2. Review of Classical Methods u ‘The Swing Equation The motion of the rotor is described by the following second order equa- LOm “de tion a Tm -Te (a) where J is the moment of inertia Gm, is the angular position of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis Tm is the net mechanical input torque and Te inthe electromagnetic torque By multiplying both sides of the Eq. (2.1) by the nominal (rated) rotor speed, Wry We get Mor = (22) where M = Jum is the angular momentum. It is convenient to express Om a8 Om = wnt + bm (23) where wm is the average angular speed of the rotor. bm is the rotor angle with re- spect to a synchronously rotating reference frame with velocity wm. Substituting Eq, (2.3) in Eq. (2.2) we get (24) ion. Note that M is strictly not a constant. However the variation in M le negligible and M ean be considered as a constant. (termed inertia constant). It is convenient to express Eq. (2.4) in per unit by dividing both sides by base power Sp. Eq. (2.4) can be expressed as Pict on 7 (25) where Pp, and P, are expressed in per unit. The LHS. of Eq. (2.6) can be written a5 Mdm _ Sim (2) (3) @5 Jun, PS (4) &5 Spd? ~ Sp \up, a?” Spwp di? ae (26) wp