Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
KERTAS PENERANGAN
PROGRAM
KOD MODUL
TAJUK MODUL
TEKNOLOGI AUTOMOTIF
MAT 503
AIR INDUCTION AND EXHAUST SYSTEM
TAHUN / SEMESTER
JAM KREDIT
JUMLAH JAM
KELAS/KULIAH
KOMPETENSI
STANDARD
PEMBELAJARAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NAMA PELAJAR:
TAJUK
TARIKH:
OBJEKTIF :
Selepas aktiviti ini pelajar-pelajar mesti boleh :
1. Identify intercooler unit location
2. Identify intercooler unit location
3. Identify emission control system
4. Identify turbocharger location
5. Identify supercharger unit location
1.0
1.1
INTRODUCTION
The emission control systems are installed to reduce the amount of CO, HC and NOx
exhausted from the engine ((3) and (4)), to prevent the atmospheric release of blow-by gascontaining HC (1) and evaporated fuel containing HC being released from the fuel tank (2). The
function of each system is shown in these tables.
SYSTEM
Positive Crankcase Ventilation
Three-Way Catalytic Converter
Electronic Fuel injection fuel for reduced
ABBREVIATION
PVC
TWC
EFI
FUNCTION
Reduces HC
Reduces HC, CO and NOx
Injects a precisely timed,
optimum amount of exhaust
EVAP
emission
Reduces evaporated HC
Table 1
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Picture 1
1.2
TYPES OF POLLUTIONS
1.2.1
SMOG
Smog is a term for the brownish-yellow haze that hangs in the warm, still air. It is
produced from industrial pollutants and automobiles. Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the pollutants that produce smog.
1.2.2
HYDROCARBON (HC)
It is another type of pollution produced by automobile combination process. Fossil fuels
are made of various hydrogen and carbon molecules. Unburned hydrocarbons emitted by the
automobile are largely unburned fuel. Any fuel that is partially burned contains hydrocarbons
and this is one of the main ingredients in the production of smog.
1.2.3
odourless. It causes headaches and vision difficulties if a person inhales small quantities. But in
larger quantities, it may cause sleepiness and death. Carbon Monoxide emissions are increased
as the combustion process becomes less efficient. It forms in the engine exhaust when there is
insufficient oxygen to form the carbon dioxide.
1.2.4
1.3
1.4
atmosphere. This system includes a canister, purge control solenoid valve, fuel cut valve, and the
lines connecting them. Fuel vapors in the fuel tank are introduced into the canister through the
evaporation line, and are absorbed by activated carbon in it. The fuel cut valve is also
incorporated in the fuel tank line. The purge control solenoid valve is controlled optimally by the
ECM according to the engine condition. The pressure control solenoid valve incorporated in the
fuel tank evaporation line regulates the pressure/vacuum in the fuel tank under the control of the
ECM which uses the signal from the fuel tank pressure sensor. The diagnosis of the evaporative
emission control system is performed by turning each solenoid valve ON/OFF to vary the pressure
inside the fuel tank and measure this pressure change with the fuel tank pressure sensor in order to
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Picture 2
1.4.1
fuel in the fuel tank causes the float to move up and close the cap hole so that no fuel can flow to
the evaporation line.
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Picture 3
1.4.2
tank in the event of a problem with the fuel vapor line. When there is no problem with the fuel
vapor line, the filler pipe is sealed at the portion (A) and by the seal pressed against the filler pipe
end. If vacuum develops in the fuel tank, the atmospheric pressure forces the spring down to open
the valve; consequently outside air flows into the fuel tank, thus controlling the inside pressure.
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Picture 4
1.4.3
CANISTER
The charcoal filled in the canister temporarily stores fuel vapors. When the purge control
solenoid valve is opened by a signal from the ECM, the external fresh air entering the canister
carries the fuel vapors into the intake manifold.
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Picture 5
1.3.4
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Picture 6
1.4.5
canister and the fuel tank. When the tank inside pressure becomes higher than the atmospheric
pressure, the valve is opened allowing fuel vapors to be introduced into the canister. On the other
hand, when the tank inside pressure becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure, external air is
taken from the drain valve into the canister. The pressure control solenoid valve can also be
electrically closed for diagnosis of the evaporative emission control system.
