COLUMNS AND SLABS

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION-3
SUBMITTED BY,
SHRUTI RAO(1001038)
URMILA.K.(1001045)
BRINDA(1001024)
MARAMI(1001029)
RT(1001030)

COLUMNS

DEFINITION: A COLUMN IS A VERTICAL STRUCTURAL

ELEMENT WHICH TRANSMITS,THROUGH
COMPRESSION,THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE ABOVE
TO THE STRUCTURE BELOW.

TRANSMITS LOADS FROM THE CEILING AND THE FLOOR

TO THE FOUNDATION.

COLUMN SIZE:

1.RECTANGULAR TIED COLUMNS SHOULD BE LIMITED TO A

MINIMUM AREA OF 100IN2 AND SIDE DIMENSION OF 10IN IF
SQUARE OR 8IN IF OBLONG.
2.SPIRAL COLUMNS SHOULD BE LIMITED TO A MINIMUM SIZE
OF 12IN. IF EITHER ROUND OR SQUARE.

 CONCRETE COVER: MIN. OF 1.5 IF NOT EXPOSED

TO WEATHER OR 2 IN. IF EXPOSED.
SPACING OF TIES: VERTICAL SPACING OF TIES
SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN THE BAR
DIAMETER,48 TIMES THE TIE DIAMETER OR THE
LEAST DIMENSION OF THE COLUMN.
SPACING OF BAR : CLEAR SPACING OF THE BARS
SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 1.5TIMES THE BAR
DIAMETER.
REINFORCEMENT: MINIMUM NUMBER OF BARS
SHOULD BE 4 FOR TIED COLUMNS AND 5 FOR
SPIRAL COLUMNS.

CONSTRUCTION OF A COLUMN

SLENDERNESS RATIO:
SLENDERNESS RATIO IS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE
HEIGHT OR LENGTH OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT TO
THE WIDTH OR THICKNESS OF THE ELEMENT.
THE HIGHER THE SLENDERNESS RATIO THE MORE
SLENDER IS THE COLUMN.
SLENDERNESS ALSO DEPENDS ON THE MATERIAL
WHICH IS USED TO MAKE THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT.
SLENDERNESS RATIO=EFFECTIVE LENGTH
LEAST RADIUS OF GYRATION

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS

A SLAB IS A STRUCTURE ELEMENT

WITH ITS THICKNESS CONSPICOUSLY

SMALL COMPARED TO THE OTHER TWO
DIMENSIONS.

SLAB BOUNDARIES MAY BE SQUARE,

RECTANGULAR, CIRCULAR OR,OF ANY
SHAPE.

Fig: RCC slab construction.

Fig: Devices used to support horizontal reinforcing bars.

THE REINFORCEMENT FOR A SLAB

SPANNING IN ONE DIRECTION CONSIST
OF MAIN BARS AND DISTRIBUTION OR
TEMPERATURE BARS.
SUPPORTED BY REINFORCING STEEL
IN CONFIGURATIONS CALLED SLAB
BOLSTER AND HIGH CHAIR.

fig: Precast concrete block

used for reinforcing steel
supports

DESIGN OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SLABS AND THEIR REINFORCEMENT

CORRUGATED,USUALLY WHERE THE CONCRETE IS POURED INTO A CORRUGATED STEEL TRAY.
IMPROVES STRENGTH

PREVENTS THE SLAB BENDING UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT.

A RIBBED SLAB,GIVING CONSIDERABLE EXTRA STRENGTH ON ONE DIRECTION.

A WAFFLE SLAB,GIVING ADDED STRENGTH IN BOTH DIRECTIONS.

VOIDED BIAXIAL SLABS- ENHANCES THE SPAN BY REDUCING THE WEIGHT OR OVERCOMING CONCRETES NATURAL
WEAKNESS IN TENSION.
HOLLOW CORE SLABS-CONCRETE ELEMENTS WITH HOLLOW CYLINDERS; ONE WAY SPANNING.

REINFORCEMENT DE
A ONE WAY SLAB HAS STRUCTURAL STRENGTH IN SHORTEST DIRECTION.
A TWO WAY SLAB HAS STRUCTURAL STRENGTH IN TWO DIRECTIONS.

CONSTRUCTION

A CONCRETE SLAB CAN BE CASTE IN TWO WAYS:

PREFABRICATED OR,
CAST IN SITU.

MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION:

WOODEN PLANKS AND BOARDS,
PLASTIC AND,
STEEL.

Fig: Slab formwork system.

Fig: Structural Formwork and reinforcement

system for composite slabs and beams.

