Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
REPORT
SESSION 2012-16
Submitted To
Mr. Vikash Gupta
H.O.D.
(Electrical Engineering
Department)
Submitted By
Durgesh Maneshwar
ID- 2012UEE1168
Batch- E2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This summer training is of an immense academic record and value for the
student of any professional course and for the Engineering student who
have to be in the industry with the theoretical knowledge; this practical
experience gives an extra confidence in his performance.
With grateful heart I would like to remember the persons who have helped
me during the course of my internship program. I wish to place on record
my words of gratitude to Mr. Vikash Gupta , HoD , Department of
Electrical Engineering at Malaviya National Institute of Technology,
Jaipur for his efforts and for technical as well as moral support.
I would like to thanks the Mr. Anurag Vats (AEN), 132kv Hybrid GSS,
SMS Stadium , Jaipur that gave me the honour to complete my summer
training in their substation. I would like to thanks all the employees &
associates of 132kv Hybrid GSS, SMS Stadium , Jaipur who really
helped me in understanding all the functions and activities of the
Substation from time to time.
Lastly I would like to thank all those who helped me in any way in my
summer training.
CHAPTER 1
1.5 FEEDERS
1.5.1 Incoming Feeders
132 KV Sanganer
132 KV Mansarovar
1.5.2 Outgoing Feeder
33kv Gautam Nagar
33kv Stadium
33kv Vidhansabha
33kv Secretariate
33kv Ramniwas Bagh
33kv Bisalpur
33kv Station
CHAPTER 2
2.1 Transformer
2.1.1 Power Transformer
Power Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer trans- forms the low voltage into high voltage and high voltage to
low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energy is
transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transformer but in case of other is
known as step down transformer.
The working principle of transformer is very simple. It depends upon Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. Actually, mutual induction between two or more winding is responsible for transformation
action in an electrical transformer.
In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission
line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a voltage
transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the metering devices or protective relay.
In the conventional potential transformer we use the coupling capacitor but in CVT this is eliminated and
if we use conventional Potential Transformer in yard ,this is expensive due to the fact that the
transformer ratio is high and the size of PT is high than CVT of same capacity.Thats why CVTs are used in
substation.
2.2.2 Working
The circuit breaker actually makes a physical separation in the current-carrying or conducting element
by inserting an insulating medium sufficient to prevent current from continuing to flow. In so doing, the
persistence of an arc across the gap is prevented. opened by drawing out an arc between contacts until
the arc can no longer support itself. The arc formed when The circuit is usually the contacts of a circuit
breaker move apart to interrupt of a circuit is a conductor made up of ionized particles of the insulating
materials. Whenever voltages and currents are large other forms of insulation are used in place or air to
extinguish the arc as quickly as possible.
Whenever fault occurs in the circuit breaker, relay connected to the current transformer CT actuates
and closes its contacts. Current flows from the battery in the trip circuit As soon as the trip coil of the
circuit breaker gets energized the circuit breaker operating mechanism is actuated and it operates for
the opening mechanism.
Different types of circuit breakers are explained in subsequent sections of this chapter.
2.3 INSULATORS
2.3.1 Introduction
It is defined as An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely,
and therefore make it impossible to conduct an electric current under the influence of an electric field.
Figure : Insulators
current carrying conductors to prevent the flow of current from conductor to earth through the
grounded supporting towers or poles.
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is flash over, occurs in between line and earth
during abnormal over voltage in the system. During this flash over, the huge heat produced by arcing,
causes puncher in insulator body. Viewing this phenomenon the materials used for electrical insulator,
has to posses some specific properties.
2.4 ISOLATOR
2.4.1 Introduction
Isolator is defined as Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the
electrical power system normally at off load condition.
2.4.3 Working
Isolator is located on both the sides of a circuit breaker. They are opened after the opening of CB and
are closed before the closing of CB. While doing maintenance on CBs, they are opened and earthing
switch is closed. They are always operated on no-load as they dont have arc extinguishing medium
Figure : Isolato
2.5 BUSBAR
2.5.1 Introduction
In electrical power distribution, a busbar is a metallic strip or bar (typically copper, brass or aluminium)
that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution board, substation, battery bank, or other
electrical apparatus. Its main purpose is to conduct a substantial current of electricity.
There are many different electrical bus system schemes available but selection of a particular scheme
depends upon the system voltage, position of substation in electrical power system, flexibility needed in
system and cost to be expensed.
