Reviewof6thand7thGradeSpanishLessons

BasicRules:
Totalkaboutpeople:
SubjectPronouns:Thesepronounsareusedtotalkaboutapersonorpeopledoinganaction.
Singular(1person)

Plural(Morethan1person)

Yo

I(usedtotalk
about
yourself)

Nosotros

We(usedtotalk
about
yourself
andsomeoneelse)

You,informal(usedtotalk
to
a
friend,familymember,or
someonemuchyoungerthan
you)

Vosotros

You,plural,informal(usedto
talk
to
agroupoffriends,
familymembers,orpeople
muchyoungerthanyou)

Usted

You,formal(usedtotalk
to
strangers,authorityfigures,or
someonemucholderthanyou)

Ustedes

You,plural,formal(usedto
talk
to
agroupofstrangers,
authorityfigures,orpeople
mucholderthanyou)

He(usedtotalk
about
aboyor
aman)

Ellos

They(usedtotalk
about
a
groupofboys,oragroupof
boysandgirlstogether)

Ella

She(usedtotalk
about
agirlor
awoman)

Ellas

They(usedtotalk
about
a
groupofonlygirls)

Verbs:
InSpanish,therearethreefamiliesofverbs:Ar,Er,andIr.Arverbsendinar,Er
verbsendiner,andIrverbsendinir.

Infinitiveverbs:
verbsintheirmostbasicform.Infinitiveverbsarenotusedtodescribethepersondoingthe
activity,butrathertheactivityitself.
InEnglish,infinitiveverbsalwaysincludethewordtobeforetheverb.
Examples:toeat,toread,tosleep,toplay,tospeak.
InSpanish,infinitiveverbsalwaysendineitherar,er,orir

Conjugatedverbs:
verbsthathavebeenchangedtomatchthepersondoingtheaction.
Conjugatedverbschangedbasedonthepersondoingtheaction.
InEnglish,conjugatedverbslooklike:Ieat,youeat,heeats,sheeats,weeat,theyeat.
InSpanish,normalorregularverbschangeinspecificwaystoindicatespecificpeopledoingtheaction.

ARverbconjugations:
Toconjugatearverbs,firstdropthearendingfromthe
stem
oftheverb.
Example:Hablar.StemHABL EndingAR
Then,addthefollowingendings,dependingonwhoyouaretalkingtoorabout.Noticethat
although
thereare10differentsubjectpronouns,thereareonly6differentverbendings
.
Yo
o

Nosotros
amos

T
as

Vosotros
is

Usted
l
a
Ella

Ustedes
Ellos
an
Ellas

Example:
Hablar
:Totalkortospeak
YoHabl
o
(Ispeak)

NosotrosHabl
amos
(Wespeak)

THabl
as
(Youspeak)

VosotrosHabl
is
(Youguys
speak)

Usted
Ustedes
lHabl
a
(Youspeak,hespeaks,or EllosHabl
an
(Youspeak,or
Ella
shespeaks)
Ellas
theyspeak)

ERverbconjugations:
Inthesamewayasarverbs,toconjugateerverbs,firstdroptheerendingfromthe
stem
oftheverb.
Example:Comer.StemCOM
EndingER
Then,addthefollowingendings,dependingonwhoyouaretalkingtoorabout.
Yo
o

Nosotros
emos

T
es

Vosotros
is

Usted
l
e
Ella

Ustedes
Ellos
en
Ellas

Example:
Comer
:Toeat

YoCom
o
(Ieat)

NosotrosCom
emos
(Weeat)

TCom
es
(Youeat)

VosotrosCom
is
(Youguyseat)

Usted
lCom
e
(Youeat,heeats,or
Ella
sheeats)

Ustedes
EllosCom
en
(Youeat,or
Ellas
theyeat)

IRverbconjugations:
Toconjugateirverbs,firstdroptheirendingfromthe
stem
oftheverb.
Example:Escribir.StemESCRIB
EndingIR
Then,addthefollowingendings,dependingonwhoyouaretalkingtoorabout.
Yo
o

Nosotros
imos

T
es

Vosotros
s

Usted
l
e
Ella

Ustedes
Ellos
en
Ellas

Example:
Escribir
:Towrite
YoEscrib
o
(Iwrite)

NosotrosEscrib
imos
(Wewrite)

TEscrib
es
(Youwrite)

VosotrosEscrib
s
(Youguys
write)

Usted
lEscrib
e
(Youwrite,hewrites,
Ella
orshewrites)

Ustedes
EllosEscrib
en
(Youwrite,or
Ellas
theywrite)

Nouns:
inSpanish,allnounshaveagender.Nounsareeithermasculineorfeminine.The
easiestwaytodeterminewhetheranounsismasculineorfeminineisbylookingatits
article
.

