Reservoir Simulation

Two phase 1D Derivation

Continuity for each phase,

(
(

w u w = w Sw
x
t

o u o = o S o
t
x

(1)

(2)

Apply Darcys Law,

kk rw p w
D
+ wg

w x
z
kk p
D
u o = ro o + o g

o x
z
where, i = kkri/i is the mobility term of each phase.
uw =

(3)

(4)

Insert Darcy equations into the continuity equations and add a source/sink (injection/production)
terms.
w Sw
p

(5)
w w w + q w =
x
t
x

oSo
p

(6)
o o o + q o =
x
t
x

The source/sink terms are in units of mass flow rate per unit volume.

Expand the RHS and rearrange Eqs. (5) and (6).

S
p q
1
S w d w p w
+
+ w
w w w + w = S w
x
w x
t w dp w t
t

S
p q
1
So d o p o
+
+ o
o o o + o = S o
x
o x
t o dp o t
t

Combine equations (7) and (8) and simplify.

p
p
p
p 1
1

+c S w +c S o
o o o + Q t =
w w w +
w w t
o o t
x
x x
w x
t

(7)

(8)

(9)
where,

q
q
Q = o + w
t
w
o
and
1

(10)

Reservoir Simulation

1 d i
c =
i dp
i i

(11)

and
S w + So = 1
S w So
= 0 since S + S = 1
+
w
o
t
t
Relate the two phase pressures by capillary pressure, pc = pnw - pw.
p
p
p
w = o c
x
x
x

(12)

Substitute Eq. (12) into Eq (9).

p 1
p
1
w w o +
o o o
x x
x
w x

o
p
p
p

1
o
= Q t +
+
w w c c w S w c + c o S o + c w S w

t x
t
t
x
w
Simplifications (Assumptions)
p
o 0
S w c w + So c o
Incompressible flow:
t

Porosity is constant:
0
t
p
S w c w c 0
Pc is constant:
t

(13)

p

w w c 0
x
w x

Final simplified equation in terms of one pressure.

p
p 1
1
o o o = Q t
w w o +
x
x x
w x

(14)

Reservoir Simulation
Derivation
Two-dimensional Cartesian
Multiphase
Immiscible
Black oil, i.e., gas dissolves in oil phase, but no oil is vaporized in the gas phase
Governing equation (combination of conservation of mass, momentum equation and EOS)
For oil,
hk x k ro

x B o o

p o

hk y k ro
+

y B

o o

p o

= h o

t B o

(1)

or

hk k

S
i ro p gD = h o
o
o
t B
Bo o

(2)

For water,

hk k

S
i rw p gD = h w
w
w
t B
B w w

(3)

For gas,

hk k
i rg

B
g g

p gD +
g
g

hR s k i k ro
Bo o

Auxiliary relations
n
Si = 1.0
i =1
kro = f(Sw)
krw = f(Sw)
krg = f(SL,Sg)

Empirical or correlation

Pcow = po pw = f(Sw)
Empirical or correlation
Pcog = pg po = f(Sg)
i, i, Bi = f(pi) where i = o, g, w phases
Rs = f(po)
ki = f(x,y,z)
D = f(z)
= f(x,y,z, po)
3

(p o o gD) = h t Bg + RBsSo

(4)

Reservoir Simulation
Spatial discretization
A. Block centered
a. Location of grid boundaries
denoted by xi+1/2, yj+1/2

y j+1

i,j+1

b. Centers of gridblock must satisfy,

+ x i +1 / 2
x
x i = i 1 / 2
2

i,j

i-1,j
C.V.

y j1 / 2 + x j+1 / 2
yj =
2

y j-1/2
y j-1

xi +1

xi
xi-1/2

y j1 / 2 =

yj

i+1,j

i,j-1

xi-1

B. Corner Point
a. Location of grid boundaries
specified by xi, yi
b. Location of grid boundaries defined by,
x + x i +1
x i +1 / 2 = i
2

y j+1/2

xi +1/2

y j+1

i,j+1

y j+1/2

C.V.
i-1,j

y j + x j1

i,j

xi
xi-1/2

yj
y j-1/2
y j-1

i,j-1

xi-1

i+1,j

xi +1
xi +1/2

Difference between the two systems can be significant at boundaries.

Corner Point boundary coincides with exterior point
Block Centered boundary coincides with side of block, consistent with control volume
approach
In discretization, corner point requires no special treatment at boundaries, while block centered
requires the method of images.
Ignore the gravity term in Eq (2)

hk k

S
i ro p = h o
o
t B
B o o

( )

Define Mobility in terms of properties which are functions of saturation and pressure.
k
M = ro
o B
o o
Expanding Eq. (5) in 2D, Cartesian coordinates,

(5)

(6)

Reservoir Simulation

S
p o
p o

+ hk M
=h o
hk M
t B
x x o x y y o y
o
Finite difference approximation for the x-derivative term is,

(7)

p o
p o

hk M

hk M

x o x
x o x
p
i +1 / 2, j
i 1 / 2, j

hk x M o o =
x
x
x i +1 / 2 x i 1 / 2

(8)

where
p o

p o

( )

( )

po
po

i +1, j
i, j

x i +1 x i
i +1 / 2, j

( )

(9)

( )

po
po

i, j
i 1, j

x i x i 1
i 1 / 2, j

(10)

Combine,

(hk x M o )i +1 / 2, j (p o )i +1, j (p o )i, j (hk x M o )i 1 / 2, j (p o )i, j (p o )i 1, j

p

hk x M o o =
x
x

x i +1 x i

x i x i 1

x i +1 / 2 x i 1 / 2

(11)
Similar approximation can be developed for the y-derivative.
Use upstream weighting to evaluate properties at block boundaries.

(M o )i +1 / 2, j = (M o )i, j if (p o )i, j (p o )i +1, j

q
i

i+1
i+1/2

(M o )i +1 / 2, j = (M o )i +1, j if (p o )i, j < (p o )i +1, j

q
i

i+1
i+1/2

Reservoir Simulation
Finite difference equation,

(Tox )i +1 / 2, j (p o )i +1, j (p o )i, j (Tox )i 1 / 2, j (p o )i, j (p o )i 1, j

( )

( )

( )

( )

po
+ Toy
p o Toy
po
po

i, j+1
i, j
i, j
i, j1

i, j+1 / 2
i, j1 / 2
Vi, j
=
t

So
B
o

n +1
n

S
o

B
i, j
o i, j
(12)

where the transmissibility to oil in the x direction is given by,

(Tox )i +1 / 2, j = (Tx )i +1 / 2, j * (M ox )1+1 / 2, j

(13)

The single phase transmissibility term can be expanded to,

(Tx )1+1 / 2, j =

(hk x )1+1 / 2, j y j+1 / 2 y j1 / 2

The grid block volume can be expressed as:

x i +1 x i

Vi, j = h i, j x i +1 / 2 x i 1 / 2 y j+1 / 2 y j1 / 2

(14)

(15)