eters agama teres) OER Conventione! *nabEers > the trodes, Pentrodes. and fehrods ave Enown 05 Conventional | dives. these tubes ove only usefal ot Jos mit ror Vacuum tube was the forak active device, Cape’ tt Signal: onve fregusentees. the ble of actually | controlling ond amp Lilying a Smal has three terminals cathode, IS eke ond ee rode, TF vopet towninal and anode ancde and Contell Jnd- cathede 14 is cetpet foninal af Tubes af Mitroccove ee rencitd os ee) Limitations ef Convention: Jubes and frorvaistors belo. => pvc to Aome chenachanahis® She conventional afi ghOateak cbghiceneneiss dthese ane mentions © lead Trductowce FHect @ Gan bond si dt Limitation ®@ oiclectwe Lovses © Interelechrode Gpar'tance © treniat Time E feet © scimetfect Losses © Anteralectrode Copatitence! ne Bs, ik arcana oarsmen ade oe @ 4 Contral > Y Gerd gycetnode pte: eee’ Figen triode Fg@+ Taode with, aa TEC fe leer eeelearn efsoto cHeet at the high frequencies 7 the wectance r= ls Me Alegueney ancreases, the veacfance Xe decreases, if Gap acts as short Ceveut then output & shorted do the inpab which may attenuates the Signal Simibeoky 9K may short the input to qreund and Cpe ™Y Ahort Ube output to ee thes che ep ree com be) rubaientiet hy erielaterg” Cap, Cay Cet Ravdh Cen eeisdene fag Haditlng ~omoicg Tehecteidee teh dH, Space beluxen plates [ee ede Lead Thductance th Lead Tnduclarce. [> Tn above figere tpt, tg are te feod induttonces that bint” the Pefeimance ef the fabe- > %y = UTFL, Hence ok ver high Freguentyy thet vole fp Xe becomes verg hiph (2) and belomes ofc cuccust. pue to the Lre, Signal altenuctes vey heewely and amplification 16 net achieved | “Te reduce LTE, Use thorley Length platesMicrow Sour Gvberype) © Trang't Time Effect ¢ Transit argles > time taken by cherge Carney Celertens) to vecch the | destination terminal Canode ) from the Source ferminal Ceathede ) | t& enews of branait- Time- ie tt velowty of Changed portrele | Glechon) ts 8, and “distance beluicen anode and Cathode ts oo] . d- Then anne time 2 is Vz transit Time = ag S 2 > The Atatic ener Mection | conan Nae | > whe Atahe energy ef election is ev yo aed ele the winehe energy of elechon & gm yr | onder Equclibran stabi energy = Kinebic Ereaig | ewe sem 8 | We JZEV c yiloestyep E duc te | applied veltege: d with deco Arent Frequencies rant Rime Ye Lut us Conavder two Signals | = wne Clow rez) ys imine Crigh toy),Signal tz fy-VeH 2, 7,2 Um See ‘S Imsee —> pee > apply these 2 Symols to Trvede with Tonsil Time ‘Y= 0-1mSee Cael Tetmsec b Y= ol mSee a “Pe OAT Sigel) ; Sajna 3 ¥ = 100-7, |> From. these Buse Caseh we. observe that fy high fhequenciat fox the changect partrele 40 xeach Cethede fo anode it takes more time Cioo cycles J fe output Synal lags spat Signal by 10 cycles. > at tow frequents gral voltage (¥9), plate Cusent f beth a i v | ara inphase. TE means plate fs ee | (fps ces Current respond tmmedsedely or instantly Fg2 AE Low Freguenty. te changes in Contre’ grid volage Yq > ak high requencis, fy lags Pay, ‘9 Py angle ©. This angle ‘s Clled wanes angle i:| Trenait Angle (23% angle vesubtron > to minimize the fans! > fer > TE is nok possible te vse > the briodes, tetrodi lo Te Com mete ___tierousae Source Gube yee) © belween mpak and vetpat due to frangit Aime i called brant ongle effect. Denoted by % Oye weg ~ wed 4 | | t dime, the Seperation befioeen electrodes Can be decreased ord the ploter fo Cathode potential'v' Car | | increased Gato Bandwidth product t a gapienatan aber ak gene trondidth pred so constant vole fhe diterent devices fr Aileent opplicatty eh mrevousne hequeny Signal is and pentredes ore not Suitable for wide bond appkcation ventional, tubes" manivmtam gains qenemty oshieved ahen guned creact (outpat of (node) ak vernance he ck ope tmede at reronance A ven AS > The equivalent crew 1 Rp plate Resistance | Ri- Load Resistance > tte Gut fe ted fo croned cor calt elemeb Vp~ output voltage “tnede d Faqs bq cut Ab Resonance Mpa Sere fe {npat voltage}> oxtvolege v= Ion (2). From] cick ee ee ic p ky Seb we will get moruicaur dpwhen % 1 minimuro, then at wronante a Mineo G Gea IP Vora BenQ Tp ue ae Anas * ui ‘9 G5 gis 35 at adB port’ veatiportay % epaal Jo Imagineay peat, ther 65 > Gur~ wie-! | => whe- Qut-l-e | ae | = ws Safe, a | once | es at pe We—— Microwave Sxsces Grube ype) @ | r | ewes 24 4-8 eho Ee fm 4 mae: queen ea Amen BLO> | +. Den Boe Im € > theproduct i independent of Bequengy- AC Ime ore Pred fore | | Fictieularh duberor crew, Pipher ga con be achieved ak the Cat | |g bomduniclth only en ince oweata tkimitaee C82 be oventome by use | Ye- entrant | Cavities , Slao wave Abuclores for Berge gain overt Aeowge Br penalise oe