2015

[Uj \m Vk NVp U\k YrjU!

-kndhka bg. Rjudh

UAgz agAii z CZjAz gv r Uv !

- tAiA . Azgg

gdzg J U UuvP Pt q v ifP Ai AgQ
Ptz KPg zwAi j vq Pg zsjz. F zPz v Utvz
Pvz U Jzj zyU zUzPV, PdU v Aig
wgv PPjAz v AivdjAz Prg oP wAi NCF2005g ZPn F
oP GvV UVz.

Utv Q PUU s zUAz jj MAz sAiiVz.Utv v
sQAi AzAU J ZgU i CvzU vgzVz.F PrAi Rz
gq PU AUuAiiVz. wAiAz CzsAiz AQ guAi PU pP, z
Utvdg U PqUU, S, R jPU, AAv AiU, Csv
U v CzsAiz PAi zyU guUzPV ZvAi v vAiAU
gg AQ gA MUArz. F P zyUU i uAz QvAi
UtvP t UuU PjAiiVz.

F oPz wg dfP AAz GzguU Utvz Cx
sV U v CUvvAi CxP PjAiiVz. F GzguU AQt R
jPU, SU v AiU sgz V CxPAv gv. Dzg
F GzguU PAqrAiz gvr, sv SU Pqngz KP JA
Pgt jQP. Ez QPg U iUU s gz jjzPV
aAvAi U sfvz.

tgAfv zU wPgtAz, AUuAi GvAz vrgz
v CAiU gAizAU AaP Utvz AzAi D v
PU QAiAi zyU Dvz JAz Av. UtwAi
zAv zyAi Ai v snAiiU QU jAv UgU At JAz
jUtU. Utv ASU u ivz, D ez Pv DVz.

Utvz CUvv v Cx U, Ezg AzAi v iP ZU Pr,
F oPz Png Utvz svU D PAi Ez PVz.EzgU Aiig
MQzg, Gv v DAzUgq Azvg.Utv PAiz v z M
f CUvz iUVz.

Utv rAi Ez MAz AVv ; Ez r, D! Cgj!! v KU!!!

(iii)

- oP vAq

 A P v U (SYMBOLS)

= (equal to)
! (not equal to)
1 aPz (less than)
# aPz Cx (less than or equal to)
2 zqz (greater than)
$ zqz Cx (greater than or equal to )
. iv (equivalent to)
j AAiU (union)
k bz (intersection)
U Ut (universal Set)
d jz (belongs to)
z j (does not belong to)
1 v GUt (proper subset of)
3 GUt (subset of or is contained in)
Y
1 v GUt (not a proper subset of)
M GUt (not a subset of or is not contained in)
Al (Cx) A c A gP (complement of A)
Q (Cx) { } Ut (empty set or null set or void set)
n(A) A Utzg zsvU AS (number of elements in the set A)
P(A) A WvUt (power set of A)
|||ly UAi (similarly)
P(A) A WlAi AsAiv (probability of the event A)

(iv)

T g v (symmetric difference)
N sP ASU (natural numbers)
W t ASU (whole numbers)
Z uAPU (integers)
R ASU (real numbers)
3 wsd (triangle)
+ P (angle)
= A (perpendicular to)
|| iAvg (parallel to)

( Cx qvz (implies)
` DzjAz (therefore)
a KPAzg (since (or) because)
gP (absolute value)
- CAzeV (approximately equal to )
| (Cx) :

CAzg (such that)

/ (Cx) , ( congruent)
/ KPgV (identically equal to)
r (pi)
! zs Cx It (plus or minus)
Y zsAi CAv (end of the proof)

(v)

jr

(CONTENTS)

1. UtU zAv

1-40

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

pP
UtU gu
Utz wPgt
UtU zsU
Utz QAiU
PAi Utz QAiU wz

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

pP
sU ASU ziA wPgt
CsU ASU
ASU

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

1
1
3
7
17
25

2. ASzw

41-66

3. dUtv

67-83

4. gSUtv

84-98

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4

pP
eQU
zU
Ai
Cv Ai

5.1
5.2
5.3

84
85
89
90

99-120

pP
PnAi zP zw
Aiiz Jgq AzU q CAvg

6. AiVP gSUtv

67
67
68
76
79

pP
gSUtvz DzsgU
Zvsd
iAvg ZvsdU

5. zP gSUtv

41
44
51
52

99
100
108

121-128

6.1 pP
6.2 wsdU gSRAqU
6.3 wsdz AUvAi AzU

(vi)

121
122
124

UtU zAv

U t U z A v
Utv

No one shall expel us from the paradise that

Cantor has created for us
- DAVID HILBERT

R GzU
Ut jz.
UtU UuA zw, Ai zw v PP
zwAz wz.
UtU zs zsU v Zz.
UtU jQAiU CxPz v PUz.
UtU v UtU
jQAiU P P
wz.
s gz
jjz.

n (A , B) v

(Georg Cantor)
(1845-1918)

Ut zAvz sv
PAi d

1.1 pP (Introduction)

Utz PAi UtwAi aAvU fVz
v Ez Utvz J sUz Uvz. Utvz
J gZU UtUAz jUtqzjAz Utv
z Ut Pz qz. Ut zAv
CxPzjAz U Ugw, UtUV AUr,
vP CxP v gA GAiUUvz.
WlP-2g sP ASU, sU ASU v P
ASU U UtUV Sz JAz
PAiz. F CzsAiz UtU jP v Ut
zAvz P sv aU U CzsAi iqz.

1.2 UtU gu (Description of sets)

ee PAlg

PU AUu, zyU UA, zz

Utvdgz ee
PAlg(1845-1918) gg
Crzg. Eg
Cjv tU P
zsU U, V
sjAig t U CzsAi
irzg. a Utvdg
Ut zAv DzsP
UtvAi uU
DzsgV Pjzg.
Avgz UtvAi

gdU n, tU AUu, Avz U UA Cx

vPz AzsU PAlg

AUuAi U iV wz. EAv U UA

PAi svV

Cx AUuAi Utv sAi Ut JAz jUtv.

v.

CzsAi

Utv

R jP

Ut

PV gl U UA UtVz. Ut GAliq
UU Cx zxUU Utz CAU Cx Utz zg Jv.

Utvz Utz R UtPt PV gngvz. Ezg Cx Aiiz

Utz z Cx E JAz Vgvz.

Utzg J U Vgvz, CAzg Aiiz Jgq U

JAz Ugwz.

F PV AUuU Aiiz PV gnz?

(1)

vgUwAig qUg UA.

(2)

2,4,6,10 v 12 ASU AUu.

(3)

vr fU AUu.

(4)

Gv ZavU AUu.

(1), (2) v (3) PV gl UtUV. (4) PV gn. KPAzg

Gv JA z S. DzjAz (4) Ut.

iV UtU gU z CPgUz A, B, C EvUAz U Utz

zsvU t CPgUz a, b, c AvzUAz av.

Nz APv
!

Utz zsv (Cx) UtP jz (belongs to)

x JAz A Utz zsvzg, Ez x ! A JAz gAiv.

g

Utz zsv (Cx) UtP j (does not belongs to)

x JAz A Utz zsvUzg, Ez x g A JAz gAiv.

GzguU,
A = "1, 3, 5, 9 , JA Ut jUtzU,
1 JAz A zsvVz. Ez 1 ! A JAz gAiv.
3 JAz A zsvVz. Ez 3 ! A JAz gAiv.
8 JAz A zsv. Ez 8 g A JAz gAiv.
2

UtU zAv

Gzgu 1.1
A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , Dzg, ng S eUP ! Cx g JA APv Qj.
(i) 3 ....... A

(ii) 7 ....... A

(iii) 0 ...... A

(iv) 2 ...... A

Utv

jg (i) 3 ! A ( a 3 JAz A zsvVz)

(ii) 7 g A ( a 7 JAz A zsv)

(iii) 0 g A ( a 0 JAz A zsv)

(iv) 2 ! A ( a 2 JAz A zsvVz)

1.3 Utz wPgt (Representation of a Set)

PV g zwU Aiizzg MAz zwAz Ut wv.

(i)

UuA zw

(ii)

Ai zw

(iii)

PP zw

1.3.1 UuA zw (Descriptive Form)

R jP

UuA zw

Utz J UuAU MAz ev gtU q n iq zsP,

Ut w UuA zw JAz g.
Utz Aii UuAU Egv v Aii UuAU Eg JAz
UuA g RgV vZAwgP.
GzguU,

(i)

sP ASU Ut.

(ii)

100 QAv Pr Eg J Csd ASU Ut.

(iii) EAV tiAig J CPgU Ut.

3

CzsAi

1.3.2 Ai zw (Set-Builder Form or Rule Form)

R jP

Ai zw

Utv

MAz Utz UuAU zsj Ut V w AiAz

Ut j zsP Ai zw Jv.
Nz APv
|Cx:

CzgAv (such that)

A ={x : x JAz dictionary JA zz MAz CPgVz}

Ez
x JAz dictionary JA zz CPgVgAv J x U Ut A
DVz JAz NzP.
GzguU,
(i)

N ={x : x sJAz sP AS}

(ii)

P ={x : x JAz 100QAv Prg Csd AS}

(iii)

A ={x : x JAz EAV tiAi MAz CPg}

1.3.3 PP zw (Roster Form or Tabular Form)

R jP

PP zw

g
t
z { } MUq
UuAU

n Pjz PP z w Jv .
GzguU,
(i)

A JAz 11 QAv Prg j sP ASU UtVz.

Ez PP zwAi A = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , JAz gAiv.

(ii)

A ={x : x JAz uAP v -1 x<5 }

Ez PP zwAi A = "- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, , JAz gAiv.

U

(i)

PP z wAi, Utz w
CA
MAz j iv n irg P.
CAzg Utzg CAU gvAiiUgz.

(ii) A JAz coffee zzg CPgU Ut DVg. CAzg, A={ c, o, f, e }.

A Utz PP gz PVU igvzUV.

"c, o, e , (J UuAU n iqV)

"c, o, f, f, e , ( f UuA Jgq j n iqVz)

(iii) PP zwAi, Utz UuAU Aiiz PzAiizg gAiz.

4

UtU zAv

(iv) Cjvz g UuAU Cx jv ASAi UuAUzg,

"5, 6, 7, g , Cx "3, 6, 9, 12, 15, g, 60 , ggAv z (ellipsis) JAz
PgAiq g PiUv ZPU n irz UuAU izjAi
AzjAivz JAz w Uvz.
(v) t izjAi UAv CUvz iwAi PnzU iv z
z.

UtU zs gU wz
UuA zw

Ai zw

PP zw

EAV tiAi J
gU Ut

{ x : x JAz EAV
tiAi MAz g}

{a, e, i, o, u}

15 QAv Pr Cx
{ x : x JAz AS v
Vg J ASU
0 1 x # 15 }
Ut
100 QAv Pr Eg J
W ASU Ut

{1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}

{ x : x JAz MAz W
AS v 0 # x # 100 }

{1, 8, 27, 64}

Gzgu 1.2

PV UtU UuAU PP zwAi n irj:

(i)

7 g CvUU J zsvP uAPU Ut.

(ii)

20 QAv Pr Eg J Csd ASU Ut.

(i) PP zwAi 7 g CvUU J zsvP uAPU Ut

jg

{7, 14, 21, 28,g}

(ii) PP zwAi 20 QAv Pr Eg J Csd ASU Ut
{2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}

Gzgu 1.3

A = { x : x JAz sP AS v x # 8} Ut PP zwAi gj.

jg A = { x : x JAz sP AS v x # 8}.

Ut Ag UuAU 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 DV.

DzjAz, PP zwAi A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.

5

Utv

DzjAz 2, 3 v 4 UuAU

Ag Utz PP z wAi
PV
U

iAivV. "2, 3, 4 , , "2, 4, 3 , , "4, 3, 2 , .
U MAz Ut av.

CzsAi

Utv

Gzgu 1.4

PV UtU Ai zwAi wj.

(i)

X = {sg, g, AUg, zsg, Ugg, Pg, g}

A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g .
2 3 4 5
jg (i) X = {sg, g, AUg, zsg, Ugg, Pg, g}

(ii)

X Ut MAz gz J U MUArz.
DzjAz Ai zwAi, Ez
X = {x : x JAz gz MAz } JAz gAiz.
(ii) A = $1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , g . . 1, 2, 3, 4, g U UuAz bzUV.
2 3 4 5
` Ai zwAi, A = $ x : x = 1 , n ! N .
n
1.3.4 zs AS ( AS) (Cardinal Number)
R jP

zs AS

MAz Utz UuAU ASAi Utz zs AS JAz PgAiv.

Nz APv
n(A)

A Utz UuAU AS

A Utz zs ASAi n(A) JAz av.

GzguU,
A = #- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - JA Ut jUtj. Ez 7 UuAU Az.
` A Utz zs ASAi 7 DVz. DzjAz, n (A) = 7 .
Gzgu 1.5

PV UtUU zs ASAi PAqrj.