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Picture 7
1.4.6
DRAIN FILTER
The drain filter is installed at the air inlet port of the drain valve. It cleans the air taken in the
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Picture 8
1.4.7
VENT VALVE
The vent valve is located in the fuel tank. During filling the fuel tank, fuel vapors are
introduced into the canister through the vent valve. When the fuel vapor pressure becomes higher
than the atmospheric pressure and overcomes the spring force which is applied to the back side
of the diaphragm, the port toward the canister is opened. The vent valve also has a float which
rises and blocks the port toward the canister when the fuel is full.
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Picture 9
1.5
engine crankcase. This air is the result of a process called blow-by. Blow-by is a product of
the combustion process which produces a small crankcase pressure. The gases from blow-by
are very acidic and will erode the lubricant and metal within the engine.
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Picture 10
1.6
produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirecting them into the
air/fuel intake system to be burned during combustion. These vapours dilute the air/fuel
mixture, they have to be carefully controlled and metered so as not to affect the performance of
the engine. This is the job of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve.
At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is very critical, just a little of the vapours are allowed
into the intake system. At high speed when the mixture is less critical and the pressures in the
engine are greater, more of the vapours are allowed into the intake system. When the valve or
the system is clogged, vapours will back up into the air filter housing or at worst, the excess
pressure will push past seals and create engine oil leaks. If the wrong valve is used or the system
has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine.
1.7
carburetor to be reburned. This system is called a closed system air is drawn through the
carburetor air cleaner assembly, into the engine valve compartment and crankcase. These
vapours are then drawn up through a vacuum-and-spring-controlled ventilating valve
(PCV valve) and into the intake manifold. The vapours are then mixed with the air-fuel
mixture and burned in the combustion process.
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Picture 11
1.8
F, nitrogen mixes
with oxygen and produces oxides of nitrogen (NOx). This type of emission has a detrimental
effect to environment. The method used to reduce oxides of nitrogen is to cool down the
combustion process. This is done by using an
EGR valve is controlled either by an engine vacuum or a coolant temperature valve, whereas,
ECM unit in modern automobiles is controlled by a computer.
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Picture 12
1.9
amount of exhaust gas into the intake system, this dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to
lower the combustion chamber temperature. Excessive combustion chamber temperature
creates oxides of nitrogen, which is a major pollutant. While the EGR valve is the most
effective method of controlling oxides of nitrogen, its design adversely affects engine
performance. The engine is not designed to run on exhaust gas. For this reason the amount of
exhaust entering the intake system has to be carefully monitored and controlled. This is
accomplished through a series of electrical and vacuum switches and the vehicle computer.
Since EGR action reduces performance by diluting the air /fuel mixture, the system does not
allow EGR action when the engine is cold or when the engine needs full power.
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Picture 13
2.0
INTERCOOLER UNIT
2.1
INTRODUCTION
Intercoolers are used to cool the turbocharged air and are either of the air-cooled type or
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Picture 14
2.2
2.2.1
This system is simple, as shown below. The intercooler may be installed at various locations
depending on the vehicle model.
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Picture 15
2.2.2
type. The cooling system of the water-cooled type intercooler is independent from the engine
cooling system. The coolant passing through the intercooler is forced-fed to the sub radiator by
an electric pump. After being cooled by the ram air, the coolant is returned to the intercooler.
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Picture 16
3.0
CATALYTIC CONVERTER
3.1
INTRODUCTION
Catalytic converters provide another method of treating exhaust gases. It
is located in the exhaust system between the engine and the muffler. They are
used to convert harmful pollutants such as HC, CO and NO x into harmless
gases. A catalyst is a material that causes a chemical reaction without becoming
part of the reaction process. The catalyst is not chemically changed in the
process. The catalyst which is used on the catalytic converter depends on the type of the pollutant
being removed. When the exhaust gases are passed through a coated honeycomb core, the HC
and CO react with the oxygen in the air. The result is a formation of water and carbon dioxide.
The metal rhodium is to reduce NOx into nitrogen and oxygen.
The reaction within the catalyst produces additional heat in the exhaust system. This
additional heat (>1,600 Fahrenheit) is necessary for the catalyst to operate correctly. Because of
these high temperatures, catalytic converters are made of stainless steel. This shield is used to
protect the underbody from excessive heat. It is important that only unleaded fuel is to be
used with a catalytic converter. Leaded gasoline will destroy the effectiveness of the catalyst as
an emission control device
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Picture 17
3.2
I. TWO-WAY CONVERTER
The two-way catalytic converter reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon particles. It
does not reduce any nitrogen oxide emissions. Here, only platinum and palladium are used as
catalysts to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide.