Articles:
Anarticlecomesbeforeanoun.
Itcanmeanthe,a,orsomeinEnglish.
Itchangesdependingonwhetherthenounis
masculine,feminine,singular,
or
plural.
Use
definite
articlesifyouaretalkingabout
specific
nouns(ex:THEbookyouuseforSpanishclass)
Use
indefinite
articlesifyouaretalkingaboutgeneralnouns(ex:youneedAnewbook[anybookwill
do]becauseyoujustfinishedreadingyourlastnovel)

DefiniteArticles

Plural

Singular

Plural

Masculine

El

Los

Un

Unos

Feminine

La

Las

Una

Unas

EnglishMeaning

Singular

IndefiniteArticles

The

Some

PluralizingNouns:
Ifthenounendsinavowel,add
s

librolibro
s
chicachica
s
chicochico
s
Ifthenounendsinaconsonant,add
es

profesorprofesor
es
relojreloj
es
cartelcartel
es
paredpared
es
Ifthenounendsinaz,changetheztoa
c
andadd
es

lapizlapi
ces
nariznari
ces

Adjectives:
Changetoreflectthegenderofthepersonorthingbeingdescribed.
Manyadjectivesendinano.Forsingularmasculinenouns,theadjectiveendingdoesnotchanged.
Ex:Theboyisstudious.
El
chicoesestudios
o
.
However,
mostofthetime
forsingularfemininenounstheoendingwillchangetoana.
Ex:Thegirlisstudious.
La
chicaesestudios
a
.
Adjectivesthatendinedonotchangewiththegenderofthenoun.
Ex:Theboyissmartandthegirlissmart.
El
chicoesinteligent
e
y
la
chicaesinteligent
e
.
Someadjectivesendinaanddonotchangebasedonthegenderofthenoun.
Ex:Theboyisathleticandthegirlisathletic.
El
chicoesdeportist
a
y
la
chicaesdeportist
a
.
Adjectivesalsochangedependingonifthenounissingularorplural.
Tomakeanadjectiveplural,addans.

Totalkaboutthingsandactivitiessomeonelikes:
Usetheverb
gustar
.
Gustar
means
tobe
pleasing
.

Weusetheverb
gustar
totalkaboutwhatwelike(whatpleasesus.)
InEnglish,wesaythatwelike(whateveritisthatwelike).However,inSpanish,wesaythat
(whateveritis)pleasesus.
Inordertousethisverb,weneedtolearn
indirectobjectpronouns
.Indirectobjectpronounsareusedto
talkaboutapersonorthingthatisaffectedbytheactioninthesentence.
Example:Bother.He(
subjectpronoun
)bothersme(
indirectobjectpronoun
).Inthissentence,
Iamtheonebeingaffected,whileheistheoneacting.
TheorderofwordsinthesentencewilllookdifferentfromthewaythesentencewouldlookinEnglish.
IndirectObjectPronouns:
Me

(to)me

Nos

(to)us

Te

(to)you[informalyou]

Vos

(to)you[plural,informalyou]

Le

(to)you[formalyou],
(to)him,or(to)her

Les

(to)you[plural,formalyou]
(to)them

Totalkaboutanactivitythatsomeonelikes,use:
Indirectobjectpronoun
+
gusta
+
infinitiveverb
Me

gusta
ir
alaplaya
Togo
tothebeach
pleases

me
Nos

gusta
bailar

Todance

pleases

us
Les

gusta
leer

Toread

pleases

you/them
Totalkaboutonethingthatsomeonelikes,use:
Indirectobjectpronoun
+
gusta
+
singularnoun
Te

gusta
lapizza

Thepizza

pleases

you
Vos

gusta
laclasedearte

Theartclass

pleases

youguys
Le

gusta
elperro

Thedog

pleases

you/him/her
Totalkaboutmorethatonethingthatsomeonelikes,use:
Indirectobjectpronoun
+
gustan
+
pluralnoun
Me

gustan
laspapasfritas

Thefrenchfries

please

me
Nos

gustan
loshuevos

Theeggs

please

us
Vos

gustan
losdeportes

Thesports

please

youguys

Irregularverbs:
Someverbsdonotconjugatelikenormalar,er,andirverbs.Theseverbs
arecalledirregular.

Estar:
tobe
Usedtodescribethelocationofanoun
Usedtodescribeachangeable(notpermanent)stateofbeing
Usedtodescribetheweather

YoEst
oy
(Iam)

NosotrosEst
amos
(Weare)

TEst
s
(Youare)

VosotrosEst
is
(Youguysare)

Usted
lEst
s
(Youare,heis,orsheis)
Ella

Ustedes
EllosEst
n
(Youare,or
Ellas
theyare)

Ser:
tobe
Eventhoughitalsomeanstobe,serhasdifferentusesfromestar.
Usedtodescribesomeonespersonalityorphysicalcharacteristics
Usedtotelltime

YoS
oy
(Iam)

NosotrosS
omos
(Weare)

T
Eres
(Youare)

VosotrosS
ois
(Youguysare)

Usted
l
Es
(Youare,heis,orsheis)
Ella

Ustedes
EllosS
on
(Youare,or
Ellas
theyare)

Ir:
togo

Yo
Voy
(Igo)

Nosotros
Vamos
(Wego)

T
Vas
(Yougo)

Vosotros
Vais
(Youguysgo)

Usted
l
Va
(Yougo,hegoes,orshegoes)
Ella

Ustedes
Ellos
Van
(Yougo,or
Ellas
theygo)

Questionwords:
Qu?
What
Cmo?
How?,What?
Quin?
Who?
Conquin?
Withwhom?
Dnde?
Where?
Cuntos?
Howmany?
Adnde?(
To)Where?
Dednde?
Fromwhere?
Cul?
Which?,What?
Porqu?
Why?
Cundo?
When?

Helpfulvocabulary:
Themorevocabularyyouarefamiliarwithbeforethestartoftheschool
year,thelessyouwillneedtorefertothetextbook.However,dontworry!Thewordswill
starttolookmorefamiliarthemoreweworkwiththem.
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