(i)
A = {x : x JAz 12g Csd Cv}

(ii) B = {x : x ! W, x # 5}
jg (i) 12 g CvU 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 DV.
DzjAz, 12g Csd CvU 2, 3 DV.
A Ut PP zwAi gzU, A = {2, 3} v n(A) = 2 DVz.
PP zwAi B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} DVz.
(ii) B = {x : x ! W, x # 5} .
B Ut 6 UuAU Az v EzjAz, n(B) = 6 DVz.
6

UtU zAv

1.4 UtU zsU (Different Kinds of Sets)

1.4.1 Ut (The Empty Set)
Ut

Aii UuA Az Ut Ut Cx S Ut Jv.

Nz APv
Q Cx { }

Ut Cx S Ut

Ut Q Cx{ } JA APvAz aUvz.

GzguU,
A = # x : x < 1, x ! N - Ai UtAz jUtzU,
1 QAv PrAiiVg sP AS E.
` A ={ }

aAw v Gvj!
n (Q) JAzg?

AS zwAi CsU ASAi R v zAvAi,

Ut zAv CsU Utz jPAi R v vz.

1.4.2 jv Ut (Finite Set)

R jP

jv Ut

MAz Ut Jt zsU CAU Azg, Cz jv Ut

Jv.
GzguU,

(i)

8 v 9 g q sP ASU Ut A JAzPt.

8 v 9 g q Aiiz sP ASU Eg,

DzjAz, A = { } v n(A) = 0. ` A JAz jv UtVz.

(ii)

X = {x : x JAz uAP v - 1 # x # 2 } JAz jUtj.

X = {- 1 , 0, 1, 2} v n(X) = 4

` X JAz jv UtVz.

jv Utz zs ASAi jvVz.

7

Utv

R jP

CzsAi

1.4.3 Cjv Ut (Infinite Set)

Utv

R jP
MAz Ut Jt
Cjv Ut Jv.

Cjv Ut
CzsVg

CAU Azg, Cz

GzguU,
W = J t ASU UtVg. CAzg, W = {0, 1, 2, 3, g }
J t ASU Ut Cjv ASAi UuAU Agvz.
DzjAz, W JAz Cjv UtVz.
Cjv Utz zs ASAi jv ASAi.

Z
Gzgu 1.6

PV UtU jv Cx Cjv JAz w.

(i)

A = {x : x JAz 5 g Cv, x ! N }

(ii)

B = {x : x JAz j Dsd AS}

(iii)

50 QAv ZVg J zs uAPU Ut.

jg (i) A = {x : x JAz 5 g Cv, x ! N } = {5, 10, 15, 20, ...}

` A JAz Cjv UtVz.

(ii) B = {x : x JAz j Dsd AS}. AS 2 iv j Csd ASAiiVz.

` B = { 2 } v B JAz jv UtVz.

(iii) 50 QAv ZVg J zs uAPU Ut X = {51, 52, 53, ...}

` X JAz Cjv UtVz.

1.4.4 KPA Ut (Singleton Set)

R jP

KPA Ut

MAz MAz CA Ag Ut KPA Ut Jv.

GzguU,
A = {x : x uAP v1 < x < 3} Ut vUzP.
A = { 2 }. CAzg, A JAz MAz MAz UuA Az.
`

A JAz KPA UtVz.

8

UtU zAv

PV UtU JAz vZz vA RVz.

Ut Q

(ii)

Ut KP iv CAV Ag Ut {Q }

(iii)

Ai iv UuAV Ag Ut { 0 }

Utv

(i)

1.4.5 i Ut (Equivalent Set)

R jP

i Ut

MAz ASAi UuAU Ag A v B JA Jgq UtU

i Ut Jv.
A v B U iVzg, Ez n(A) = n(B) JAz v.
Nz APv

A v B U iVzg, Ez A c B JAz gAiv.

GzguU,
A = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } v B = { 3, 5, 6, 11 } JA UtU jUtj.
E n(A) = 4 v n(B) = 4 DVz. ` A . B .
1.4.6 UtU (Equal Sets)
R jP

i UtU

RgV MAz jwAi UuAU Pz gz Ag A v B

JA Jgq UtU Ut Jv. F jw Cz UtU CUt Jv.
A v B JA Jgq UtU Vzg.
(i) A wAiAz UuA B g UuAVgvz v
(ii) B wAiAz UuA A g UuAVgvz.
Nz APv

A v B JA Jgq UtU zg, A = B JAz

gAiv.

A v B JA Jgq UtU Czg,

A ! B JAz gAiv.
9

CzsAi

GzguU,
A = { a, b, c, d } v B = { d, b, a, c } UtU jUtzU

Utv

A Ut v B UtU RgV MAz jwAi UuAU A. ` A = B

A v B JA Jgq UtU zg, n(A) = n(B) JAzUvz.
Dzg n(A) = n(B) JAzzg, A v B U VgQ.
DzjAz, UtU i Ut DVgv. Dzg i UtU VgQ.
Gzgu 1.7

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} v B = {x : x JAz 2g Cv, x ! N v x # 14 }

JAzzg, A = B DVzAi Cx E JAz w.

jg A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} v

B = {x : x JAz 2g Cv, x ! N v x # 14 }

PP zwAi, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}

DzjAz, A v B UtU RgV MAz jwAi UuAU A. ` A = B.

1.4.7 GUt (Subset)

R jP

GUt

X Ut Y Utz GUtzg, X Utz J CAU Y Utz CAUVgv.

APv gz Ez X 3 Y JAz gAiv.
Nz APv
3

GUt (Cx) MUArz

X 3 Y JAz X Ai Y GUt Cx
Y Ai X MUArz JAz NzP.

GUt (Cx) MUAr

X M Y JAz X Ai Y GUt Cx
Y Ai X Ai MUAr JAz NzP.
GzguU,
X = {7, 8, 9} v Y = { 7, 8, 9, 10 } UtU jUtzU,
X wAiAz UuA Y g UuAVz JAz qz.
10

UtU zAv
X JAz Y GUtVz.

CAzg, X 3 Y .
(i)

wAiAz Ut Czg GUtVz. CAzg, Aiiz Ut X U, X 3 X .

(ii)

Ut Aiiz Utz GUtVz. CAzg, Aiiz Ut X U, Q 3 X .

(iii) X 3 Y v Y 3 X JAzzg, DU X = Y DUvz. Ezg

dVz. CAzg X = Y JAzzg, X 3 Y v Y 3 X DUvz.
(iv) wAiAz Ut (Q gvr) P Jgq GUtU

Agvz. CAzg, Ut v Q .
1.4.8 v GUt (Proper Subset)
R jP

v GUt

X 3 Y v X ! Y Dzg, X Ut Y Utz v GUtVgvz. Ez

X 1 Y JAz gAiv. Y Ai X Utz Ut Jv.
Nz APv
1

v GUt

X 1 Y Ai, X Ut Y Utz v GUtAz NzP.

GzguU,
X = {5, 7, 8} v Y = { 5, 6, 7, 8 } UtU jUtzU,
X wAiAz UuA Y g UuAVz v X ! Y .
` X Ut Y Utz v GUtVz.

(i) v GUt UtQAv P MAzzg Pr UuA

Agvz.

(ii) Aiiz Ut vU v v GUtU.

(iii) Ut Q Ai v l wAiAz UtP v GUtVz. (Q U

v GUt). CAzg, X Ai Q Ai gvrz Utzg, Q 1X.

(iv) !!and
v 3 U q sPgt Rzz. x ! X JA APv
x JAz X UuA JAz avz. X 3 Y JA APv

X Ut Y Utz GUt JAz Cxvz.

EzjAz, Q 3 {a, b, c} Ai dVz. Dzg, Q ! {a, b, c} Ai d.

P

.
x ! {x}, JAz d. Dzg x = {x} v x 3 {x} JA AAzsU
11

Utv

CzsAi

Gzgu 1.8

Cx
M U gz d PUV irj.
l UU 3 or
3
Mor

Utv

(a) {4, 5, 6, 7} ----- {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(b) {a, b, c} ----- {b, e, f, g}

jg (a) {4, 5, 6, 7} ----- {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

{4, 5, 6, 7} g wAiAz UuA {4, 5, 6, 7, 8} gg
UuAUVgzjAz 3 Ai S z vAj.

` {4, 5, 6, 7} 3 {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(b) a Ai {a, b, c} Ai MAz UuAVz. Dzg {b, e, f, g}

PAqg. DzjAz M l z vAj.
` {a, b, c} M {b, e, f, g}
Gzgu 1.9

l UU 1, 3 Cx Jgq sw ir d PUV zsj.

(i)

{8, 11, 13} ----- {8, 11, 13, 14}

(ii)

{a, b, c} ------ {a, c, b}

jg (i) {8, 11, 13} g wAiAz Utz UuA {8, 11, 13, 14} gg Utz
UuAUV. DzjAz 3 l z vAj

` {8, 11, 13} 3 {8, 11, 13, 14}

UuA 14 JAz {8, 11, 13, 14} P jz. Dzg {8, 11, 13} P jg.

` {8, 11, 13}JAz {8, 11, 13, 14} g v GUt
Vz..

DzjAz 1 l z vAj.
` {8,11, 13} 1 {8,11,13, 14}

(ii) {a, b, c} Ai wAiAz UuA {a, c, b} Ai UuAUV v

V.
DzjAz {a, b, c} Ai {a, c, b}Ai v GUt.
DzjAz, 3 iv l z vAP.
1.4.9 Wv Ut (Power Set)
R jP

Wv Ut

A Utz J GUtU Ut A Wv Ut JAz PgAiv.

Nz APv

P(A)

A Wv Ut

A Utz Wv Ut P(A) JAz av.

12

UtU zAv

GzguU,
A = {- 3, 4 } DVg.

Utv

Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} U A GUtUV.

DU A Wv UtU, P (A) = "Q, {- 3}, {4}, {- 3, 4} ,
Gzgu 1.10

A = {3, {4, 5}} g Wv Ut gj.

jg

A = {3, {4, 5}}

A GUtU,

Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}}

` P (A) = "Q, "3 ,, ""4, 5 ,,, {3, {4, 5}} ,

MAz jv Utz GUtU AS (Number of Subsets of a Finite Set)

Z UuAU Ag UtUU GUtU PAqrAiz PPgzz.
Png jv UtP J GUtU JAz Aii Aiz JAz PAqrAit.
(i)

A = Q Ut vU v MAz GUtV Agvz.

(ii)

A = {5} JA Ut Q v {5}JA GUtU Agvz.

(iii)

A = {5, 6} JA Ut Q, {5}, {6}, {5, 6} JA GUtU Agvz.

(iv)

and
v{5,
{5,
A = {5, 6, 7} JA Ut Q,Q{5},
, {5},
{6},
{6},
{7},
{7},
{5,{5,
6},6},
{5,{5,
7},7},
{6,{6,
7}7}
and
6, 6,
7}7} JA
GUtU Agvz.

F iwAi PV PPz vjVz.

UuAU AS

GUtU AS

1 = 20

2 = 21

4 = 22

8 = 23

F PPAz, Utz UuAU MAzgAv ZzAv GUtU ASAi
UtUvz JAz wAivz. DzjAz w Avz GUtU ASU 2g WvV.

EzjAz U PV iPgt zgAivz.

m UuAU Ag Utz GUtU ASAi 2 m .

2m GUt Png Ut iv MUArgvz.

n (A) = m & n [P (A)] = 2 n(A) = 2 m

` m UuAU Ag Utz v GUtU ASAi 2 m - 1 DVz.

13

CzsAi

Utv

Gzgu 1.11

wAiAz UtUU GUt v v GUtU ASAi PAqrj.

(i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14}

jg (i) A = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} . DzjAz, n (A) = 5 .

GUtU AS = n 6 P (A) @ = 25 = 32 .

v GUtU AS = 25 - 1 = 32 - 1 = 31

(ii) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14} . FU, n (A) = 8 .

` GUtU AS = 28 = 25 # 23 = 32 # 2 # 2 # 2 = 256
v GUtU AS = 28 - 1 = 256 - 1 = 255

Cs 1.1

1.

PVU Aiiz UtU? Gvg yj.

(i)

Gv PU AUu.

(ii)

30 QAv Pr Eg Csd ASU AUu.

(iii)

v wsAv Utv PPgU UA.

(iv)

Aig J zyU UA.

(v)

J j ASU AUu.

2.

A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Dzg, S ng UU ! Cx g JA P
APv vAj.

(i)

0 ----- A

(ii) 6 ----- A

(iv)

4 ----- A

(v) 7 ----- A

3.

PV UtU Ai zwAi gj.

(i)

J zsvP j ASU Ut.

(ii)

20 QAv Pr Eg J t ASU Ut.

(iii)

3 g Cv UU J zsvP uAPU Ut.

(iv)

15QAv Pr Eg J sP ASU Ut.

(v)

computer JA zzg J CPgU Ut.

4.

PV UtU PP zwAi gj.

(i)

A = {x : x ! N, 2 1 x # 10}

(ii)

B = $ x : x ! Z, - 1 1 x 1 11 .
2
2
14

(iii) 3 ----- A

UtU zAv
(iii)

C = {x : x JAz Csd AS v 6 g sdP}

(iv)

x={x : x=2n,n! N v n 5}

(v)

M = {x : x = 2y - 1, y # 5, y ! W}

(vi)

p={x : x JAz uAP, x2 16}

5.

PV UtU UuA zwAi gj.