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Picture 18
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Picture 19
4.0
TURBOCHARGER
4.1
INTRODUCTION
The turbocharger is basically an air pump that is designed to utilize some of the fuels
energy that would otherwise be wasted in the form of exhaust gases. The exhaust gases drive the
turbine wheel, which is coupled to the compressor wheel by means of a shaft. This compressor
wheel is driven at high speeds, forcing more air into the cylinders. Since turbochargers use the
wasted energy of the exhaust gases, the power output of the engine can be increased with less
power loss.
Turbochargers are used in both gasoline engines and diesel engines. Their principle of
operation is the same. The turbocharger is provided with a waste gate valve to control the boost
pressure on the intake air. Some turbocharged engines are also equipped with an intercooler to
lower the intake air temperature. This prevents engine knocking and improves air intake
efficiently.
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Picture 20
4.2
TURBOCHARGER COMPONENTS
The turbocharger consists of the turbine housing, compressor housing, center housing,
turbine wheel, compressor Wheel, full floating bearings, waste gate valve, actuator, etc.
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Picture 21
4.2.1
flows from the exhaust manifold to the turbine wheel, and the pressure of the exhaust gas turns
the turbine wheel. When the turbine wheel turns, the compressor wheel also turns, forcing the
intake air into the cylinders. Since the turbine wheel is exposed directly to the exhaust gases, it
becomes extremely hot and since it rotates at high speeds, and must be heat-resistant and
durable, it is made of an ultra-heat-resistant alloy or ceramic.
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Picture 22
4.2.2
CENTER HOUSING
The center housing supports the turbine and compressor wheels via the shaft. Inside the
housing, engine oil is circulated through channels that are provided for lubricating the shaft and
the bearing. Also, engine coolant is circulated through coolant channels that are built into the
housing in order to prevent engine oil temperature from rising.
Picture 23
4.2.3
floating bearings are used to ensure the absorption of vibrations from the shaft and lubrication of
the shaft and bearings. These bearings are lubricated by the engine oil and roate freely between
the shaft and the housing to prevent seizing during high-speed operation. Engine oil is prevented
from leaking by two ring seals or by a mechanical seal and a ring seal fitted to the shaft.
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Picture 24
4.2.4
pressure when this begins to rise too high. When this valves opens, part of the exhaust gas bypasses the turbine wheel and flow to the exhaust pipe. The opening and closing of the waste gate
valve is controlled by the actuator.
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Picture 25
4.2.5
turbos compressor from going into surge. The BOV should be installed between the compressor
discharge and the throttle body, preferably downstream of the charge air cooler (if equipped).
When the throttle is closed rapidly, the airflow is quickly reduced, causing flow instability and
pressure fluctuations. These rapidly cycling pressure fluctuations are the audible evidence of
surge. Surge can eventually lead to thrust bearing failure due to the high loads associated with it.
Blow-Off valves use a combination of manifold pressure signal and spring force to detect when
the throttle is closed. When the throttle is closed rapidly, the BOV vents boost in the intake tract
to atmosphere to relieve the pressure; helping to eliminate the phenomenon of surge.
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Picture 26
5.0
SUPERCHARGER
5.1
DEFINITION
Supercharger is an air compressor used for forced induction of an internal combustion engine.
The greater mass flow-rate provides more oxygen to support combustion than would be available
in a naturally aspirated engine, which allows more fuel to be burned and more work to be done
per cycle, increasing the power output of the engine. A supercharger is typically powered
mechanically by belt, gear, or chain-drive from the engine's crankshaft. There are three (3) types
such as Centrifugal supercharger, Roots supercharger and Vane Type supercharger.
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Picture 27
5.2
SUPERCHARGER OPERATION
5.2.1
CENTRIFUGAL SUPERCHARGER
The centrifugal supercharger has an impeller equipped with curved vanes. As the engine drives
the impeller, it draws air into its center and throws it off at its rim. The air then is pushed along
the inside of the circular housing. The diameter of the housing
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Picture 28
5.2.2
inside housing. As the engine drives the rotor, air is trapped between them and the housing. Air is
then carried to the outlet where it is discharged. The rotors and the housing in this type of
supercharger must maintain tight clearances and therefore are sensitive to dirt.
