru reducerea

Young Water Professionals

Monitorizarea calitaii apei destinate consumului uman

ANALIZA APEI CONSuMATE SI A APEI PIERDuTE N ZONELE

O SOLuIE EFICINET DE REuCERE A PIERDERILOR DE AP I A

100 DE ANI DE ALIMENTARE Cu APA

Experiena aplicrii acestui

nr.3 / 2011 www.romaqua.ro

Trebuie menionat c Economia Verde este instrumentul

pe plan internaional. Tranziia

In adoptarea unei politici i

trebuie fcut cu atenie, cu discernmnt,

EVENIMENTE CARE AU FOST

INg. sIlVIU lcTUU

nr.3 / 2011 www.romaqua.ro

Acest eveniment dedicat n primul

streaz eforturile Companiei de Ap Olt pentru creterea performanei serviciilor i, mai

expertului Andy Bowden, implicarea

prin execuia de astfel de echipamente specifice nevoilor de

Fig. 1. Domeniul de operare al suflantelor realizate

17.000 30.000 rpm, asigurate

La cerere INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI execut i alte

3.1. Suflanta TS 3500 - 1,6

randamentul adiabatic al rotorului: 0.97;

Fig. 2. Suflant centrifugal TS 3500 i bazinele de aerare.

de 3500m3/h i presiunea aerului refulat: 1,6 bar.

INCD Turbomotoare COMOTI este capabil s pro iecteze i s execute suflante

Pentru a determina performanele n exploatare a mainii

www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011

softul Ansys CFX 11.0.

nr.3 / 2011 www.romaqua.ro

presiunea de referin este cea

Pentru ieirea din volut

Fig. 12 .Distribuia elementelor in domeniu de calcul.

Fig. 13. Distribuia vitezei n rotor

Fig. 14. Distribuia de presiune

Staia de epurare biologic

care staia a fost alimentat

Fig. 15. Suflante centrifugale amplasate n staia de epurare urior Dej.

www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011

Fig. 16. Modulul de comand a sistemului expert de conducere automat.

pe u panoul operator modulul 1. n figura 16 se observ

din trasarea curbelor de variaie apariia unor ocuri ale

tehnologic complex nu poate

zinul de aerare, a concentraiei

ocuprile n acest domeniu;

n cadrul temei rspunde cerinelor i scopului de conducere a procesului tehnologic

1. Florea, J., Robescu, D.

www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011

Conform Organizaiei Mondiale a Sntii, 1.1

According to the World Health Organization,

www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011

ing control of the safety of their drinking water.

1.1. Characteristics of BsF design and operation

www.romaqua.ro nr.3 / 2011

de pietris de 5 cm, 5 cm strat suport din pietris i

nr.3 / 2011 www.romaqua.ro

was measured daily just after the introduction of

2.3. residence time distribution in BsF

2.3. timp de retenie n biofiltrul BsF