(i)

A = {a, e, i, o, u}

(ii)

B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}

(iii)

C = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}

(iv)

P = {x : x JAz set theory JA zz MAz CPg}

(v)

Q = {x : x JAz 10 v 20 g q Csd AS.}

6.

PV UtU zs ASAi PAqrj.

(i) A={x : x = 5n, n ! N v n < 5}

(ii)

B = {x : x JAz EAV tiAi AdPg}

(iii)

X = {x : x JAz j Csd AS}

(iv)

P = {x : x < 0, x ! W }

(v)

Q = { x: - 3 # x # 5, x ! Z }

7.

PV UtU jv v Cjv UtU PAqrj.

(i)

A = {4, 5, 6, ...}

(ii)

B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... 75}

(iii)

X = {x : x JAz j sP AS}

(iv)

Y = {x : x JAz 6g Cv v x > 0}

(v)

P = freedom JA zz CPgU Ut

8.

PV UtU iUt Aiiz?

(i)

A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

(ii)

X = {x : x ! N,1 1 x 1 6}, Y = {x : x JAz EAV tiAi g}

(iii)

P = {x : x JAz Csd AS v 5 1 x 1 23 }

Q = {x : x ! W, 0 # x 1 5 }

9.

PV UtU Ut Aiiz?

(i)

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {4, 3, 2, 1}

15

Utv

Utv

CzsAi

(ii)

A = {4, 8, 12, 16}, B = {8, 4, 16, 18}

(iii)

X = {2, 4, 6, 8}, Y = {x : x JAz zsvP j uAP 0 < x < 10}

(iv)

P = {x : x JAz 10g Cv, x ! N }, Q = {10, 15, 20, 25 30, .... }

10.

PV UtU UtU DAi irj.

A = {12, 14, 18, 22}, B = {11, 12, 13, 14}, C = {14, 18, 22, 24}

D = {13, 11, 12, 14}, E = {- 11, 11 }, F = {10, 19}, G = {11, - 11 }, H = {10, 11}

11.

Q = {Q} DUz? KP?

12.

PV Aii UtU UtU? Pgt wj.

Q, {0}, {Q}

13.

S l UU 3 Cx M U vAzg P wAiAz d PUV

irj.

(i) {3} ----- {0, 2, 4, 6}

(ii) {a } ----- {a, b, c}

(iii) {8, 18} ----- {18, 8}

(iv) {d} ----- {a, b, c}

14.

X = {- 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2} v Y={x : x JAz uAP v -3x<2} Dzg,

(i) X JAz Y GUt?

15.

A = {x : x JAz 3jAz sVq zsvP uAP} JAz

B = {x : x JAz 5g Cv, x ! N } g GUt JAz jQj.

16.

PV UtUU WvUtU gj.

(i) A = {x, y} (ii) X = {a, b, c}

17.

PV UtUU GUt v v GUtU ASAi PAqrj.

(i)

A = {13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18} (ii)

(iii)

X = {x : x ! W, x g N}

18.

(i)

(ii)

(ii) Y JAz X GUt?

(iii) A = {5, 6, 7, 8} (iv) A = Q

B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

A = Q Dzg, n 6 P (A) @ Ai PAqrj.

n(A)=3 Dzg, n 6 P (A) @ Ai PAqrj.

n 6 P (A) @ = 512 Dzg, n(A) PAqrj.

(iii)

(iv) n 6 P (A) @ = 1024 Dzg, n(A) PAqrj.

19.

n 6 P (A) @ = 1 Dzg, A Utz U j?

16

UtU zAv
A = {x : x JAz sP AS < 11}

B = {x : x JAz jAS v 1 < x < 21}

C = {x : x JAz uAP v 15 # x # 25 } DVg.

(i)

A, B, C U UuAU n irj.

(ii)

n(A), n(B), n(C) U PAqrj.

(iii)

PV PU jAi (T) Cx v (F) wj.

Utv

20.

(a) 7 ! B

(b) 16 g A

(c) {15, 20, 25} 1 C

(d) {10, 12} 1 B

1.5 UtU QAiU (SET OPERATIONS)

1.5.1 PU (Venn Diagrams)

ewAi

PU

Cx

(1834-1883)

avU

GAiV MAz Azs Cx MAz jPAi

jv v Cz U jj v.

Utvz PU P wz

(1834-1883) gg UtU v

PAit.

UtU QAiU q g
AAzs vQPj PU P
wz GPgtV zg.

1.5.2 Ut (The Universal Set)

n Utvdgz e

P Azsz Png ZZU J zsvU MUArg Ut jUtz

PzzVz.
R jP

Ut

MAz Ut jUtq Gz UtU Czg GUtUzU

Ut Jv. Ut U Cx p jAz av.
GzguU,
v ZZAig zsvU uAPUzg, Ut U JAz uAPU UtVz.
CAzg, U = {n : n d Z} .

Uj

Az U Ut zuAiiUz.
17

CzsAi

PAi, Ut iV DAivPgAz

U
A

av v Ezg v GUt vAz DAivPgz

Utv

MUq av. avz MUq UuAU gU gAiv.

1.5.3 MAz Utz gP Ut (Complement of a Set)

3
1 5 6
4 7
8

av 1.1

R jP

gP Ut

A 3 U U t z E z , U t z Eg J U u A U U t A
g P U t J v . A g P U t Al Cx A c JAz
a v .
Nz APv
APvz, Al ={x : x! U v x gA}
GzguU,
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} v A = {b, d, g, h} DVg.
DU Al = {a, c, e, f} .

Al

a
e

PAi Al , A Utz gP Ut wz

av 1.2 g vjVz.

(i) (Al )l = A

b
d A h
g
Al (t az sU)
av 1.2

(ii) Ql = U

(iii) U l = Q

1.5.4 Jgq UtU AAiU (Union of Two Sets)

R jP

UtU AAiU

A v B Jgq UtU AAiU A Utzg, E B Utzg v A

v B Jgq UtUg J UuAU MUArgvz. APwPV
A v B U AAiU A , B JAz gAiv.
Nz APv
,

AAiU

A , B Ai A AAiU B JAz NzP.

APwPV, A , B ={x : x !A Cx x ! B} JAz gAiUz.
18

c
f

UtU zAv

GzguU,

A = {11, 12, 13, 14} v B = {9, 10, 12, 14, 15}

U
U

10

15
Jgq UtU AAiU PAi
P wz av 1.3g vjVz.
A , B (t az sU)

av 1.3

(i)

A , A = A

(iv)

AAi U Aiiz GUtzg, DU A , U = U .

(v)

A 3 B Dzg A , B = B DUvz. Ezg Pq vVz.

(vi)

A,B = B,A

(ii)

A , Q = A

(iii)

A , Al = U

Gzgu 1.12

PV UtU AAiU PAqrj.

(i) A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} v B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.

(ii) X = {3, 4, 5} v Y = Q .

jg (i) A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6} v B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

aAw v Gvj!
v
A 1 (A , B)
and
B 1 (A , B) JAz
z?

(gwv)

` A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

(ii)

= {3,4,5}, Y = Q . Y Aiiz UuA.

` X , Y = {3, 4, 5}
1.5.5 Jgq UtU bz (Intersection of Two Sets)
R jP

UtU bz

A v B UtU bz Ut, A v B Ugqg Eg i

UuAUAzz UtVz. APwPV Ez A + B JAz av.
Nz APv
+

UtU bz

A + B Ai A bz B JAz NzP.
APwPV, Ez A + B = {x : x !A v x ! B} JAz gAiUz.
19

Utv

12
13 14

DVg. DU A , B = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}.

11

CzsAi

GzguU,

A = {a, b, c, d, e}
v B = {a, d, e, f} DVg.

a
d
e

` A + B = {a, d, e}

Utv

Jgq UtU bz PAi

A + B (t az sU)
P wz av 1.4g vjVz.

av 1.4

(i) A + A = A

(ii)

A+Q = Q

(iii) A + Al = Q

(iv)

A+B = B+A

aAw v Gvj!
v
(A + B) 1 A
and
(A + B) 1 B JAz
z?

(v) AAi U Aiiz GUtzg,

DU A + U = A .

(vi) A 3 B Dzg, A + B = A DUvz. Ezg Pq vVz.

Gzgu 1.13

(i) A = { 10, 11, 12, 13}, B = {12, 13, 14, 15}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11}, B = Q Dzg, A + B PAqrj.

jg (i) A = {10, 11, 12, 13} v B = {12, 13, 14, 15}.

12 v13, A v B iV. ` A + B = {12, 13}

(ii) A = {5, 9, 11} v B = Q .

iz UuA. DzjAz A + B = Q

Uj

B 3 A DzU, A v B UtU AAiU v bzU PAi

P wz PV av 1.6 v av 1.7 g vjVz.
A
B

A
B

A , B (t az sU)
av 1.6
1.5.6 AztP Ez (vP) UtU (Disjoint Sets)
B3A

av 1.5

R jP

A + B (t az sU)
av 1.7
AztP Ez UtU

A v B UtU Aiiz i UuAU Ezg, D UtU

AztP Ez UtU Jv. EAz jwAi A v B UtU
AztP Ez UtUzg, DU A + B = Q .
20

UtU zAv

GzguU,
A = {5, 6, 7, 8} v B = {11, 12, 13} UtU jUt.
U
A

Jgq AztP Ez UtUz A v B U

PAi P wz av 1.8 g vjVz.

AztP Ez UtU
av 1.8

(i) Jgq AztP Ez UtUz A v B U

AAiU PAi P wz

U
B

av 1.9g vjVz.
(ii) A + B ! Q Dzg, A v B Jgq UtU

C UtUAz v.

A , B (t az sU)
av1.9

Gzgu 1.14

A = {4, 5, 6, 7} v B = {1, 3, 8, 9} Dzg, A + B PAqrj.

jg A = {4, 5, 6, 7} v B = {1, 3, 8, 9}. DzjAz A + B = Q .

EzjAz A v B UtU AztP Ez UtUV.
1.5.7 Jgq UtU v (Difference of Two Sets)
R jP

UtU v

Jgq UtU A,B , B UtP jz, Dzg AUtz Eg UuAU

vUz
PAqU
GAmz Ut UtU vVz. Ez A - B Cx A\B Az av.
Nz APv
A - B Cx

A v B

A\B

APwPV, A - B ={x : x !A v x g B}
Ez jw, B-A= {x : x ! B v x gA}
GzguU,
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} v B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} Dzg,
A - B PAqrAi A UtAz B Utz UuAU vUAiP.
` A - B = {2, 3} .
21

Utv

A + B = Q . DzjAz A v B UtU AztP Ez UtUV.

CzsAi

Utv

iV, A - B ! B - A .

(i)

(iii) U - A = Al

(ii) A - B = B - A + A = B

(iv) U - Al = A

(v) A - Q = A

A v B JA Jgq UtU v PAi P wz av 1.10
iv av 1.11 g vjVz. t az sU Jgq UtU v wvz.
B

Gzgu 1.15

U
A

A -B

B -A

av 1.10

av 1.11

A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4}, B = {- 1, 3, 5} Dzg, (i) A - B

(ii) B - A PAqrj.

jg A = {- 2, - 1, 0, 3, 4} iv B = {- 1, 3, 5} .

(i) A - B = {- 2, 0, 4} (ii) B - A = { 5 }

1.5.8 UtU w v (Symmetric Difference of Sets)

R jP

UtU w v

A v B UtU w v D Jgq UtU vU AAiU

UtVgvz. Ez A D B JAz av.
Nz APv
A w B

ADB

DU, A D B = (A - B) , (B - A)
GzguU,
A = {a, b, c, d} v B = {b, d, e, f} UtU jUtj.

A - B = {a, c} v B - A = {e, f }.

` A D B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {a, c, e, f}

A v B UtU w v PAi
P wz av 1.12 g vjVz. t az
sU A v B UtU w v wvz.
22

A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A)
av 1.12

UtU zAv

(i) A 3 A = Q

(ii) A 3 B = B 3 A

Gzgu 1.16

A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} v B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} Dzg, A 3 B Ai PAqrj.

jg A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} v B = {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} JAz PqVz.

A - B = {2, 3} v B - A = {9, 13}.

EzjAz,

A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) = {2, 3, 9, 13}

Cs 1.2

1.

F PV UtUU A , B v A + B U PAqrj.

(i)

(ii) A = {2, 4, 6, 8} v B = Q

(iii) A = {x : x ! N, x # 5} v B ={x : x JAz 11QAv Prg Csd AS}

(iv) A ={x : x! N,2<x 7} v B={x : x!W, 0 x 6}

2.

A = {x : x JAz 5g Cv, x # 30 v x ! N }

B = {1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 25} Dzg,

(i) A , B (ii) A + B Ai PAqrj.

3.

X={x : x =2n, x 20 v n! N} v Y={x : x =4n, x 20 v n!W} Dzg,

(i) X , Y (ii) X + Y Ai PAqrj.

4.

U = {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 17, 21, 35, 52, 56},

P = {7 jAz sVq ASU}, Q = {Csd ASU},

{x : x ! P + Q} Utz UuAU nirj.

5.

F PV Aii UtU AztP Ez UtU JAz wj.