SLABS:

SLABS CAN BROADLY BE

CLASSIFIED INTO ONE WAY SLABS
AND TWO WAY SLABS.
LOADING ON THE SLAB MAYBE
UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED,CONCENTRATED,
COMBINED OF BOTH.
THE VARIOUS LOADS TO WHICH A
SLAB IS SUBJECTED TO ARE:
LIVE LOAD
DEAD LOAD(EXTERNAL)
SELF WEIGHT OF SLAB.

ONE WAY SLABS:

ONE WAY SLABS ARE DESIGNED TO TRANSFER THEIR LOADS TO ONLY TWO OPPOSITE SUPPORT WALLS.
RCC SLABS WHICH BEND ONLY ALONG ON DIRECTION IN PLAN ARE KNOWN AS ONE WAY SLABS.
WHEN THE RATIO OF THE LENGTH AND BREADTH OF THE SLAB IS GREATER THAN 1. 5, THE SLAB IS
DESIGNED AS ONE WAY SLAB SPANNING ALONG THE WIDTH.
TO EFFECT DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS MORE UNIFORMLY, DISTRIBUTION STEEL IN THE FORM OF THIN
STEEL BARS IS ALSO PROVIDED ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE SLAB

 A ONE WAY SLAB HAS STRUCTURAL STRENGTH IN SHORTEST DIRECTION.

ONE WAY SLABS CAN BEND IN ONE DIRECTION AND LOAD IS DISTRIBUTED IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY.THEY
BEHAVE LIKE A BEAM.
IN ONE WAY SLABS, MOMENTS ARE FIRST TRANSFERRED TO NEARER BEAMS SO THAT MAIN REINFORCEMENT
IS PROVIDED ALONG SHORT SPAN AND TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT(FOR TEMPERATURE CAUSE) IS
PROVIDED ALONG THE LONG SPAN.

IF THE SLAB IS POURED SEPARATELY FROM THE SUPPORTING WALLS THEN THE SLAB CAN BE CONSIDERED
A SIMPLE SPAN. THE SLAB HAS POSITIVE MOMENT ACROSS THE COMPLETE SPAN WITH THE MAXIMUM
MOMENT OCCURING AT THE MID SPAN AND 0 AT THE SUPPORTS.

THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES THE WAY TO REINFORCE A ONE WAY SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLAB.

The structural frame consists of four columns, two beams and one slab

THE SLAB HAS FOUR TYPES OF

REINFORCEMENT:
PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT
SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT OR
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
FREE EDGE REINFORCEMENT
SUPPORT REINFORCEMENT

Behavior and reinforcement of oneway slab

INTRODUCTION TWO-WAY SLABS

When a rectangular slab is

supported on all the sides and
the length-to-breadth ratio is

less than or equal to 2,it is said

to be a two-way slab.

A circular slab is considered as a

two-way slab.

The slab spans in both the

orthogonal directions.

Rectangular two-way slabs are divided as

follows1. Flat plates-these slabs do not have
beams between the columns, drop panels
or column capitals. Usually there are
spandrel beams at the edges.
2. Flat slabs-These slabs do not have
beams but have drop panels and column
capitals

3.Two-way slabs with beams-there are

beams between the columns. If they
are shallow and wide ,they are called
band beams.

These slabs can be cast in situ

or can be precast on the
ground and lifted to the final
height.

The absence of beams in flat plates

and flat slabs have the following
advantage-

Formwork is simpler.

Reduced obstruction to service

conduits.

More flexibility in interior layout and

future refurbishment

SLENDERNESS RATIO
SLENDERNESS RATIO IS THE RATIO OF THE HEIGHT OR THE LENGTH OF
A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT AND THE WIDTH OR THICKNESS OF THE
STRUCTURAL ELEMENT.
HIGHER THE SLENDERNESS RATIO, THE MORE SLENDER THE
STRUCTURAL ELEMENT IS.
THE SLENDERNESS ALSO DEPENDS ON THEMATERIAL IT IS MADE
FROM.(FOR EXAMPLE, STEEL IS MORE SLENDER THAN CONCRETE)
STRENGTH OF THE COLUMN IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE
STRENGTH OF THE COLUMN.
SLENDERNESS RATIO=EFFECTIVE LENGTH
LEAST RADIUS OF GYRATION

SHORT COLUMN

THE ONE WITH LENGTH LESS

THAN 8 TIMES THE DIAMETER

FAILURES OCCURE BY
CRUSHING OR COMPRESSIVE
STRESS.

RANKINE FORMULA IS USED.

LONG COLUMN

LENGTH WITH MORE THAN

30 DIAMETER.

FAILURES OCCUR BY
BUCKLING.

EULER FORMULA IS USED

THE END