Ey asia daiaes, oro patank gob obit eticenett ok which the Current | bas the tendency fo Confine itself too smaller CresSection a, the Conductor towards € outer Surfere | 5 cs je See S& Act: (etecbve Arca) Ne eo | Ae & 4 | alee PASE Ra VE Hee Ag £ increased @increnses. ietguoeuicectee oe Inghes Preguencies these Lorses Coo be reduced by Imcvensing the Se eg the Conductor | |Jeane Loised-t This getund tim Vorlons Jypes of cnaulating materials envelope. Silton ov plowhe clevice jhe Spacers gles Lm any ef these materiel 12 general vaed tn the encapsulation ete-the Lets gun by | pe wt Np Gr fan AG Bequency increases the powerled inerentes the wemedly ‘for this ecto teinincteaie ene Pan ch hp adhe ne EAT SAC Ote: hy alan. corks lonon ROE ve | Rackvedion Levscl Gegpsenty- the vemedg or this ip wciem ame ong 4:0" tebes | ord ccvouthy rtation a Mleroesave Devest = Mier weve Devices in aw Linest Tubs Cron viel (e-POD) evs ces Cm= Tere). Rr a cavity v Retonent \ 7 Regs tro ae ML TRenpltiee) a fe ae 4 rer Aopen elton 2 Pegler ebyshor Ceosertotor) 3| | | | cies Fld Devices tinte the cavi tp because ob Syemvracdhen Bet oe Yeduced - These ate Called qeeatrenk | cavities: 3 5 AYps en Yeentrant cavities @® Padvol Rercironk cant: Mimsave SourcesCube rye) © | ave Called O- Tyre on type Daveest orignal eave devvees devented Microwave devices: devices from ho mmerecsave de M-type Derres these ave o- type Aube, cavity: cheted woavequedte Linear Tubes? the state alectric freld E) and slendy magnetite fild ch) ove poratlel to each other he atalic cleene field and steady magnetic ase pinpandetal 1 gach othe: Aeld The waveguides at the endt folded snavder Reentrant cevilics @ co- aw’al teenbront cavity 6) Butter Reentrant emmy eas | @rurable Rentrank cov! iy Orel Rete rh] 62a Drift Space [oes " aaa, ie Re a Stole + : $ fy ty Combuctions 4 toe Cavily Elston amplfisy Comat of a Cathode, focusing anode, eo cawtuy ie the Cavity wahich vs clocer 0 Cathode & Called Burcher Cavity ov fnpul Cavity, whch velowy modulates the input Signal. the other cavity is Called Cathey cavity ov cutpat cavity it catches energy ion te bunched cleclon beam. the above figure Shows schemohe dingrom of fue Cavity Wysbon ompliher. > the too Cavity Elistion acts as an amplifien by vsing the pantplel st valoesty modulation process and current medutaben Present: P the man Source of generafing electrons c cathode, by ofing enter hoiminal, cathode fe edere tncrecdes, whith generates efecbons ,see Ijerousave Source comes » © > AW the clechons gencraking fom the calhede arive at the fivat Cavity Chancher cavity ) with vnifein vdowty. > TH weak Qe tnpuk Signal 14 applied fo buncher cavity the em aoe Gunereles continis elds behecen cools ap tre wily (Buk met Propeg ston) > Vey Small haks present an the cavity allows election beam to | ae Brewgh tte ls the elechon beam Spends tome fime sin belwcen walls of the euishs. So because of cohich © Cam'ty where Some AC dlectne freld So eleclne field bras actelrecing or decrease, | beam velecty mray ance ease force oF clecelevating force on elecbon beam |% At the gap, tf the ywros eb the Signak voltage , the cleebon have unchanged velocities. aeelogl ng > Hits Poschve half cycle the elechon Fer ecto have more velowty than 6, be 3 acederaking force alert Ore Dre ee reqative alg cycle, the ulahon Pape sky takscen Conrly Gop rave fae velooty than G . ie es Aucelorsting force L> the elleet of asp voliage on the ¢ beam parting through the JepA is explernecl by morend op apelegete diagram,__Mivrcwave Secscce Cruberypey @ ae > vrift Space is the Space Between buncher Cavity ond Cather awhy 2 The bunch of eleckons Jeave Ahe duft Space ond enter into cother Guvty the Fluo of ateebrons wilt Crate the Current ond bunch a electrons from the omtput of buncher cavity flaoeng om egeke order en penodit orden the periodic Current U in the form my Uae le | | changing wr pelsabing Oc y Confinrous coavefeim, 7 the velocty moditation after drTst spate Con be changed to Curvent meditation. | vallage ainthe quit gap Cowsing it fo csclinte, proper placement Bre Actors Cavity woul Corse the rmdunced rd gap voltage to dedlevinte Be dlecttm bunches a they amve at the gap. slowi fhe bunches Causes bansler of taenhi energy elechons to the | output Covity (eather Cavity and dhe amplitied ef signal 5 dalton from caltier” Coty ot output cavity. Rest from, dies Aton cavity uth vedeced > the tlecbens emery wol velooty, are finally daminake > charackershes of 2Cavily elyshon > Ethiecenty— how at Collector. > Power olP= MF 5 Power Gan - Sod. thin Guvrent Aensity modulated clateon beam — incluce BF Signal’ | power i up sooKeD UL palied power ik upto somodtlegny | a;