(i)

(ii) X = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9},

(iii) P = {x : x JAz 15QAv Prg Csd AS}

A = {0, 1, 2, 4, 6} v B = {- 3, - 1, 0, 2, 4, 5}

A = {2, 4, 6, 8} ; B = {x : x JAz 10QAv Prg j AS, x ! N }

Y = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Q = {x : x JAz 2g Cv v x < 16}

(iv) R = {a, b, c, d, e}, S = {d, e, a, b, c}
23

Utv

(iii) 1.12 PAz, A 3 B = " x: x g A + B , JAz gAiz. DzjAz,

A v B U iVgz UuAU niqzg P
A 3 B Ai UuAU PAqrAiz.

CzsAi

Utv

6.
(i)

U = {x : 0 # x # 10, x ! W} v A = {x : x JAz 3g Cv} Dzg, Al

PAqrj.

(ii) U JAz sP ASU Ut v Al JAz J AAiP ASU Utzg,

A K?

7.

U={ a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}, A={a,b,c,d} v B={b,d,f,g} Dzg, EU PAqrj.

(i) A , B

8.

U = {x :1 # x # 10, x ! N} , A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} v B = {2, 3, 5, 9, 10} Dzg,

EU PAqrj. (i) Al
(ii) Bl (iii) Al , Bl
(iv) Al + Bl

9.

U = {3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 18}, M = {3, 7, 9, 11} v N = {7, 11, 15, 17}

Dzg, EU PAqrj. (i) M - N (ii) N - M

(vi) N , (N - M)
(iv) M l - N (v) M + (M - N)

10.

A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18}, B = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20}, C = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} v
D = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} Dzg, EU PAqrj.
(i) A - B (ii) B - C (iii) C - D (iv) D - A (v) n (A - C) (vi) n (B - A)

11.

U = {x : x JAz 50QAv Prg zsvP uAP}, A = {x : x JAz

4jAz sVq AS} v B = {x : x 14jAz sVzU GAi 2}.

(i) U, A v B UuAU nirj.

(ii) A , B , A + B , n (A , B) , n (A + B) PAqrj.

12.

F PV UtUU w v PAqrj.

(i)

(ii) P = {x : 3 1 x 1 9, x ! N}, Q = {x : x 1 5, x ! W}

(iii) A = {- 3, - 2, 0, 2, 3, 5}, B = {- 4, - 3, - 1, 0, 2, 3}

13.

PV UU PAi GAiV Gvj.

(ii) (A , B)l

(iii) A + B

(iv) (A + B)l

(iii) N l - M
(vii) n (M - N)

X = {a, d, f, g, h}, Y = {b, e, g, h, k}

(i) U, E, F, E , F v E + F UuAU

nirj.

(ii) n (U) , n (E , F) v n (E + F) PAqrj.

E
1

11
10

av 1.13

14.

PV UU PAi GAiV Gvj.

(i)

U
H

U, G v H nirj.

4
2
10

(ii) G l , H l , G l + H l , n (G , H)l v n (G + H)l U
9
5

PAqrj.
av 1.14

24

UtU zAv

1.6 PAi GAiVPAq UtU QAiU wz

UtU QAiU E P wPgtU PU qVz.

(a)

A , B

(b)

^ A , Bhl

(c)

Al , Bl

av 1.15

av 1.16
Av 1 : Al sUz t aj.

U
B

U
B

Av 2 : Bl sUz t aj.

Al , Bl (t az sU)
av 1.17

U
B

Ez jw t az wAiAz sU PV UtU wvz.

A

U
A

^ A + Bhl (t az sU)
av 1.19

A + B (t az sU)
av 1.18

U
A

Al + B (t az sU)
av 1.21

A + Bl (t az sU)
av 1.20.
25

Utv

CzsAi

Utv

PV HAi UtU v
UtU QAiU PAz
wz.

U
B

A
2

av 1.22 g A v B UtU Ut
sUUV AUrv. F sUU ASUVz.

av 1.22

sU 1
A v B UtUgq gvrz UuAU MUArz.

sU 2
B Ut gvr A Utz UuA MUArz.

sU 3
A v B UtU i UuA MUArz.

sU 4
A Ut gvr B Utz UuA MUArz.
Gzgu 1.17

Pz vjgAv PAi gj v PV UtU
w sUUU t aj.

(i) Al (ii) Bl

(iii) Al , Bl

(iv) (A , B)l

jg
(i)

av 1.23

t Z

U
A

Bl

Bl (t az sU)
av 1.25
A

Al , Bl

Al , Bl (t az sU)
av 1.26

Ut

t az sU

Al

1 v 4

t Z
Ut

t az sU

Bl

1 v 2

t Z
U

(iii)

Al

Al (t az sU)
av 1.24

(ii)

(v) Al + Bl

26

Ut

t az sU

Al

1 v 4

Bl

1 v 2

Al , Bl

1, 2 v 4

UtU zAv

(iv)

t Z

(A , B)l
A

t az sU

A,B

2, 3 v 4

(A , B)l

(A , B)l (t az sU)
av 1.27
(v)

t Z
U

Al + Bl
A

Al + Bl (t az sU)
av 1.28

Ut

t az sU

Al

1 v 4

Bl

1 v 2

Al + Bl

R svAU

A v B U Aiiz Jgq jv UtUzg, U F PV GAiP svAU
Uv.

(i)

n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)

(ii)

n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)

(iii)

n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)

(iv)

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)

A+B
A , B) = n (A) + n (B),(v)
when A + B = Q DzU, n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B), when A + B = Q
av 1.29

(vi) n (A) + n (Al ) = n (U)
Gzgu 1.18

Png PAz PVU PAqrj.

(i) A

U n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) jj.

(ii) B

(iii) A , B

(iv) A + B

jg PAz,

(i)

A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9},

(iii)

A , B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} v (iv)

(ii)

27

B = {3, 6, 9,},
A + B = {3, 6, 9}

av 1.30

Utv

Ut

CzsAi

n (A) = 8, n (B) = 3, n (A , B) = 8, n (A + B) = 3 . FU

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 8 + 3 - 3 = 8

Utv

EzjAz,

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B)

Gzgu 1.19

U
Png PAz PVU PAqrj.
B
B
A
c
A a
b
(i) A (ii) B (iii) A , B (iv) A + B U
f i
d e

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) Ai jj.
g
h
j
jg PAz

(i) A = {a, b, d, e, g, h} , (ii) B = {b, c, e, f, h, i, j} ,
av 1.31

(iii) A , B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j } v (iv) A + B = {b, e, h}

DU,

n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = 6 + 7 - 3 = 10

n (A) = 6, n (B) = 7, n (A , B) = 10, n (A + B) = 3 . FU

DzjAz, n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) = n (A , B)

Gzgu 1.20

and
vn (nA(,A B,)B=) =
n (nA()A=) =
12,12,
n (nB()B=) =
1717
and
2121 Dzg, n (A + B) Ai PAqrj.

jg

and
vn (nA(,
n (nA()A=
)=
12,12,
n (nB()B=
)=
1717
and
AB
,)B=
)=
2121 JAz PqVz.

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B) JA vz AiAz,

n (A + B) = 12 + 17 - 21 = 8

Gzgu 1.21

MAz ltz 65% dg v iU v 40% dg EAV iU
Pvg. 20% dg v v EAV Jgq iU Qvg. Egqg Aiiz
iU Qz Pqg dg PAqrj.
jg ltzg dAS 100 DVg. T JAz v i Q dg Ut v
E JAz EAV i Q dg Utzg, n (T) = 65, n (E) = 40, n (T + E) = 20
DzU Jgq avU Q dg ASAi,
n (T , E) = n (T) + n (E) - n (T + E)
= 65 + 40 - 20 = 85
DzjAz, Aiiz Jgq i Qz dg ASAi 100 - 85 = 15
DzjAz, Aiiz Jgq i Qz dg Pq 15 DVz.
28

UtU zAv

AiiAi zs

DzjAz, EU Aiz i Qz dg
Pq = 100 - 85 = 15

EE

TT

45

20

20

av 1.32

Gzgu 1.22

1000 PlAU PAi 484 PlAU zv MU, 552 PlAU C
MU GAiVz PAqAz. J PlAU P AiizzgAz MAi
zg, Jgq MU GAiV PlAU AS J?
jg E JAz zv MAi PlAU UtVg v G JAz C
MAi PlAU UtVg. DU n (E) = 484, n (G) = 552, n (E , G) = 1000 .
Jgq MU PlAU AS x JAg. DU n (E + G) = x .
vAU GAiV,


n (E , G) = n (E) + n (G) - n (E + G)

1000 = 484 + 552 - x

& x = 1036 - 1000 = 36

zjAz, 36 PlAU Jgq MU vg.

D
AiiAi zs

PAz

484 - x + x + 552 - x = 1000

&

&

- x = - 36
x = 36

1036 - x = 1000

DzjAz, 36 PlAU Jgq MU vg.

av 1.33

Gzgu 1.23

50 zyUg vgUwAi, wAi zyAi Utvz Cx ez
Cx Jgqg GwtgVzg. 10 zyU Jgqg v 28 zyU ez
GwtgVzg. Utvz J zyU GwtgVzg JAz PAqrj.
jg M = Utvz Gwtgz zyU Ut,

S = ez Gwtgz zyU Ut DVg.

DU,

n (S) = 28, n (M + S) = 10 , n (M , S) = 50 .
29

Utv

PAz, Jgq iU AiizzgAz
i Q dg Pq= 45 + 20 + 20 = 85

CzsAi

Utv

U n^ M , Sh = n^ M h + n^ S h - n^ M + Sh

50
= n^ M h + 28 - 10

&
n^ M h = 32
AiiAi zs

PAz

SS

M
M

x + 10 + 18 = 50

x = 50 - 28 = 22

Utvz Gwtgz zyU AS= x + 10 = 22 + 10 = 32.

Cs 1.3

10

18

av 1.34

1.

PV UtU UuAU Png PAi P z aj.

U = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}

M = {5, 8, 10, 11}, N = {5, 6, 7, 9, 10}

2. A v B U Jgq UtUzg, A Ai 50 UuAU, B Ai

65 UuAU v A , B Ai 100 UuAU Azg,

A + B Ai J UuAU Az?

M
M

3. A v B U PV 13 v 16 UuAU MUArzg,
A , B g P v Uj ASAi UuAU PAqrj?

NN

av 1.35

4.

n (A + B) = 5, n (A , B) = 35, n (A) = 13 , n (B) Ai PAqrj?

5.

n (A) = 26, n (B) = 10, n (A , B) = 30, n (Al ) = 17 , n (A + B) v

PAqrj.

6.

n (,) = 38, n (A) = 16, n (A + B) = 12, n (Bl ) = 20 , n (A , B) Ai PAqrj.

n (,) Ai

7. A v B U Jgq jv UtUVg, n^ A - Bh = 30, n^ A , Bh = 180, n^ A + Bh = 60.

JAzzg, n^ Bh Ai PAqrj.
8.

MAz ltz dASAi 10000. Ezg 5400 QU A wPAi v 4700

QU B wPAi Nzvg. 1500 QU Jgq wPU Nzvg. Jgq
wPU Aiiz wPAi Nzz QU ASAi PAqrj.

9.

MAz Ai, J zyU sm Cx Cx Jgq Dl

Dqg. 300 zyU sm Dqvg, 270 zyU Dqvg v
120 zyU Jgq Dl Dqvg. Uzg, PVU PAqrj.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

sm iv Dq zyU AS.

iv Dq zyU AS.
Aig Ml zyU AS.
30

UtU zAv
10.

12.

13.

14.

15. A v B U Jgq UtUzg, n (A - B) = 32 + x, n (B - A) = 5x v

n (A + B) = x , n (A) = n (B) Dzg, PAz Ez zAwPj.

(i) x v (ii) n (A , B) Ai Qj.
16.

17.

F PV PPz D st v avP zsAi sUz Ai zyU

Pq vjz.
zs

D st

avP

Jgqg

zyU Pq

55

45

20

F AiU w PAi Jj v Ez GAiV sUz

zyU Pq PAqrj.
(i)
D st zsAi iv sUz zyU
(ii) avP zsAi iv sUz zyU
(iii) Aiiz zsAi sUz zyU
MAz Ai Ml dg ASAi 2500 DVz. Eg 1300 dg A izj
, 1050 dg B izj v 250 dg Jgq izj
GAiVvg. F U z dg Pq PAqrj.
31

Utv

11.

MAz jPAi 150 zyU EAV Cx Utvz x ze CAPU Uzg.

Ezg 50 zyU EAV v Utv Jgqg x zeAi Uzg. 115
zyU Utvz x zeAi Uzg. J zyU EAV iv
x ze CAPU qzg?
30 QU UA, 10 dg PAi vUzPz nAi vUzPvg. 18 d n
iv vUzPvg. w QAi AiU MAz vUzPAqg, J d nAi
vUzPz PAi vUzPvg JAz PAqrj.
MAz Ai 60 PlAU. Ezg 28 PlAU v iv v 20
PlAU Gz iv ivqvg. J PlAU v v Gz Jgq
ivqvg?
MAz Ai 150 zyU 10 vgUw jPAi GwtgVzg. jAi qs
Ptz 95 zyU UA 1 v 82 zyU UA 2 P Cf vg. 20
zyU Jgqg AiizzgAzP Cf zg, J d Jgq UAU Cf
vg?
zv PAAi MAz sUz RVz. C sUzg
Pgg Gzz gU Pvjvg Cx PAU vvg. PAU PV
AiU EwZU g irz.
C sUz 100 Pgg, 55 d Gzz gU Pvjg, 50 d PAU
vg, 11 d Jgq iqg, 6 d Jgq iqgg. Uzg F
iwAi jAiiVzAi?

