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INTRACELLULAR
INTRACELLULAR
FLUID(ICF)
(ICF)
FLUID
60% BW (50 L)
EXTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
FLUID(ECF)
(ECF)
20% BW (15L)
40 % BW (35 L)
INTRAVASCULAR
INTRAVASCULAR
FLUID(PLASMA)
(PLASMA)
FLUID
5 % BW (3,5 L)
INTERSTITIIL
INTERSTITIIL
FLUID
FLUID
15 % BW (11,5 L)
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
NATRIUM (Na+)
MAIN ANION
CHLORIDE (Cl-)
PHOSPHATE (PO4-)
SUBSTANCE
ADDED
PLASMA
OSMOLALITY
PLASMA
SODIUM
ECF
VOLUME
ICF
VOLUME
NaCl
Water
Isotonic
NaCl
URINE
SODIUM
FUNGSI ELEKTROLIT
UMUM
- MEMPERTAHANKAN OSMOLALITAS CAIRAN
TUBUH
- REAKSI KIMIA
EKSITABILITAS MEMBRAN
KONTRAKSI OTOT, TRANSMISI IMPULS
SARAF.
KHUSUS:
- Ca++
PEMBEKUAN DARAH
- H+
pH TUBUH
- NaHCO3, NaH2PO4
PENYANGGA
PERUBAHAN pH
KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN
CAIRAN MASUK = CAIRAN KELUAR
CAIRAN MASUK:
AIR MINUM
MAKANAN
HASIL OKSIDASI
CAIRAN KELUAR:
URINE
KERINGAT
SALURAN NAPAS
FESES
Obligatory
Elective
400
1000
850
Water of
oxidation
350
Total
1600
1000
Obligatory
Elective
Urine
500
1000
Skin
500
Respirato
ry tract
400
Stool
200
1600
1000
TERAPI CAIRAN
RESUSITASI
KRISTALLOIDKOLOID
RUMATAN
ELEKTROLIT
NUTRISI
- GANTI KEHILANGAN
NORMAL
(IWL+URINE+FESES)
- SUPPORT NUTRISI
KOMPOSISI
mEq/L
ICF
ECF
ELEKTROLIT
Plasma
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
15
150
150
2
27
142
142
4
5
3
Interstitial
144
144
4
2.5
1.5
ClHCO3HPO42SO42-
1
10
100
20
63
103
27
2
1
5
16
114
30
2
1
5
6
Organic acid
Protein
Ion distribution
COMPARTMENT
CATION
ANION
SUITABLE
SOLUTION
ICF
K+ Mg++
HPO4Protein
Containing
K+,Mg++ and
HPO4-
PLASMA
Na+
ClHCO3Protein
High Na+and
Cl-
ISF
Na+
ClHCO3-
ECF
Defisit
Dehidrasi
* haus
* urine output
elektrolit
hipotonik
5% Dextrose
N/2-D5
Hipovolemia
nyeri kepala
mual-muntah
sincope
Elektrolit
isotonik
Ringers acetate
Ringers lactate
Normal saline
Dehidrasi Isotonik
Dehidrasi hipertonik
Jenis dehidrasi kedua yang tersering
terjadi bila kehilangan air dari CES >
kehilangan solute
Hiperventilasi, panas tinggi, diare air
Ketoasidosis Diabetikum and Diabetes
Insipidus
Penyebab iatrogenik
NPO lama, cairan hipertonik eksesif, sodium
bicarbonate atau makanan via tube dg
kandungan air yang tidak adekuat
Dehidrasi hipotonik
Relatif jarang Kehilangan solute (biasanya
sodium) > water.