Picture 29
5.2.3 VANE- TYPE SUPERCHARGER
The vane-type supercharger has an integral steel rotor and shaft, one end supported
in the pump flange and the other end in the cover, and revolves in the body, the bore of which is
eccentric to the rotor. Two sliding vanes are placed 180 degrees apart in slots in the rotor and are
pressed against the body bore by springs in the slots. When the shaft rotates, the vanes pick up a
charge of air at the inlet port, and it is carried around the body to the outlet where the air is
discharged. Pressures produced by the wedging action of the air, as its forced toward the outlet
port by the vane. The term supercharger generally refers to a blower driven by a belt, chain, or
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Picture 30
The supercharger raises the air pressure in the engine intake manifold. Then, when the
intakes valves open, more air fuel mixture (gasoline engine) or air (diesel engine) can flow into
the cylinders. An intercooler is used between the supercharger outlet and the engine to cool the
air and to increase power (cool charge of air carries more oxygen needed for combustion ). A
supercharger will constantly produce increased pressure at low engine speed because it is
mechanically linked to the engine crankshaft. This low engine speeds because it is mechanically
linked to the engine crankshaft. This low speed power and constant throttle response is
desirable for passing and entering interstate highways.
5.3
SUPERCHARGER CONSTRUCTION
Page | 31
Picture 31
At 1 shown the inlet pipe for conducting the explosive mixture into the supercharger and
against the vanes 3 of the impeller 2. The impeller 2 is mounted on a shaft 4 and is operated at
high speed through suitable gearing, partly shown at 5 and 6, from the crankshaft of the engine.
The spacing of the impeller from the engine proper depends upon the space required for the
gearing 5, 6 and the inner wall 7 of the impeller casing extends at the right angles to the impeller
shaft for a distance equal to the diameter of the impeller. From the point 8 the inner wall 9 of the
casing is slanted sharply toward the engine 10 and forms, with the outer wall of the impeller
casing, the slanting diffuser section 11 comprising the principal movement of the supercharger.
Ordinarily, the diffuser section is radial to the impeller shaft but it will be seen that the
construction is substantially conical in shape, thus allowing the collector pipe 12, into which the
diffuser section merges, to be placed close to the engine 10 to which it is secured at 13 forming
with the engine a housing 17 for the gear train. The collector pipe 12 is partially separated from
the diffuser section by a web 14 forming an extension of the wall 9, this structure serving to
reduce the necessary overall diameter of the supercharger. The slanting diffuser section thus
leaves the spaces at 16 radially of the impeller and within the engine compartment free for
mounting other accessories.
Page | 32
The foregoing construction which provides for terminating the impeller 2 at a point
within the diffuser casing 11, which is intermediate the fuel inlet pipe 1 and the collector pipe 12,
so that the line of vertical axis of the impeller which is indicated at 15 crosses the diffuser casing
at a point between the extremity of the impeller 2 and the collector pipe 12, furnishes a very
advantageous result.
Particles of liquid fuel reaching the impeller are thrown off the impeller vanes by
centrifugal force in the direction of the axial line 15, and thus cross the main stream of fuel gas
within the diffuser casing. The result is that instead of adhering to the inner faces of the diffuser
casing, particles of liquid fuel become thoroughly mixed with the main fuel stream before
entering the collector pipe 12.
5.4
SUPERCHARGER CONTROL
A supercharger control system for an internal combustion engine wherein a control valve
is advantageously placed in the inlet bypass of the supercharger. The control valve is activated
and controlled by a combination of the throttle position and the pressure differential within the
intake manifold. A linkage including a lost-motion mechanism connects the control valve to the
engine throttle valve for limiting the closing of the control valve for supercharging to
corresponding open positions of the throttle valve. A pressure differential device urges the
control valve toward a closed position for supercharging upon the occurrence of a lower pressure
at a venturi portion of the air intake than at a portion upstream thereof at the supercharger outlet.
5.5
SUPERCHARGER COMPONENTS
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Picture 32
RUJUKAN:
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http://ken-gilbert.com/.../07.%20Evaporative%20Emission%20Control%20Sys...
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