CzsAi

Cs 1.4

Utv

DAi izj U.
1.

A = "5, "5, 6 ,, 7 , Dzg, EU Aiiz jAiiVz?

(A) "5, 6 , ! A

2.

X = " a, " b, c ,, d , Dzg, EU Aiiz X GUtVz?

(A) " a, b ,

3.

PV PU Aiiz vVz?

(i) Aiiz Ut A U, A Ai A Utz v GUtVz.

(ii) Aiiz Ut A U, Q Ai A Utz GUtVz.

(iii) Aiiz Ut A U, A Ai A Utz GUtVz.

(A) (i) v (ii)

4.

jv Ut AAi m UuAU Azg, z v GUtU ASAi

m
m
m 1
m 1
(B) 2 - 1 (C) 2 -
(D) 2 (2 - - 1)
(A) 2

5.

"10, 11, 12 , Utz GUtU ASAi

(A) 3

6.

PVU Aiiz jAiiVz?

2
(A) " x : x =- 1, x ! Z , = Q

(B) Q = 0

(C) Q = "0 ,

(D) Q = "Q ,

7.

PVU Aiiz jAiiV?

(A) MAz jv Utz Aiiz GUt jv.

(B) "5 , ! A

(C) "7 , ! A

(B) " b, c ,

(C) "c, d ,

(B) (ii) v (iii)

(C) (i) v (iii)

(B) 8 (C) 6

(D) "6 , ! A
(D) " a, d ,

(D) (i) (ii) v (iii)

(D) 7

(B) P = " x : x - 8 =- 8 , JAz MAz KPA Ut.

(C) wAiAz Ut MAz v GUt.

(D) wAiAz z Ut P Jgq GUt Az. Q v Cz Ut.

8.

EU Aiiz jAiiz PAiiVz?

(A) Q 3 " a, b ,

9.

EU Aiiz jv Ut?

(A) " x : x d Z, x < 5 ,

(B) " x : x d W, x $ 5 ,

(C) " x : x d N, x > 10 ,

(D) {x : x JAz Csd AS}

(B) Q d " a, b ,

32

(C) " a , ! " a, b ,

(D) a 3 " a, b ,

UtU zAv
10.

A = "5, 6, 7, 8 , Dzg, EU Aiiz j?

(A) Q 3 A

11.

A = {3, 4, 5, 6} v B = {1, 2, 5, 6} Dzg, A , B =

(A) "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,

12.

" x : x d Z, x2 = 1 , Utz UuAU AS

(A) 3

13.

n^ X h = m, n^Y h = n v n^ X + Y h = p Dzg, n^ X , Y h =

(A) m + n + p

14.

U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , v A = "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 , Dzg, Al =

(A) "2, 5, 6, 9, 10 ,

15.

A 3 B Dzg, A B Ai

(A) B

16.

A Ai B v GUtzg, A + B =

(A) A

17.

A Ai B v GUtzg, A , B =

(A) A

18.

Png PAi t az sU wz

(A) A B

19.

A = " a, b, c , , B = "e, f, g ,, Dzg, A + B =

(A) Q

20.

Png PAi t az sU wz

(A) A B

(B) A 3 A

(C) "7, 8, 9 , 3 A

(B) 2

(B) m + n - p

(B) A

(B) B

(B) Q

(B) A

(B) B A

(D) "3, 4, 5, 6 ,

(C) 1

(D) 0

(C) m - p

(B) Q

(B) Al

(C) "1, 2, 5, 6 ,

(C) Bl

(D) m - n + p

(C) "1, 3, 5, 10 ,

(D) "1, 3, 4, 7, 8 ,

(C) Q

(D) B A

(C) Q

(D) A , B

(C) B

(D) A + B
A

U
B

(D) B A

(C) B

(C) A 3 B

33

Utv

(B) "1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ,

(D) "5 , f A

(D) Al

(D) A , B

U
A

CzsAi

Utv

qPz CAU

UtAz PV gl U AUuAiiVz.

Ut g jwAi wz (i) UuA zw

(iii) PP zw.

MAz Utz UuAU ASAi Utz zs AS JAz PgAiv.

Aii UuA Az Ut Ut Cx S Ut Jv.

MAz Ut Jt zsU UuAU Azg, Cz jv Ut

Jv. Ezg Cz Cjv Ut Jv.

RgV MAz jwAi UuAU Pz gz Ag A v B JA

Jgq UtU Ut Jv.

X Ut Y Utz GUtzg, X Utz J UuAU Y Utz UuAUVgv.

X Ut Y Utz v GUtzg, X 3 Y v X ! Y DVgvz.

A Utz J GUtU Ut A Wv Ut JAz PgAiv. Ez P(A) JAz

av.

m UuAU Ag Utz GUtU ASAi 2 m .

m UuAU Ag Utz v GUtU ASAi 2 m - 1

A Utz Ez, Utzg J UuAU Ut A gP Ut Jv.

Ez Al JAz av.

A v B UtU AAiU, A Utzg Cx B Utzg Cx A v B

Jgq UtUg J UuAU MUArgvz.

A v B UtU bz Ut, A v B Ugqg Eg i UuAUAzz

UtVz.
A v B UtU AztP Ez UtUzg, DU A + B = Q .

(ii) Ai zw

A v B Jgq UtU B UtP jz, Dzg A Utzg J UuAU

vUzPAqg GAmz Ut UtU vVz.

A v B Jgq UtU w v A 3 B = (A - B) , (B - A) JAz

Sz.
A v B JA Aiiz Jgq jv UtUzg,
(i)
n (A) = n (A - B) + n (A + B)

(ii)

n (B) = n (B - A) + n (A + B)

(iii)

n (A , B) = n (A - B) + n (A + B) + n (B - A)

(iv)

n (A , B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A + B)

(v)

A + B = Q DzU, n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B).

34

UtU zAv

ZlnP 1
Al + B , A + B v A + Bl U PU wj.

F UtU AAiU?

Utv

ZlnP 2

Png PAi PAq,

PV PU jAi Cx v

JAz wj.

P. A.

j Cx v

Ut QAi

1.

A1B

2.

B 1 Al

3.

A+B = { }

4.

Al + B = Al

5.

Bl 1 A

6.

Q1A

7.

Al + Bl = A

8.

A , Bl = Bl

35

CzsAi

Utv

ZlnP 3

PV zAzs tUj.

3
6

7
10

12

11

13
J U CqV (QwfAiV) gg zUU CAiUv.
1. A = {o, r, y}, B = {r, u, y}, A , B =
2. C = {k, m, o, r, w, z}, D = {k, o, r, t, w} . C k D =
3. U = {h, i, k, p, t. w}, W = {k, p}, W l =
4. M = {t,e,s}, N = {s} Dzg, M , N v M + N =
5. P = {h, i, k, s}, Q = {g, i, m, s}, P + Q =
6. U = {a, b, e, m, r, u, v, y}, L = {a, b, e, m, u}, K = {a, b, m, r, u, y}, (L + K)l =
7. X = {d, e, n, o, p, s, u}, Y = {d, h, n, o, s, u}, X + Y =
8. A = {a, b, c, d, n, s}, B = {a, d, h, n, t}, A + B =
9. U = {o, p, r, s, u, v, y}, D = {p, r, s, v}, Dl =
10. E = {a, e}, F = {r, e, a}, E , F =
11. K = {n, o, v, w, x}, L = {m, n, o, p, w, r}, K + L =
12. P = {a, d, e, n, p}, Q = {a, b, c, m, n, o}, P + Q =
13. X = {e,h,r,p,s,t,x,v}, Y = {e,m,p,u,x}, Z = {e,n,r,t,w} Dzg, X + Y v X + Z =
36

UtU zAv

ZlnP 4
A

Png PAi PAq, PV UtU

UuA zw, Ai zw v PP zwAi
wj.
(i) A

(ii) B

(iii) U

3
7

(iv) Bl

11
13 17
19

4 6
8 10 12
2
14 16
18 20 15
9

(v) A + B

ZlnP 5
B JAz statistics JA zz CPgU Ut JAz HPj. PV PU
jAi (T) Cx v (F) JAz wj.

(i)

{t} ! B

(ii)

{a, c} 1 B

(iii) { } 1 B

(iv)

n(B) = 10

1
2
3

QAiiAid 1

Ai 8 vgUwAi Nzwg zyU FA (a1) v FA(b1) x CAi

Uq lU Utv PPjAz AUj. FA (a1) v FA(b1) U Uq A2
qg zyU Azt ASAi n iqzg P PV P v Q
JA Jgq UtU gaj. EzjAz, n (P , Q) = n (P) + n (Q) - n (P + Q) JAz
jj.
1
2
3

QAiiAid 2

Aig PlAU MUAi AiAv (washing machine)

PlAU AS, UtPAiAv (Computer) PlAU AS v Jgq
PlAU ASAi PAqrAi MAz PAi PU. EzjAz
AUz zvA PAi wj.
37

Utv

CzsAi

Utv

Gv g U
Cs 1.1
1. (i) Ut

(ii) UtVz

2. (i) 0 d A

(ii) 6 g A

(iii) Ut

(iii) 3 d A

(iv)UtVz (v) UtVz

(iv) 4 d A

(v) 7 g A

3. (i) {x:x JAz MAz zsvP AS} (ii){x:x JAz MAz t AS v x< 20}
(iii) {x:x JAz zsvP uAP v 3g UtP} (iv) {x:x JAz MAz IuvP

sP AS v x< 15}
(v) {x:x JAz Computer JA zzg MAz CPg}
4.

(i) A = "3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,

(ii) B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,

(iv) X = "2, 4, 8, 16, 32 ,

(vi) P = "- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ,

(iii) C = "2, 3 ,

(v) M = "- 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ,

5.

(i) A JAz EAV CPg i (ti)Aig J gU Ut

(ii) B JAz 11 QAv Pr Cx Vg J sP ASU Ut

(iii) C JAz 26 QAv Pr Eg J U ASU Ut

(iv) P JAz set theory JA zzg J CPgU Ut

(v) Q JAz 10 v 20 g qg J Csd ASU Ut

6.

(i) 4

7.

(i)

(ii)
Cjv

21
(ii)

(iii)

jv

1
(iii)

(iv)
Cjv

0
(iv)

(v)
Cjv

(v)jv

8. (i) Ai
(ii) Ai (iii) Ai
9. (i)
(ii) (iii)
(iv)
10. B = D v E = G
11. E, Q Aiiz UuA MUAr Dzg, "Q , MAz UuA MUArz.
12. wAiAz vAzjAz Vz.


0 Ai uAPVz. Ez Ut. Q Aiiz UuA MUAr
"0 , MAz UuA MUArz. CAzg, 0. "Q , MAz UuA MUArz. CAzg, Ut.
(ii) 3
(iii) 3
(iv) M
13. (i) M
14. (i) X JAzY GUt.
(ii) Y JAz X GUt.
15. A Ai B GUt.
16. (i) P^ Ah = "Q, " x ,, " y ,, " x, y ,, (ii) P^ X h = "Q, " a ,, " b ,, " c ,, " a, b ,, " a, c ,, " b, c ,, " a, b, c ,,

(iii) P(A) = { Q, {5}, {6}, {7}, {8}, {5,6}, {5,7}, {5,8}, {6,7}, {6,8}, {7,8}, {5,6,7},

{5,6,8}, {5,7,8}, {6,7,8}, {5,6,7,8}}

(iv) P^ Ah = "z ,
38

UtU zAv
17. (i) 64, 63 (ii) 128, 127 (iii) 2, 1
18. (i) 1 (ii) 8 (iii) 9 (iv) 10

19. A Ai Ut

C = "15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ,

(ii) n^ Ah = 10 , n^ Bh = 10 , n^C h = 11

(iii) a) F

b) T c) T

d) T

Cs 1.2
1.



2.

(i) A , B = "- 3, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 ,, A + B = "0, 2, 4 ,

(ii) A , B = "2, 4, 6, 8 ,, A + B = z
(iii) A , B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} , A + B = {2, 3, 5}
(iv) A , B = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , , A + B = "3, 4, 5, 6 ,
(i) A , B = "1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30 , (ii) A + B = "10, 15, 25 ,

3.

(i) X , Y = "0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 , , X + Y = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20 ,

4.

(i) "7 ,

6.

(i) Al = "0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 , (ii) AJAz 1 v J Csd ASU UtVz.

7.

(i) A , B = " a, b, c, d, f, g ,

5. (ii) X v Y U AztPz UtU

(ii) ^ A , Bhl = "e, h ,

8. (i) Al = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10 , (ii) Bl = "1, 4, 6, 7, 8 ,

(iv) ^ A + Bhl = " a, c, e, f, g, h ,

(iii) Al , Bl = "1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ,

9.

