4 Power System Dynamics - Stability and Control Equilibrium Points (EP) An equilibrium point ze of an autonomous system is a constant solution such that, pone) (2.13) ‘This implies that equilibrium point satisfies O= f(te, u) (2.14) Eq, (2.14) shows that is a function of u. In general, there are several equilibrium points which are obtained as real solutions of Eq. (2.14), Stability of Equilibrium Point An equilibrium point, zr is said to be asymptotically stable if all nearby trajectories approach z- as t —+ oo. It is unstable if no nearby trajectories remain nearby. An unstable equilibrium point is asymptotically stable in reverse time {as t + -0o). An equilibrium point is non-stable (also called saddle point) if at least one of the nearby trajectories approach ze in forward time (as t + 0) and if at least, one trajectory approaches re in reverse time ( as t -+ —00). ‘The stability of an equilibrium point can be judged by the solution of the linearized system at ze. Letting et Ar (2.15) and substituting in Eq. (2.11) gives b= te + At = flee, u) + (2) Az (2.16) From Eqs. (2.14) and (2.16) we get Aé=[Alee, u)] Ae (a7) where A is a nan matrix whose elements are functions of ze and u. The ij** clement of [4] is given by Aij(te, «) = Fite » (218) For a given ze and u, the matrix A is constant. The solution of the linearized state equation (2.17) is given by A(t) = &"-ac(t,) (2.19) cre yy + ep +--+ One ty (220)