‘OxFoRD WORLD'S cLassics For oer 100 years Ofer Words Class have ought commentary and seni background information 1 me he ‘hanging ned of reader OXFORD WORLD'S CLASSICS ARISTOTLE The Nicomachean Ethics Translated by DAVID ROSS Revised with a Introduction and Notes by LESLEY BROWN10 ‘THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 1.7 ‘The good must be something fnal and elfen. Definition of ‘appines reached by considering the characteristic funtion of man 15 7. Let ws again return to the good we are seeking, and ask what it can be. It seems diferent in different actions and ars itis diferent ‘we choose always for itself and never for the sake of something else, but honour, pleasure, reason, and every virtue we choose indeed for if mothing resulted fom them we should still choose but we choose them also forthe sake of happiness, rough them we shall be happy. Happiness, on the 1, noone chooses forthe sake of these, nor, n general, for anything other than isl view of self suficiency the same result seems final goo is thought tobe self-sufficient, Now by self-sufcient we do not mean that whichis sufficient for a man by IMACHEAN ETHICS 1-7 " sary life, but also for parents, children, 10 ing; and such we think happiness co bei? and further we thi most desirable of ll things, no a thing counted as one good thing among others*—iit were so counted it woud clearly tlesirable bythe addition of even the last of goods; is addel becomes an excess of goods, and of goods always more desirable, Happines, the, i something final and self == if we could ist ascertain the function player, a sculptor, or any artist, and, 25 pec ‘growth, Next there would be a of pce, ‘but if also seems 1098 ‘every animal. Thereand this tobe an aetvty or actions ofthe soul implying a rational principle, and the function ofa good man to ih the subject-matter, and so much as is appropriate to the inquiry. Fora earpenter and a geometer investigate the right angle not be subordinated to minor question ‘ogi cause in all matters alike itis enough in some cases tha the fact be well established, a in the ease of the fist principles; the fact is 2 primary ching and fst principle. Now of fst principles we see some by induction, some by perception, some by a certain habituation, ‘whole, and many of the questions we ask ae cleared up by i. (Our definition confirmed by current be 8, But we must consider happiness in the light not only of our ‘cnelusion and our premisses, but also of what is commonly said 10 bout it for with a tue view al the data harmonize, but witha false istics that are looked for in happiness seem also, all of them, to belong to what we have defined happinest a being. For some iden- tity happiness wit virtue, some with practical wisdom, others with ‘or one of these, accompanied by pleasure or not without pleasure; while others 25 include also external prosperity. Now some of these views have been held by many men and men of old, others by a few eminent and to each man that which he is sid to be a lover of s pleasant,8 {THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 1.11 blessed those among ving men in tobe lille —but blesed men Do the fortunes ofthe living af sob 5 ther blessednes fom those who are. The ood or bad fortunes of fiends, then, seem to have some effects on the dea, but effets of sucha kind and degree as nether to make the hppy not happy nor {o produce any ocher change of the kind, T {THE NICOMACHEAN ErHICS 1.12 9 Virewe is praiseworthy, but happiness i above praie answered, let us consider snd we praise the strong man, the good runner, and son, because he is ofa certain kind andi related i a certain way to something good and important, This is clear seo from the pris given tothe gos it cms absurd thatthe gd should be measured by ou tandar,* but ‘we do so measute them, since praise involves a reference, as we si, the most godlike of men isto call them blessed and happy. Ad 0 (00 with good shigs; no one praises happiness as he does justice, but rather cals it blessed, as being something more divine and better "Edom also Seems to have heen right in is method of advocat- KINDS OF VIRTUE Division ofthe sou, and resultant division of virtue into intellectual ty of soul in accordance rue of virtue; for peek» {TE NICOMACHEAN ExIMCS 1.13 4 are separted as the pars of che body or of anything divisible ar, ‘or are distinct by definition but by nature inseparable, lke convex the circumference ofa citle, does not affect the al element one division seems tobe widely ditib- toa that respect in which i is called good or bad), unless perhaps toa [THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS 1.13BOOK II - MORAL VIRTUE MORAL VIRTUE, HOW IT IS ACQUIRED ‘Moral vrtwe, lke the arts, is acquired by repetition of the Tectul virtue inthe main owes both its birth and its growth to 15, teaching (for which reson it requires experience and time), wile none of the moral virtues s by nature can