(i) M N= "3, 9 ,

(v) M + ^ M - N h = "3, 9 ,

(iv) Al + Bl = "4, 6, 8 ,

(ii) N - M = "15, 17 , (iii) N l - M = "18 , (iv) M l - N = "18 ,

(vi) N , ^ N - M h = "7, 11, 15, 17 ,

10. (i) A - B = "3, 6, 9, 15, 18 , (ii) B - C = "16, 20 ,

(iii) A + B = " b, d ,

(iv) D - A = "5, 10, 20, 25 ,

(vii) n^ M - N h = 2

(iii) C - D = "2, 4, 6, 8, 12 ,

(v) n^ A - C h = 4

11. (i) U = "1, 2, 3g49 , , A = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 , ,
B = "16, 30, 44 ,

(ii) A , B = "4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 30, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48 , ,

A + B = "16, 44 , ,

n^ A , Bh = 13 , n^ A + Bh = 2

12. (i) X 3 Y = " a, b, d, e, f, k , (ii) P 3 Q = "0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 ,

(iii) A 3 B = "- 4, - 2, - 1, 5 ,

13. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 , , E = "1, 2, 4, 7 , ,

E , F = "1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 11 , , E + F = "4, 7 ,

(ii) n^,h = 8 , n^ E , F h = 6 , n^ E + F h = 2
39

F = "4, 7, 9, 11 ,

Utv

20. (i) A = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 , , B = "2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 ,

CzsAi

14. (i) U = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 , ,

G = "1, 2, 4, 8 , , H = "2, 6, 8, 10 ,

Utv

(ii) G l = "3, 5, 6, 9, 1 0 ,, H l = "1, 3, 4, 5, 9 ,, G l + H l = "3, 5, 9 ,, n^G , H hl = 3,
n^G + H hl = 7

Cs 1.3
U
M

6
7
9

10
11
1.

2. n^ A + Bh = 15

3. 16, 29

4. n^ Bh = 27

5. n^ A + Bh = 6, n^,h = 43

6. n^ A , Bh = 22

7. 150

8. 1400

9. (i) 180 (ii) 150 (iii) 450

10. 35

12. 12

13. 47

(iii) 20

17. 16%

12

13

11. 12

14. z, jAiiVz.
15. (i) x = 8 (ii) n (A , B) = 88

16. (i) 35

(ii) 25

Cs 1.4
1. A 2. D 3. B

4. D 5. B

6. A

7. C

8. A 9. D 10. C 11. A 12. B

13. B 14. D 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. D 19. A 20. C

40

 AS zw

A S z w
Utv

Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and

teaching mathematics
- SIMEON POISSON

R GzU
sP ASU, t ASU, uAPU
jz.
sU
ASU
DvU/CAvU
ziAUV VPjz.
CAvUz v DvUz ziAU svAi
CxPz.
CAvU
Cx
CAvUz
ziAU
ASgSAi wz.

jZq qqPAq

( R ic h ard D edekind )

(1831-1916)

jZq qqPAq (1831-1916)

gg Czsgt Utvdz
P srZ U Gv
Utvd Ag UAU
jz. Eg Cv

2.1 pP (Introduction)

wvz ZlnPU CAvg, P, U, t, s,
, Gv AvzUAv jitU a
J ASU ASU JAz PgAivg.
sP ASU zwAi PiUv gu QAiAi
svAV ASU zwAi AiiVz. Evg
PvUAz U jj QAiAi Utvz
e CAiiUzjAz guU CAiVz.
i JtP qz z PvU sP
ASU CvP Az FfAig Q..1700g Aiz
gU zg. Q..500g Aiz xUg
vvz VP Utvdg CsU ASU CUvvAi
UAqg. Q..1600g CAi IuvP ASU
MP gAv. Q..1700g Aiz Pz
CAi ASU At Ut V
Sz CU PArv ee PAlggg
Q..1871g ASUU Qz SAi az
x QAiiV jUtz.
41

dUtv, dUtwAi AS
zAv Aiz Rz
P irzg v
ASU jPU
CrAi Qzg. PAlg
Crz Ut zAvz
v CxPAq
P Utvdg Eg
MgVzg. mQP
P z jU
swzU
ASU Gv SAiiz
qqPAq Pm JAz vz
PgAiq jPAz
Eg Svgzg.

CzsAi

F CzsAiz ASU P UtPtU Zav. zU,
A vgUwU Pwg ASU g zsU jt.

Utv

2.1.1 sP ASU (Natural Numbers)

gSAi 1 g sUP

s P ASU
JAz
1, 2, 3, g JAz Jt ASU

iv P Ez

PgA
ivg. s P ASU Ut N Az av.

AiiUvz.

CAzg, N = {1, 2, 3, g}

CvAv aP sP ASAi 1 DVz. Dzg Cz gAvgV UzjAz

CvAv zq AS Eg.

Uj

2.1.2 t ASU (Whole Numbers)

AiAU sP ASU Ut t ASU Ut GAliqvz.

t ASU Ut W Az av.

CAzg, W = { 0, 1, 2, 3, g }.

gSAi 0 Ai sUP
iv P Ez
AiiUvz.

CvAv aP t ASAi 0 DVz.

Uj

1) wAiAz sP ASAi t ASAiiVgvz.

2) wAiAz t ASAi sP ASAiiVgQ.

0 d W . Dzg 0 g N .

3) N 1 W

2.1.3 uAPU (Integers)

zAU sP ASU v CU It ASU uAPU Jvg.

J uAPU Ut Z Az avg.

Z JAz d
zz d JA
zAz wz. Ezg
Cx P P

-5

-4

-3

gSAi 0 Ai Jgq

Z = { g - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, g }

U CAvz
AiiUvz.

-2

-1

2
42

 AS zw

1, 2, 3 g U zs uAPU Jvg.

- 1, - 2, - 3 g U It uAPU Jvg.

1) wAiAz sP ASAi MAz uAPVgvz.

Uj

2) wAiAz t ASAi MAz uAPVgvz.

p v q Ugq uAPU v q ! 0 DVg
AS Jvg.

GzguU, 3 = 3 , - 5 , 7 U sU ASUV.
6 8
1

J sU ASU Ut Q Az avg.

p
Q = ' : p ! Z, q ! Z, v q ! 0 ,
q
-2

3) N 1 W 1 Z

2.1.4 sU ASU (Rational Numbers)

Z
W

Uj

- 43 - 12 - 1 0
-1
4

1
4

12

3
4

p
gz ASAi sU
q

Jgq uAPU
q
sU ASU


Ptv .

1) MAz sU ASAi zs, It Cx DVgz.

2) n C n JAz gAizzjAz,
1
wAiAz uAP n JAz sU ASAi
Q
DVz.
3) N 1 W 1 Z 1 Q

W N

R svAU (Important Results)

1)

2)

a v b U Jgq sU ASUzg, a < a + b < b DUAv a v

2
b U q a + b JAz sU ASAiiVgvz.
2
Aia v Gvj!
Png Aiiz Jgq sU ASU
q Cjvz g sU ASU
Egv.

Cv JA z sU
ASUAU
AAPj zs?

Gzgu 2.1
1 v 3 g q Aiizzg Jgq sU ASU PAqrj.

4
4
43

Utv

Aia v Gvj !
Ai MAz zs uAP
Cx It uAP?

CzsAi

Utv

jg 1 v 3 g q sU AS = 1 ` 1 + 3 j = 1 (1) = 1
4
4
2 4 4
2
2

1 v 3 g q vAz sU AS = 1 1 + 3 = 1 # 5 = 5
2
4
2`2 4j 2 4
8

1 v 5 sU ASU 1 v 3 g q PAqgv.
2
8
4
4

1 v 3 g q Cjv ASAi sU ASU Egv. Gzgu

Z
4
4
2.1 g qz 1 v 5 U CU Jgq sU ASUV.
2
8

Cs 2.1
1.

PV PU jAi Cx v w.

(i) wAiAz sP ASAi t ASAiiVz.

(ii) wAiAz t ASAi sP ASAiiVz.

(iii) wAiAz uAP sU ASAiiVz.

(iv) wAiAz sU ASAi t AS DVz.

(v) wAiAz sU ASAi uAPVz.

(vi) wAiAz uAP t AS DVz.

2.

JAz sU ASAi? GvgP PgtU Pr.

3.

- 5 v - 2 g q Aiizzg Jgq sU ASU PAqrj.

7
7

2.2 sU ASU ziA wPgt

(Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers)

p
gAiAv gAiq MAz sU ASAi Azg, W
q
sUPgAz ziA wPgt qAiv.

W sUPg zs p Ai q Az sVzU Uvz Cx

Uz E v U gvAiiU giAi qAiv.
AUw (i) Uvz.
7 ziA gz Prt. DU 7 = 0.4375

16
16

F GzguAi, P AvU Avg Uz Uv.
44

 AS zw

R jP
'

CAvU ziA

p
p
: p ! Z, q ! Z, and, q ! 0 1 ziA guAi CAvzU (CAzg, CAw AvP
q
q
Azg), ziA guAi CAvU ziA Jvg.
AUw (ii) Uz E

wAiAz sU ASAi CAvU ziA guAi AgvzAi?

5 , 7 v 22 U ziA gz
11 6
7
3.142857 142857g
7 22.00000000
21
1.1666g
10
6 7.0000
7
60
30
10
28
6
20
40
14
36
60
40
56
36
40
40
35
36
50
40
49
j
10
7 = 1.1666g ,
22 = 3.142857 1g j
6
7

F Ai GvjzQAv z,
Prt.
0.4545g
11 5.0000
44
60
55
50
44
60
55
50
j

` 5 = 0.4545g ,
11

DzjAz, MAz sU ASAi ziA guAi CAvUPV.

GzguU, U Uz Egz Uv. U P

AvU Avg gvAiiUvz. DzjAz sUz CAQU gvAiiU

(DvU) sU Azv.
45

Utv

0.4375
U 7 g ziA guAi CAvUvz.
16
16 7.0000

Cz jw, W sUPg zs PV sU ASU
64
ziA gz Prz.
60
48
1 = 0.5, 7 = 1.4, - 8 = - 0.32, 9 = 0.140625, 527 = 1.054

120
2
5
25
64
500
112

F GzguU, ziA guAi CAvUvz Cx jv
80
80
ASAi AvU Avg CAvUvz.
0

CzsAi

2
R jP

p
p
: p ! Z, q ! Z, and, q ! 0 1 ziA guAi, Uz EzU, sUz CAQU
q
q
gvAiiU (DvU) sU Azv. F AUwAi,

Utv

'

CAvUz v DvU ziA

ziA guAi CAvUz v CvU ziA Jvg.

APv AQU, gvAiiU (DvU) ASAi z

sUz MAz UgAi JAiv v Gz sUU lqv.

DzjAz, 5 , 7 v 22 EU guAi PVAv gAiz.
11 6
7
5
7 = 1.16666g = 1.16

= 0.4545g = 0.45 ,
11
6
22 = 3.142857 1452857 g = 3.142857

7

PV PP z v sP ASU U ziA wPgt
vjvz. n JA ASAi 1 JAz U Uv. sP ASU
n
sU ASU DVgv.

AS

ziAz zs

1.0

CAvU

0.5

CAvU

0.3

0.25

CAvUz v
DvU
CAvU

0.2

CAvU

0.16

0.142857

0.125

CAvUz v
DvU
CAvUz v
DvU
CAvU

0.1

10

0.1

CAvUz v
DvU
CAvU

DzjAz,
MAz sU ASAi CAvU Cx CAvUz v
DvU ziA guAiiV Prz.
46

 AS zw

F PAi vVz.

Ez GzguUAz zAwPjt.

2.2.1 CAvU ziA guAi P gz wz.

q
p
(p, q ! Z v q ! 0) gz sV

CAvU ziA guAi
q
Prz. F zs PV GzguAi jVz.
Gzgu 2.2

PV z i A g u A i p v q U uAP U v q ! 0 DVg
p
gz P r j.
q
(i) 0.75

(ii) 0.625

(iii) 0.5625

jg

(i) 0.75 = 75 = 3
100
4

(ii) 0.625 = 625 = 5

1000
8

(iii) 0.5625 = 5625 = 45 = 9

10000
80 16

(iv) 0.28 = 28 = 7
100
25

(iv) 0.28

2.2.2 CAvUz v DvU ziA guAi P gz Prz.

q
p

CAvUz v DvU ziA guAi
(p, q ! Z v q ! 0) gz
q
Prz s v F QAiAi A GzguAi jVz.
Gzgu 2.3

PV U p v q U uAP U v q ! 0 DVg

(i) 0.47

jg

(ii) 0.001

(iii) 0.57

(iv) 0.245

p
g z P r j.
q

(v) 0.6

(vi) 1.5

(i) x = 0.47 DVg. DU x = 0.474747g

Jgq CAQU gvAiiUzjAz, Jgq U 100 jAz UtzU,

100 x = 47.474747g = 47 + 0.474747g = 47 + x qAiv.

99 x = 47
x = 47
99

` 0.47 = 47
99
47

Utv

CAzg, MAz ASAi ziA guAi CAvzg Cx CAvUz v
Dvzg, D ASAi sU ASAiiVgvz.

CzsAi

Utv

2
x = 0.001 DVg.

(ii)

DU x = 0.001001001g

g CAQU gvAiiUzjAz, Jgq U 1000 Az UtzU,

1000 x = 1.001001001g = 1 + 0.001001001g = 1 + x qAiv.

1000 x - x = 1

999 x = 1

x = 1
999
(iii) x = 0.57 DVg. DU x = 0.57777g

` 0.001 = 1
999

Jgq U 10 jAz UtzU,

10 x = 5.7777g

= 5.2 + 0.57777g = 5.2 + x qAiv.

