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Chemistry of Life
AP Biology
2007-2008
AP Biology
Oxygen
8 protons
8 neutrons
8 electrons
AP Biology
Proton
Neutron
Electron
P S
K Ca
AP Biology
hydrogen (H)
oxygen (O)
nitrogen (N)
calcium (Ca)
sulfur (S)
potassium (K)
Bonding properties
Effect of electrons
electrons determine
chemical behavior of
atom
depends on number
of electrons in atoms
outermost shell
valence shell
Bonding properties
Effect of electrons
Whats the
magic number?
AP Biology
How
AP Biology
Chemical reactivity
Atoms tend to
complete a partially filled valence shell
or
empty a partially filled valence shell
AP Biology
Hydrogen bond
Bonds in Biology
Weak bonds
H2O
hydrogen bonds
attraction between + and
H2O
Strong bonds
AP Biology
covalent bonds
H2 (hydrogen gas)
Covalent bonds
Why are covalent bonds strong bonds?
two atoms share a pair of electrons
both atoms holding onto the electrons
very stable
Forms molecules
H
HH
AP Biology
H2 (hydrogen
gas)
Oxygen
H2O (water)
double bonds
2 pairs of electrons
triple bonds
3 pairs of electrons
More is
better!
AP Biology
HCH
H
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompres s ed) decompres s or
are needed to s ee this picture.
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
AP Biology
balanced, stable,
good building block
+
attraction for the
electrons than hydrogen
oxygen has higher
electronegativity
water is a polar molecule
+ vs poles
leads to many interesting
properties of water
AP Biology
Oxygen
H
+
Hydrogen bonding
Polar water creates molecular attractions
Weak bond
AP Biology
Lets go to the
videotape!
H
O
Chemistry of Life
Properties of Water
AP Biology
2007-2008
AP Biology
Chemistry of water
H2O molecules form H-bonds
with each other
+H attracted to O
creates a
sticky molecule
AP Biology
Elixir of Life
Special properties of water
1. cohesion & adhesion
surface tension, capillary action
2. good solvent
many molecules dissolve in H2O
hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic
Ice!
I could use
more ice!
Adhesion
Try that
with flour
or sugar
AP Biology
Lets go to the
videotape!
AP Biology
Hydrophilic
polar or non-polar?
AP Biology
Hydrophobic
substances that dont have
Oh, look
an attraction to H2O
hydrocarbons!
polar or non-polar?
AP Biology
fat (triglycerol)
AP Biology
Ice floats
AP Biology
if ice sank
ponds, lakes & even oceans would freeze solid
in summer, only upper few inches would thaw
AP Biology
4. Specific heat
H2O resists changes in temperature
high specific heat
takes a lot to heat it up
takes a lot to cool it down
AP Biology
Specific heat
climate
AP &
Biology
5. Heat of vaporization
Evaporative cooling
AP Biology
Water ionizes
pH scale
how acid or basic solution is
1 7 14
AP Biology
H2O H+ + OH
H+ Ion
Concentration
pH Scale
tenfold change
in H+ ions
pH1 pH2
10-1 10-2
10 times less H
pH8 pH7
10-8 10-7
10 times more H+
pH10 pH8
10-10 10-8
pH
Examples of Solutions
100
101
102
103
104
Tomatoes
105
106
Urine, Saliva
107
108
109
Baking soda
1010
10
1011
11
Household ammonia
1012
12
Household bleach
1013
13
Oven cleaner
1014
14
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
Control pH by buffers
9
8
reservoir of H+
donate H+ when
AP Biology
pH
[H+] falls
absorb H+ when
[H+] rises
Buffering
range
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
3
4
5
Amount of base added
Hes gonna
earn a
Darwin Award!
Any
Questions?
2007-2008
Regents Biology