Infus isotonic
Ringers acetate
Ringers lactate
Normal saline
Penggantian
Kehilangan akut/
abnormal
Peningkatan CES
CIS
CInt
800 ml
Plasma
200 ml
Infus hipotonik
5% dextrose
CIS
660 ml
CInt
255 ml
Plasma
85 ml
Penggantian
kehilangan
cairan norma
(IWL + urine)
Terapi cairan
Penggantian
Rumatan
Memperbaiki defisit
PRINSIP-PRINSIP DASAR
Penggantian
Rumatan
IWL + urine
Memperbaiki
defisit
PEMILIHAN CAIRAN
Penggantian : RA, RL, NS
Rumatan: N/2 + D (adult) + K+ 20 mEq
KCl 25 mEq/25 ml
NaCl 3%
Rumatan
IWL + urine
Adults/children : 4:2:1
eg 60 kg 4 x 10 + 2 x 10 + 1 x 40 =
100ml/hr
Kebutuhan
Demam
Restless/delirium
Temperatur lingkungan hangat
Hiperventilasi
KEBUTUHAN
MENURUN
Kebutuhan
Hipothermi
Kelembaban tinggi
Oliguria/anuria
Penurunan kesadaran
Retensi/oedema
Peningkatan tekanan intrakranial
Redistribusi cairan
Kebutuhan basal Kalium dan natrium
Konsentrasi elektrolit dalam larutan
infus
Larutan Ready for use meminimalkan
resiko komplikasi
Electrolyte solutions
Plasma Larutan isotonik
290
308
Larutan hipotonik
273
278
290
278
Normal Ringers
saline acetate/ lactate
D5
KAEN 3B*
< 40mEq/L
KCl
KCl bolus
Kecepatan pemberian
Elektrolit & glukosa
Na+
K+
Ca++
Mg++
100 mEq/hr
20 mEq/hr
20 mEq/hr
20 mEq/hr
-
HCO3
Glucosa
mg/kg/min)*
100 mEq/hr
0,5 gr/kg/hr ( 4
Na
Cl
Ca
Mg
NaCl0.9%
154
154
Ring Lakt
138
112
Expafusin
138
125
Haes st
6% ,10%
154
154
Hemacel
145
145
5,1
Gelafundin
142
80
Dextran L
130
NaCl 3%
500
Lact/Acetat lain2
-
Lakt/28
Lakt/20
HES/40000
HES/200000
6,25
Polygeline
1,4
Gelatin/35000
108
2,7
Lakt/28
500
Dextran40
-
Larutan
RL
Expafusin
Albumin 5%
Haemaccel
Gelafundin
Plasmafusin
Dextran 40
Dextran 70
Haes steril 6%
Haes steril 10
Vol.plasma
200
1000
1000
700
1000
1000
1600
1300
1000
1450
Vol. Interstitial
800
Vol. Intrasel
300
-260
-130
-450
-340
-170
COMPOSITION OF CRYSTALLOID
Solution
Tonicity
5%
Dextros
e in
water
(D5W)
Hypo
(253)
Normal
Saline
Iso
(308)
154
154
D5
NS
Iso
(330)
38,5
38,5
50
D5
NS
Hyper
(407)
77
77
50
D5 NS
Hyper
(561)
154
154
50
Isi 273)
130
109
Hyper
(525)
130
109
RL
D5 RL
Na+
(mEq/L)
Cl(mEq/L)
K+
(mEq/L)
Ca2+
(mEq/L)
Glucose
(g/L)
Lactate
(mEq/L)
50
28
50
28
Colloids
Production
Type
Molcular
Weight
(103)
Halflife
intravasc
uler
Indication
Plasma
protein
Human plasma
Serum
human
albumin
50
4-15 days
-Volume substitute
- Hypoprotein
emia
- Hemodilution
Dextran
Leuconostoc
mesenteroid B
512
D 40, 70
60-70
6 hrs
-Hemodilution
-Microcirculation
disturbance
Gelatine
35
2-3 hrs
-Volume substitute
Starch
Acid hydrolisis
and ethylene
oxide from
soybeans and
maize
- Hydroxi
ethylstarch
450
6 hrs
-Volume substitute
-Hemodilution
Polyvinyl
pyrrolido
Polymer
synthetic vynil
- Subtosan
--Peristone
50
25
-Volume substitute
CRYSTALLOID VS COLLOID
Crystalloid
Colloid
Advantages
- Inexpensive
- Promotes
urinary flow
- Fluid of choice
for initial
resuscitation of
trauma/hemorrha
ge
- Expands
intravascular
volume
- Restores 3rd
spaces losses
Disadvantage
s
- Dilutes colloid
osmotic pressure
- Promotes
peripheral oedem
- Higher incidence
of pulmpnary
oedem
- Requires large
volume
- Effects are
transient
-Expensive
-May produce coagulopathy (dextrans
and hetastarch)
-With capillary leaks may potentiate fluid
loss to the interstitium
-Impairs subsequent crossmatching of
blood (dextran)
-Dilutes clotting factors and platelet
-Decrease platelet adhesiveness
(absorption onto platelet membrane
reseptor)
KRISTALOID vs KOLOID
area persetujuan
KRISTALOID vs KOLOID
area persetujuan
KRISTALOID vs KOLOID
area debat ( 1 dekade yl )
Efek koagulasi
Fungsi ginjal
Air interstisial paru
Lama rawat di ICU & RS
Mortalitas
Frekwensi ARDS
Otak edema
Jantung kinerja
Paru oksigenasi
Pencernaan translokasi
bakteri
Perifer penyembuhan luka
KESIMPULAN
PERLU PATOFISIOLOGI KELAINAN
PENENTUAN KEBUTUHAN CAIRAN
PENENTUAN JENIS DAN JUMLAH
CAIRAN YANG DIBUTUHKAN
KEMUNGKINAN KOMPLIKASI
SEHUBUNGAN PATOFISIOLOGI