9 x = 5.2

x = 5.2
9
52

x =

` 0.57 = 52 = 26
90
90 45

(iv) x = 0.245 DVg. DU x = 0.2454545g

Jgq U 100 jAz UtzU,

100 x = 24.545454g = 24.3 + 0.2454545g

(v)

= 24.3 + x qAiv.

99 x = 24.3
x = 24.3
99
0.245 = 243 = 27
990
110

x = 0.6 DVg.

DU x = 0.66666g

Jgq U 10 jAz UtzU,

10 x = 6.66666g = 6 + 0.6666g = 6 + x qAiv.

9x = 6
x = 6 = 2
9
3

` 0.6 = 2
3

(vi) x = 1.5 DVg. DU x = 1.55555g

Jgq U 10 jAz UtzU,

10 x = 15.5555g = 14 + 1.5555g = 14 + x qAiv.

9 x = 14
x = 14
9

` 1.5 = 1 5
9
48

 AS zw

DzjAz, CAvUz v DvU ziA guAi wAiAz ASAi

p
p v q U uAP U v q P Vgz
g z P r z .
q
sU ASAi ziA g CAvUvzAi Cx CAvU JAz

PAqrAi, PV Ai z.
'

p
p
p
gz

: p ! Z, q ! Z, and, q ! 0 1sU ASAi p ! Z v m, n ! W DVg m
q
q
2 # 5n
P
r
zzg, DU sU ASAi CAvU z
i A g
u
A
i Agvz
.
Ezg, sU ASAi CAvUz v Dv
U z
i A g
u
A
i
Agvz
.

F svA zi zwAi v Czg DzsgV Agvz v 10 g Csd

CvU 2v 5 DV JA vz DzsjvVz.
Gzgu 2.4

dV sVzAi, PV ASU ziA guAi CAvU Cx CAvUz

v DvU ziAUV VPj.

(i) 7
16

(ii) 13
150

(iii) - 11
75

(iv) 17
200

jg

(i)

16 = 24
7 . Dz jAz , 7 CAv U z i A g u A i Az .
7 = 7 =
16
16
24
2 4 # 50

(ii) 150 = 2 # 3 # 52

13 =
13
150
2 # 3 # 52
p

Ez m
gz Ez EgzjAz, 13 CAvUz v DvU ziA
150
2 # 5n
guAi Az.

(iii) - 11 = - 112
75
3#5
p

Ez m
gz Ez EgzjAz, - 11 CAvUz v DvU
75
2 # 5n
ziA guAi Az.

(iv)

Az.

17 = 17 = 17 . Dz jAz , 17 CAv U z i A g u A i
200
8 # 25
200
23 # 52
49

Utv

CzsAi

Gzgu 2.5

Utv

0.9 sU ASAiiV gw.

jg x = 0.9 DVg. DU x = 0.99999g

Jgq U 10 jAz UtzU,

10x = 9.99999g = 9 + 0.9999g = 9 + x

( 9x = 9
( x = 1. CAzg, 0.9 = 1

aAvUV

(a 1 JAz sU AS)

0.9 = 1 JAz z. Ez DAi?

0.9999g JAz 1QAv aPz JAz A Aiavg.
Dzg Ez U. vPAz 0.9 = 1 JAz Vz U
3 # 1 = 1 DVgU 3 # 0.333g = 0.999g JA vzAU F
3
svA gvAi Az.
Ez jw Aiiz CAvU ziA CAvUz v 9g CAvz
sUUAU DvU ziA guAiiV wz.
GzguU, 6 = 5.9999g , 2.5 = 2.4999g .

Cs 2.2
1.

PV sU ASU ziAUV gwj v ziA guAi zs wj.

(i) 42
100
(v) 1
11

2.

(ii) 8 2
7
(vi) - 3
13

(iii) 13
55
(vii) 19
3

(iv) 459
500
(viii) - 7
32

dV sVzAi, PV sU ASU Aii CAvU ziA

guAi A JAz PAqrj.
(i) 5
(ii) 11
(iii) 27 (iv) 8
64
12
40
35

3.

PV ziA guU sU ASUV Prj.

(i) 0.18

(ii) 0.427

(iii) 0.0001

(iv) 1.45

(v) 7.3

(vi) 0.416

4.

1 ziA gz Pr. gvAiiU sUz CAQU ASAi

13
PAqrj.

5.

sUPg zsAz 1 v 2 g ziA guAi PAqrj. W sUPg

7
7
zs zAi, 1 g ziA guAz 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 EU ziA
7
7 7 7 7
guU vaj.
50

 AS zw

2.3 CsU ASU (Irrational Numbers)

v ASgSAi qt. ASgSAi sU ASU

ASU q Cjvz g sU ASU

JAz rz. ASgSAi
sUVgz Cjvz g ASU G.

EAz

jwAi

zzg

ziA

guU CAvUz v DvUzAv P ASU.

DzjAz sU ASU zwAi jPz
CUvv Ez. PV ziA guAi jUt.

0.808008000800008g

(1)

Ez CAvUz ASAiiVz. Ez Dv?

xUg
Q..569 - Q..500

ig Q.. 500g gAi

gz
gAi
zsUz
ASU
lz
z
VP Utvdgz xUg
CAiiU
Azg.
F
ASU CsU ASU JAz
PgAivg.

F ziA guAi MAz izj Ez

JAz v. Dzg CAvz gvAiiU CAQU sUg v EzjAz Ez

DvVg.

DzjAz, F ziA guAi CAvUz v gvAiiUz (DvUz)

ziAVz. DzjAz Ez sU ASAi w. F zsz ASU CsU

ASU Jvg.
R jP

CsU AS

CAvUz v DvUz ziA guAi Ag

ASAi CsU AS Jvg. DzjAz, Ez p v q U
p
uAPU v q ! 0 DVg
gz gAiU.
q
GzguU,

2 , 3 , 5 , e, r, 17 , 0.2020020002g U CsU ASU P GzguUV.

(1) g CAQ 8 Ea Aiiz sP ASAz zzjAz

Z Cjvz g CAvUz v Dvz ziA guU

z.

r U wz P : 18 v i P z Am v e A q g JA g r
JAz MAz Cs U A S JAz z g .

i V 22 (s U A S ) r (Cs U A S ) CAzd A i i V
7
vUzPv .
51

Utv

wz. Png Aiiz Jgq sU

CzsAi

ziA guU VPgt (Classification of Decimal Expansions)

Utv

ziA guU

CAvUz

CAvU
(sU)
gwv

(sU)

gvAiiUz

(CsU)

2.4 ASU (Real Numbers)

R jP

ASU

J sU ASU
Ut v J CsU ASU
Ut EU AAiU
J
ASU
Ut GAliqvz
.
DzjAz, w
AiAz
ASAi MAz sU ASAiiVgvz
Cx
MAz CsU ASAiiVgvz
.
vA
z jwAi, MAz
ASAi sU ASAizg, Cz
RArvV CsU ASAiiVgvz
.

J ASU Ut R Az avg.

wAiAz ASU CUtV, ASgSAi MAz C Az
Egvz v ASgSAi wAiAz AzU CUtV MAz C
ASAi Egvz JAz d Utvdgz eePAlg v Dg. qqPAq
vPV zg.

DzjAz, ASgSAi , wAiAz Az MAz C ASU
CUtUgvz v wAiAz ASAi ASgSAi MAz C
AzAz wz.

PV av ASU GAliq UtU q AAzs zAwPjvz.
ASU R
sU ASU

uAPU Z
t ASU W
s P
ASU
N

CsU
ASU

52

 AS zw

2 g U W sUPg zsAz PAqrAit.

281
2824
28282

Utv

1.4142135g
1 2.00 00 00 00 00
1
24 1 00
96
400
281
11900
11296
60400
56564

282841

383600
282841

2828423
10075900
8485269
28284265
159063100
141421325

17641775

F
QAiAi
v
DvUz
EzjAz,

2 = 1.4142135g

Azjzg,
ziA
CAQU
Agz

2 JAz MAz CsU ASAiiVz.

guAi
CAvUz
Uz
v

(i) 3 , 5 , 6 ,g EU ziA guAi CAvUz v

Z

DvUz ziAVz. EzjAz CU CsU ASUV.
(ii) wAiAz zs uAPz U AiiU CsUVg.
GzguU, 4 = 2, 9 = 3, 25 = 5 g . DzjAz 4 , 9 , 25 , g U
sU ASUV.

(iii) t U ASAiz wAiAz zs ASAi U MAz
CsU ASAiiVgvz.
2.4.1 ASgSAi CsU ASU wz.

2 v

3 CsU ASU ASgSAi FU Ugwt.

(i)
2 ASgSAi Ugwz.

MAz ASg SAi Jj. O Ai Ai aAv v A Ai 1 aAv
O v A AzU
Ugw. CAzg, OA = 1 i. AB = 1 i DVgAv AB=OA Jj.
OB Ai j.
53

CzsAi

2
2

OB = 2
2

av 2.1

O PAzV v OB wdAz, O sUz ASgSAi C bAv
MAz PA Jj. V OC = OB = 2 . DzjAz, C Ai ASgSAi
2 wvz.
(ii)
3 ASgSAi Ugwz.

MAz ASg SAi Jj. O JAz Ai aAv v C Ai
ASAi aAv O vC
AzU
FU rzAv Ugw.
` OC = 2 i. CD = 1 i EgAv CD= OC Jj.
OD Ai j.
.

OCD AP wsdz, xUg AiAz,

OD2 = OC2 + CD2

Utv

OAB AP wsdz, xUg AiAz,

OB2 = OA2 + AB2
= 12 + 12
OB2 = 2

2
= ^ 2 h + 12 = 3

av 2.2

` OD = 3

O PAzV v OD wdAz, O sUz ASgSAi E bAv
MAz PA Jj. V OE = OD = 3 . DzjAz, E Ai ASgSAi 3
wvz.
Gzgu 2.6

PV ASU sU Cx CsUUV VPj.

(i) 11
(ii) 81
(iii) 0.0625
(iv) 0.83
(v) 1.505500555g
jg

(i)

(ii)

81 = 9 = 9 , MAz sU AS.
1
(iii) 0.0625 JAz MAz CAvU ziA.

11 JAz MAz CsU ASAiiVz. (11 JAz t U ASAi)

` 0.0625 JAz MAz sU AS.

(iv) 0.83 = 0.8333g

ziA guAi CAvUz v DvU ziAVz.

` 0.83 JAz MAz sU AS.

(v) ziA guAi CAvUz v DvUz ziAVz.

` 1.505500555g JAz MAz sU AS.

54

 AS zw

g ASUAzg,

0.72022002220002g

0.73033003330003g

0.75055005550005g
Gzgu 2.8

PV PgtU x, y, z U sU Cx CsU ASU avAi
JAz PAqrj.

(i) x3 = 8
(ii) x2 = 81
(iii) y2 = 3
(iv) z2 = 0.09
jg
3
(8 JAz t W)

(i) x3 = 8 = 2

& x = 2 , MAz sU AS.

(ii) x2 = 81 = 92 (81 JAz t U)

& x = 9, MAz sU AS.

(iii) y2 = 3 & y =

3 , MAz CsU AS.

2
(iv) z2 = 0.09 = 9 = ` 3 j
100
10
3

, MAz sU AS.
& z=
10

55

Utv

Gzgu 2.7
5 v 9 g q Aiizzg g CsU ASU PAqrj.

7
11
0.714285g
7 5.000000
0.8181g
4
9
11 9.0000
jg
88
10
7
20
30
11
28
90
20
88
14
20
60
j
56
40
35
50
j
5 = 0.714285
9 = 0.8181g = 0.81


7
11
5 v 9 g q (CAzg, 0.714285... v 0.8181...U q) g CsU

7
11
ASU PAqrAi, ASU ziA guU CAvUz v DvUzAv
g ASU Ptv. Ezz EAv Cjvz g ASU C. CAv

Utv

CzsAi

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2
Cs 2.3

ASgSAi 5 Ugw.
3 v 5 g q Aiizzg g CsU ASU PAqrj.
3 v 3.5 g q Aiizzg Jgq CsU ASU PAqrj.
0.15 v 0.16 g q Aiizzg Jgq CsU ASU PAqrj.
4 v 5 g q Aiizzg Jgq CsU ASU CAvUvUj.
7
7
3 v 2 g q Aiizzg Jgq CsU ASU PAqrj.
1.1011001110001g v 2.1011001110001g U q Eg MAz sU AS
U MAz CsU ASAi PAqrj.
0.12122122212222g v 0.2122122212222g U q Aiizzg Jgq
sU ASU PAqrj.

2.4.2 ASU ASgSAi wz

Aiiz ASAi ziA guAiiV wz JAz
rz. Ez ASAi ASgSAi w U Ai iqvz.

ASg SAi 3.776 Ugwt. 3.776 JAz 3 v 4 g q PAqgvz

JAz U Uwz.

