Sri Teja

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EDUCATION REVOLUTION

 KEYWORDS

KEYLINES
WORD MNEMONICS
VISUAL MNEMONICS
MIND MAPS
LOGICAL ASSIMMILATION
MAGIC NUMBERS
MEMORY TRAIN
DIGITAL STORY BUILDING
READING SKILLS
ANSWER WRITING SKILLS
ACRONYMS

OFFICIAL STATUS - YOUTUBE

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

DECODING NCERT

CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATIONS

MESOPOTAMIAN - TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES

EGYPT - NILE
CHINESE - HWANG HO
HARAPPA - INDUS

MESOPOTAMIAN - TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES

EGYPT - NILE

CHINESE - HWANG HO

HARAPPA - INDUS

 > FIRST HUMANS MIGRATE TO INDIA:70000 50000 BCE

> MECH
> PERIOD - 3000 TO 1500 BC
> NORTH - WEST PART

SERIES OF EXCAVATIONS
CHARLES MASSON >> 1826-1838
BRITISH - RAILWAY LINE KARACHI &
LAHORE:1857
J FLEET - HARAPPAN SEALS : 1912
EXCAVATION CAMPAIGN - SIR JOHN
MARSHALL:1921/22
DISCOVERY BY DAYARAM SAHANI
1947- AREA DIVIDED BETWEEN INDIA AND
PAKISTAN

PLACES ASSOCIATED
Sindh - Mohenjodaro, Amri, Kot Diji, Rehman Dheri,
Sukkur, Alladinho, Chanhudaro
Baluchistan - Mehrgarh, Damb Sadaat, Rana Ghundai,
Nal, Kulli, Dabar kot, Balakot
Afghanistan - Mundigak, Shortu ghai
West Punjab - harappa, jalilipur, ganeriwala, rehman
dheri
Gujarat - dholavira, lothal, surkotada, bhagatrav,
rangpur, rojadi, desalpur, dabar kot
Uttar pradesh - alamgirpur
Haryana - Banawali, Rakhigarhi, Bhagawanpura
Rajasthan - kalibangan Punjab - ropar J & K - manda
Maharashtra - Daimabad

1921 - HARAPPA
AREA - 1.3 MN SQ KM
POPULATION - 5 MN
6 MAJOR CITIES
MUD BRICK PLATFORMS

TOWN PLANNING
GRID SYSTEM
WESTERN SIDE>CITADEL - PUBLIC BUILDINGS
EASTERN SIDE>LOWER TOWN - HOUSE OF
COMMONERS
BURNT BRICK
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
BUILDINGS - RESIDENTIAL HOUSES, LARGER AND
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Mesopotamia Baked bricks

TOWN PLANNING

Effective economy
Reflection of social hierarchy
Influence of Mesopotamia
Drainage
Equipped storage facility
Reflection of rituals
Advanced building method

TOWN PLANNING
Most Imp Public place Great Bath @
Mohenjodaro >> beautiful brick work & Ritual
bathing
Largest building @ Mohenjodaro Granary
Citadel of Harappa 6 Granaries >> South rows
of circular brick platforms :: threshing grains of
wheat and barley
Harappa 2 roomed barracks: accomodation of
labourers
Kalibangan South >> Granaries

AGRICULTURE

Earlier Sindh >> fertile zone

Natural vegetation attracted more rainfall
Timber fuel for baking bricks
Imp reason for fertility Annual inundation in the Indus
river :: Alluvial soil
Seeds November @ flood plains
Reaped harvests (stone sickles) of wheat and barley in
April
Ploughing of fields Furrows
Gabarbands or nalas enclosed by dams for storing water
@ Baluchistan and Afghanistan
Canal irrigation - Absent

AGRICULTURE
Crops wheat, barley, peas, sesamum, mustard,
rice
Foodgrains @ Granaries Harappa,
Mohenjodaro, Kalibangan
Cereals were received as taxes from peasants
and stored in granary for payment of wages
Mesopotamia wages paid in form of barley
Indus people 1st to produce cotton
Greeks Sindon

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS

Oxen, buffaloes, goats, cats,sheep and pigs

Humped bulls
Dogs were regarded as pets
Evidence of horse superficial level of
Mohenjodaro, double terracotta figurine from
Lothal
Remains of horse Surkotada
Elephants, Rhinocerous @ Gujarat
Same (foodgrains and animals)like contemporary
Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia except rice and
elephants

TECHNOLOGY AND CRAFTS

Bronze age
Bronze tin + copper
Copper Khetri mines Rajasthan & Baluchisthan
Tin Afghanistan & Hazanbagh (Bihar)
Imp group of Artisans Bronzesmiths >> Images, utensils,
tools, weapons such as axes, spears, knives
Woven Cotton (Mohenjodaro) with textile impressions
Spinning Spindle whorls
Imp craft Brick laying
Boat making, Bead making
Potters wheel
Goldsmiths

TRADE
No idea about currency
Barter system
In return for finished goods and foodgrains, they procured
metals from neighbouring areas by boats and bullock carts
Navigation @ Arabian sea
Knowledge of wheel
Used Modern Ekka
Commercial links Afghanistan , Iran, Rajasthan
Harappan seals @ Mesopotamia >> harappans imitated
cosmetics of Mesopotamia
Trade relations with Meluha (ancient name of Indus region)
Trading stations Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan b/n
Mesopotamia and Meluha

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

No clear idea
No temples
Only religious structure Great Bath
Fire cult @ Lothal
More importance to commerce
Ruled by class of merchants
Cities and Drainage system Municipal Govt
Fortified citadel monarchial for of govt

RELIGIOUS PRACTICES
Terracotta figurines of women
One figurine Plant is shown growing out of the
embryo of a woman >> GODDESS OF EARTH
Mother Goddess
Egyptians Nile Goddess Isis
In Egypt daughter inherited the throne
Matriarchial
6th century AD - Durga, Amba, Kali @ Puranas,
Tantra literature

MALE DEITY
Seal 3 heads + horns
Yogic posture
Elephant, tiger, rhinocerous, buffalo @ 4
directions of earth vehicles of God
Phallus worship connected with Siva
Harappa Female sex organs and Phallus
made out of stone >> WORSHIP
Phallus worship recognized in Hindu society

TREE AND ANIMAL WORSHIP

Worshipped trees
Pipal tree Seal >> worship
Worshipped animals >> most imp humped bull
Gods were not placed in temples
Temples @ Egypt and Mesopotamia
Amulets in large numbers >> Ghosts
Atharvaveda charms and spells (non-aryan
work) >> recommends amulets for warding off
diseases and evil forces

HARAPPAN SCRIPT
Art of writing like Mesopotamia
Not deciphered
Egyptians & Mesopotamians long
inscriptions (seals with few words)
Seals identification of pvt property
Pictographic

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

16 or its muliples
Continued upto modern India
16 annas = 1 Re
Sticks inscribed with measure marks (bronze)

HARAPPAN POTTERY
Experts in potters wheel
Painted in red and black
Decorated with designs of trees and circles

SEALS
Greatest artistic creations
Short inscriptions with pictures

IMAGES
Beautiful images of metal
Best specimen woman dancer made
of bronze
Steatite statue ornamental robe over the left
shoulder and under the right arm, and its
short locks at the back of the head are kept
tidy by a woven fillet

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
Fire baked earthen clay (Terracotta)
Toys or objects of worship
Represent unsophisticated artistic works :
Common people
Seals and images great skill > upper class
Poor in stone artistic works
Stone sculptures Egypt and Mesopotamia