Figure : Busbars
2.7 PLCC
2.7.1 Introduction
Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC), is an approach to utilize the existing power lines for the
transmission of information. In todays world every house and building has properly installed electricity
lines. Power Line Carrier Communication PLCC By using the existing AC power lines as a medium to
transfer the information, it becomes easy to connect the houses with a high speed network access point
without installing new wirings
2.7.3 Operation
The voice/data are mixed with radio frequency carrier (40-500kHz), amplified to a level of 10-80W RF
power and injected in to high voltage power
line using a suitable coupling capacitor. The power line
as a rigid long conductor parallel to ground, guides the carrier waves to travel along the transmission
line.
CHAPTER 3
substation
results in economy and reduced project execution time. Modules are factory assembled, tested and
dispatched with nominal SF6 gas. Site erection time is reduced to final assembly of modules.
4- Protection from pollution. The external moisture. Atmospheric Pollution, snow dust etc. have little
influence on SF6 insulated substation. All live parts are hermetically enclosed in the gas chamber & are,
thus, independent from environmental influences like rusting, ageing, atmospheric faults etc.
However, to facilitate installation and maintenance, the substations are generally housed inside a small
building.
5- Increased Safety. As the enclosures are at earth potential there is no possibility of accidental contact
by service personnel to live parts. Also continuous & robust mechanical interlocking systems ensure
maximum operating stability & operator safety.
6- Explosion-proof and Fire-proof installation. Oil Circuit Breakers and oil filled equipment are prone to
explosion. SF6 breakers and SF6 filled equipment are explosion proof and fire-proof.
7- Easy operation and long life
Operation of GIS is simple, user friendly and through safe mechanism. As all GIS is enclosed in sealed
chamber it provides long service life and low maintenance cost.
These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and therefore over all mobility of the
charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared other common gases. We know that mobility of
charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting current through a gas.
Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric strength.
Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the unique property of fast recombination
after the source energizing the spark is removed. The gas has also very good heat transfer property. Due
to its low gaseous viscosity (because of less molecular mobility) SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by
convection. So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling effect SF6 gas is approximately 100
times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to these unique properties of this gas SF6 circuit
breaker is used in complete range of medium voltage and high voltage electrical power system. These
circuit breakers are available for the voltage ranges from 33KV to 800KV and even more.
CHAPTER 4
Circuit breaker
Disconnectors
Earth switches
Cable sealing ends
Fast earthing switches
SF6 VTs or voltage sensors
Figure : PASS
CHAPTER 4
4.1 What
Is
scada system
It is defined as -SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a system operating with coded
signals over communication channels so as to provide control of remote equipment (using typically one
communication channel per remote station) .
There is a SCADA system in the SMS Hybrid Substation based on IEC 61850 standard.
4.3 Working
Electrical distribution systems involve many remote applications and sites, and monitoring and
controlling these sites has often been difficult. To solve this problem, utilities began installing remote
terminal/telemetry units (RTUs) at substations. Early RTUs were initially custom-made units, but later
versions relied on standard hardware such as programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or industrial PCs.
Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are a more recent technology development, and these devices are
now installed at most substations to some extent. These IEDs generally communicate with the
substation RTU.
Power distribution to various electrical loads at substations is controlled by switchgear feeders. Sensors
mounted on the switchgear collect various data on current, voltage, power and switchgear status. This
data is transferred to the RTU, which is in turn polled by a SCADA system.
The SCADA system consists of a master control station with one or more PC-based human machine
interfaces (HMIs). The SCADA system may also contain other secondary control stations with HMIs, and
large substations may also have local HMIs.
Operators view information on the HMIs to monitor and control substation operations and related
equipment.
CHAPTER 5
5.1 RELAY
Relay is a device which detects fault current and energizes trip circuit of circuit breaker. A relay is an
electrically operated switch.
Different Relay used
Current Relay
Voltage Relay
Power Relay
Directional Relay
Differential Relay
Distance Relay
CHAPTER 6
For power system operation and control SCADA system is used which includes
Operation
The operation in control room needs information regarding parameters and configuration according to
feeders. It has different units
Indicating system
Control Switches
Relay Section
Meter Section
Announcing Section
DC Supply system
Transformer control unit
Announcing Section
This section is always checked by shift incharge.If any fault or alarm swing or any abnormal condition
then type o fault is indicated on announcing box The most important section is transformer control
section, winding temperature indicator.
Tap position selector is situated on control panel. A control engineer controls the loading of various
lines,outgoing feeders, synchronizing the incoming lines with bus bars.
Control and relay panel
The arrangement of control and relay power is such that the indicating apparatus is clearly visible from
control space. These respective panels are provided
Indicating system
Indicating system is used to indicate total load, bus bar voltage indication of circuit breaker, isolator
position.
Relay section
Relay section indicate position of different realy at different feeder. Fault at any feeder is denoted by
corresponding relay that gives alarm signal.Master relay gives signal to trip coil of circuit breaker and
thus faulty feeder is disconnected from supply.