form 2 30 slso plan arises in us by nature; for nothing that habit contrary * virtue is both produced and destroyed, and similarly every ar; forARISTOTLE Politics C.D.C. ReeveBook | Chapter 1 We se tht etry CI STKTE t+ COMMUNITY of some srt and hat 122mentioned? » Chapter 2Chap 3 ‘‘hela challenge the justice ofthis They bing a wr i analogous to that brought guns pear inthe assembly” Theoem ony when hey ig betwee god birth and feedom thattions to be made regarding re a Chapter agi Lg a nse cordance with ou gihap 9 human beings Ba ach limit Boundary has bee sais, as“the Fl Sense, Du eaghve have alo found the solution to ov originalhay 12 Fy Ey Pa ‘he primary or natural sine consis el ‘There nasa man in Sicily who wed some money that ad Been ent 22 inet bt wef things ‘in oy up all he on rm the Foundries, and er, when the mer= 25 0 9 feting and wdfn nothing. Neves, whenever one person ruling ad another being rle, the one ling tres o dstingish iChap 13 2 oneof them rae once and for allan the cher be ued once and forall 35 tochid Chapter 13ese: ToBook Chapter? Chhenip o£. 4.9 1a, Oster unkown,Pati incomplete)? Lie minors whoa too young to be enrolled in thee 5. Resides in Aten ha ae "pomse (rt be a ‘oc Heh eon thot wi ecsely why the cizen that we define is above all cen ina democracy and may possibly be one nother conrtittians, but at necessarily, For some constitutions have no “te people” or asemblics ‘hey legally recognize, bt only specially summoned council sd jadi ‘neues derided by diferent bodies In Spat, for example sme cases aX ‘ule of soc peopl, adequate for e's elf suficeny. Chapter 2 ‘But the definition that gos used in practice ie hat citizen i someone wh comes fom citizens on both ides and nat onPoet in Athens by Cleithenes ater ofthe yet arolled many foreigners and alien slaves in the wits) os in elation to hese peopl ist which of them 2 svhethes me who participates in cha hes people to mist be adit yi connected tothe dspate we cman whos wide-ranging r= 9 cositation vs aii td sng Ra» wet ame 4-2 0 fe thm ah. he ey of the 28 same, een though ll the te sme water fling out nd soe faw- ity ust be sited to Bs / inary {erent rn hv things hrf eat he vite of man sd ofa cannot be unqualifiedly the Abe equally pr both these views are sometimes aceped ha ru. 20 raed shoal ea dere 2 Sein Lamy ie os, 28. eating tse amp he with Deze Bn0 Pols V1 hath ery moc amber another kind of supervisior = Book VII a Chapter 1 my eons tales there may happen tobe. So ot democratic, fr empl, the supervision of aw» hong berween the bes condition. taper? ey bt nena therm te Chapier 2 s ine186 iia VE Chapter 3 (. payletin. J, telah human being ad for city-states and aman beings collectively Chapter4— Syre2, Stone wars Hamer ied with ey po20 Pe var Chapter 5 bowelhe se and man Chapter 7 Neha / Abstinas Clecehmbes kes them be fren For spin Soul by which we fel endship sgn of thinHaving eveone shoul a » 8Pate Va a ovr Baye, orgniation; they aos in Crete 5 aly are mc alder. Local his eee red Because of age to render ho of people they shouldbe. We ‘do not agree with those who lam tht ewe the Gal ofhap tt 2 Chapter 11 cess t and snPata VF taper 18apni in Cannons tee iPai V0 Chap 16Pavan Chapter 15 Jets Sins itive ht ens ave the ae R ity perance are neal, far, by those whoa held be dong best and wh cay essings people be unable to male eof gon eu0 Pai a0 Chapter 16 Crveweabon(ayer 17 a released fom procenting for Fe shouldbe evident tatBook VIII te bass the casein mon "es nowadays); nd third, what sort of supervision Chapter 1 mone shoud not consider any cizen a belonging © himself alone, but ral belonging othe city- st, inoe ech apartPia vat ‘fedvcation there shoul be and how it should be re reuite, bu Acvg is more chocewo its end, me should try to dione wha pen» 1s a Pate VE nd one at which they are mare than other Of ther present onee. For now there intining strict diet. For one should ‘ody atthe sume tine, since these Kinds of exe produce ‘opposite effets: exerting the body impedes the mind and exerting the mind impedes he boy Chapter 5 As for este, we hae me Alscasson Bui wil be mello take them up agin now ‘hem farthes,in order to provide sor ofp thearguments hat ‘might be made inan exposition of the subject Fort snot esy to de- {ermine what the pore of music, o why one should take ‘rt, on the grounds that, jatar gymnastic gies ws body ofa {ain quay, 50 music ha the powcr to give ws haracer of + eran Chane the seriou cites of chil rmiserent when they have be ome men and are complete If that were nse thenselve? Why shou than those wh dew Ont ter and, that others peactice it? In this epad we may consider the conception sre bse af the gods; for Zeus himsel oes ‘on the lye, Om the coniray, we even sy ‘GRAFTS, and that true man would not perform musi ules be aw wo‘ome exelent judges of performance i they Jo ot ake ‘he same ime, children should hare vm8 Paice Ver (hap? a» Chapter 7 As for harmonies a nan