ASg SAi 3 v 4 g q sU
Az qt.
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

av 2.3

3 v 4g q sU 10 sUUV sV v sVz w Az
av 2.3 ggAv Ugw. Avg 3 g sUQg z Ugv 3.1 DVz, JgqAiz 3.2
DVz v UAi AzjAivz. Ez V q MAz zsP Ud vUzP
U 3 v 4 g q sU r. Ez av 2.3 g vjgAv Ptvz. FU 3.776
JAz 3.7 v 3.8 g q PAqgvz. DzjAz, 3.7 v 3.8 g q sU
Ut. (av 2.4)
3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.7 3.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.75

3.76

3.77

3.78

3.79

3.8

av 2.4
56

 AS zw

3.7 v 3.8 g q sU 10 sUUV B sV. z Ugv 3.71
, Az 3.72 avz v UAi AzjAivz. F sU V
q, 3.7 v3.8 g q sU av 2.4 g vjgAv t.

3.7

3.71

3.72

3.73

3.74

3.75

3.76

3.77

3.78

3.79

3.8

3.77 3.771 3.772

3.773

3.774

3.775

3.776

3.777

3.778

3.779

3.78

av 2.5

z Ugv 3.771 , Avgz Ugv 3.772 avz v UAi
AzjAivz. DzjAz 3.776 JAz F G sUU 6 Ai UgvVz.

zsP Uf P ASgSAi ASU wPgtz lz QAiAi
PiUv zsP QAi Jvg.

DzjAz, CUvz PiUv zsPUAz ASgSAi CAvU ziA
guAiAU ASU qz.

FU, CAvUz DvU ziA guAiAU MAz ASAi
jUtt v ASgSAi Czg q Aiwt.
Gzgu 2.9

ASgSAi 4.26 ASAi 4 ziA zgU, CAzg 4.2626 gU
Ugwj.
jg PiUv zsP QAiAz ASgSAi 4.26 Ugwt.

Ez av 2.6 g zAwPjVz.
Av 1: 4.26 JAz 4 v 5g q PAqgvz JAz z UP.
Av 2: 4 v 5g q sU 10 sUUV sVj v 4.26 JAz 4.2 v
4.3 g q PAqgz q MAz zsP Ud GAiV.
Av 3: 4.2 v 4.3 g q sU 10 sUUV sVj v 4.26 JAz 4.26
v 4.27 g g q PAqgz q MAz zsP Ud GAiV.
Av 4: 4.26 v 4.27 g q sU 10 sUUV sVj v 4.26 JAz
4.262 v 4.263 g g q PAqgz q MAz zsP Ud GAiV.
Av 5: 4.262 v 4.263 g q sU 10 sUUV sVj v 4.26
JAz 4.2625 v 4.2627 g q PAqgz q MAz zsP Ud
GAiV.
57

Utv

Avg, 3.776 JAz 3.77 v 3.78 g q PAqgvz. DzjAz, F sU 10
sUUV sVt. F sU V q av 2.5 ggAv t.

CzsAi

Utv

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.3

4.26 4.261 4.262 4.263 4.264 4.265 4.266 4.267 4.268 4.269 4.27

4.262 4.2621 4.2622 4.2623 4.2624 4.2625 4.2626 4.2627 4.2628 4.2629 4.263

av 2.6

4.26 JAz 4.262 QAv 4.263P V Ptz Uv.

ASgSAi CAvUz v DvUz ziA guAiAU MAz
ASAi Pz RgvU q Ez P zVz.

ZZ v lAz, wAiAz ASAi ASgSAi KPP
AzAz wz JAz B wiz. Avg ASgSAi
wAiAz Az MAz MAz ASAi iv wvz.
2.4.3 ASU UtPtU (Properties of Real Numbers)

a v b JA Aiiz Jgq ASUU, a = b Cx a > b Cx a < b .

Jgq ASU v, v v Ut ASAi DVgvz.

z ASAz MAz ASAi sUPg ASAiiVgvz.

ASU AP v UuPgz Dv, vAi, jvAi v

sdP AiUU sU ASUAvAi Mn.

wAiAz ASAi Czg It ASAi Agvz. JA

ASAi IuvP ASAi Cz DVz v JAz zsvP Cx
IuvP JAz jUtU.

Avg, Jgq sU ASU v, v, Ut v sU (Az

sVz gvr) sU ASAi DVgvz. DzU, Jgq CsU ASU

v, v, Ut v sUU P sU ASAiiV jvAiiUz.
58

 AS zw

sU ASU v CsU ASU Pjv PV eAU St.

R jP

2. z sU AS v CsU ASAi Ut Cx
sU MAz CsU ASAiiVgvz.
3. Jgq CsU ASU v, v, Ut Cx sU
CsUVgPV. svA sU Cx CsUVgz.

Uj

a JAz MAz sU AS v

b Ai MAz CsU ASAiizg,

(i) a + b Ai CsU (ii) a - b Ai CsU

(iii) a b Ai CsU (iv) a Ai CsU (v) b Ai CsU
b
a

GzguU, (i) 2 + 3 Ai CsUVz

(iii) 2 3 Ai CsUVz

(ii) 2 - 3 Ai CsUVz
(iv) 2 Ai CsUVz
3

2.4.4 ASU U (Square Root of Real Numbers)

a > 0 JAz MAz ASAiiVg. DU
v b > 0 DVz.

a = b JAzg Cx b2 = a

2 JAz 4 g U
. KPAzg, 2 # 2 = 4 . Dzg - 2 4 g U
Vz. KPAzg,

g
q UAz vqU
l


(- 2) # (- 2) = 4 . Egq

JA aAi v . Ezg

Cx zs
vP U
Vz.

U
P AAzAv P GAiP v
Pgt
U
FU wAit.

a v b U zsvP ASUVg. DU
1

ab =

a =
b

3
4
5
6

a b
a
b

^ a + b h^ a - b h = a - b
^a + b h^a - b h = a2 - b
^ a + b h^ c + d h =

ac + ad + bc + bd

^ a + b h = a + b + 2 ab
2

59

Utv

1. sU AS v CsU ASAi v Cx v AiiU

CsU ASAiiVgvz.

CzsAi

Utv

Gzgu 2.10

PU wgAv Jgq CsU ASU rj.

(i)

(ii) v MAz CsU ASAiiUgAv.

(iii) v MAz CsU ASAiiUAv.

(iv) v MAz CsU ASAiiUgAv.

(v) Ut MAz CsU ASAiiUAv.

(vi) Ut MAz CsU ASAiiUgAv.

(vii) sU MAz CsU ASAiiUAv.

(viii) sU MAz CsU ASAiiUgAv.

v MAz CsU ASAiiUAv.

jg

(i)

CU v = 2 + 3 +

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

(vi)

(vii)

3 - 2 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

CU v =
3 v

2 + (- 2 ) = 0 JAz MAz sU AS.

2 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

CU v =

3 - 2 JAz MAz CsU AS.

3 - 5 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

CU v = (5 + 3 ) - ( 3 - 5 ) = 10 JAz MAz sU AS.

3 v

5 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

CU Ut =
18 v

3 # 5 = 15 JAz MAz CsU AS.

2 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

CU Ut = 18 #
15 v

2 =

36 = 6 JAz MAz sU AS.

3 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

15 = 15 = 5 JAz MAz CsU AS.
3
3
3 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

CU sU =

(viii) 75 v

3 - 2 = 2 3 JAz MAz CsU AS.

2 v - 2 JA Jgq CsU ASU vUzP.

(iv) 5 + 3 v

2 + 3 v

CU sU =

75 =
3

75 = 5 JAz MAz sU AS.

3
60

 AS zw

Cs 2.4
PiUv zsP QAiAi PAq
(i) 3.456 ASgSAi Ugwj.

(ii) 6.73 ASgSAi 4 ziA UgU Ugwj.

Cs 2.5
DAi izj U.
1.

MAz ASAi CAvUz v DvU ziA guAi Azg, Cz

(A) MAz uAP

(B) MAz sU AS

(C) MAz CsU AS

(D) MAz t AS

2.

MAz ASAi CAvUz v DvUz ziA guAi Azg, Cz

(A) MAz sU AS

(B) MAz sP AS

(C) MAz CsU AS

(D) MAz uAP

3.

- 3 g ziA g
4
(A) 0.75
(B) 0.50

4.

0.3 g

(A) 1
7

5.

PVU Aiiz jAiiV?

(A) wAiAz sP ASAi MAz sU ASAiiVz.

(B) wAiAz ASAi MAz sU ASAiiVz.

(C) wAiAz t ASAi MAz sU ASAiiVz.

(D) wAiAz uAP MAz sU ASAiiVz.

6.

PVU Aiiz CAvU ziA guAi Agvz?

(B) 7
(C) 8
(D) 1
(A) 5
32
9
15
12

(C) 0.25

(D) 0.125

(C) 1
3

(D) 2
3

p
g
q
(B) 2
7

7.

PVU Aiiz CsU ASAiiVz?

(A) r

(B)

(C) 1
4

9
61

(D) 1
5

Utv

1.

Utv

CzsAi

8.

PVU Aii CsU ASUV?

(i)

(A) (ii),(iii) v (iv)

(B) (i),(ii) v (iv)

(C) (i),(ii) v (iii)

(D) (i),(iii) v (iv)

2+ 3

(ii)

4 + 25

(iii)

5+ 7

(iv)

8- 3 8

qPz CAU
p
, q ! 0 ziA guAi CAvzU, CAzg CAw AvP Azg, ziA
q
CAvU ziA Jvg.
p
, q ! 0 ziA guAi Uz EzU, sUz CAQU
q
gvAiiU (DvU) sU Agv. EAv AUwAi

ziA guAi CAvUz v DvU ziA Jvg.

p
p
, q ! 0 JA sU ASAi

E p ! Z v m, n ! W gz
m
q
2 # 5n
P
r
zs zg, DU sU ASAi CAvU z
i A
Agvz
. Ezg,
sU ASAi CAvUz v gv
AiiU (Dv
U) z
i A

Agvz
.

MAz sU ASAi CAvU Cx CAvUz Dv

U z
i AV
P
r
z.

MAz CsU ASAi CAvUz v DvUz ziAVz. CAzg,

p
gz gAiU. E p v q Ugq uAPU v q ! 0 .
q
J sU ASU
v CsU ASU
AAiU

ASU
Ut Jvg.
Ez

w AiAz
ASAi sU AS Cx CsU AS DVgvz
.
MAz
ASAi sU ASAizg, Cz RArvV CsU ASAiiVgvz
.
MAz sU AS v MAz CsU ASU v Cx v AiiU
CsU AS DVgvz.

z sU AS v CsU ASAi Ut Cx sU MAz

CsU AS DVgvz.

Jgq CsU ASU v, v, Ut Cx sU CsU

DVgPz CUv. svA sU Cx CsU DVgz.
62

 AS zw

ZlnP 1
PV av PAq, PV wAiAz PU j Cx v JAz
Pgt v GzguAiAU wj.
ASU R

sU ASU

uAPU Z
t ASU W
s P
ASU
N

CsU
ASU

(i) wAiAz sP ASAi uAPVz.

(ii) 0 Ai sP ASAiiVz.

(iii) wAiAz uAP sP ASAiiVz.

(iv)

(v) wAiAz ASAi CsU ASAiiVgvz.

3 JAz sU ASAiiVz.

ZlnP 2

PV wAiAz PU =, f , , Cx + P APvUAU tUj.

E, N - sP ASU Ut, W - t ASU Ut, Z - uAPU Ut,
Q - sU ASU Ut, T - CsU ASU Ut v R - ASU Ut.
(i)

N _________ Z

(ii)

N _________ R = R

(iii) N _________ W = N

(iv)

Q _________ T = Q

(v) Tl _________ Q

(vi)

Z _________ R = Z

(vii) T _________ Q = R

63

Utv

CzsAi

Utv

ZlnP 3

PV avl tUj.
AS
8

sP

uAP

sU

CsU

11

1
4

z
z

r
7

6.32

1.555g

E
E

2.91

16

1
2
3

QAiiAid 1

MAz Ai Cvn v Pg PAq,

wsdU PtV qAigU U gAi gaj.

10 JAz Aiiz

(Cx)

PUz qZPAz
U gAi gaj.

10 JAz Aiiz wsdU PtV qAigU

64

 AS zw

1
2
3

r JA ASAi Ew jQj. F zvA AU z U

n irj.
(Cx)

gid AS 1729 g v wj.

Gv g U
Cs 2.1
1.
2.

(i) j

(ii) v

(iii) j

(iv) v

(v) v

(vi) v

z. 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = 0 = g JAz gAiz.
1
2
3
-1

3. - 4 , - 3
7
7

Cs 2.2
1.

(i) 0.42, CAvU

(ii) 8.285714 , CAvUz v DvU

(iii) 0.236 , CAvUz v DvU

(iv) 0.918, CAvU

(v) 0.09, CAvUz v DvU

(vi) - 0.230769 , CAvUz v DvU

(vii) 6.3 , CAvUz v DvU

(viii) - 0.21875 , CAvU

2.

(i) CAvU (ii) CAvUz (iii) CAvU

3.

(iv) 16 (v) 22 (vi) 206 4. 0.076923 , 6

(i) 2 (ii) 427 (iii) 1
11
999
9999
11
3
495
1 = 0.142857, 2 = 0.285714 , 3 = 0.428571, 4 = 0.571428 ,
7
7
7
7
5 = 0.714285, 6 = 0.857142
7
7

5.

65

(iv) CAvUz

Utv

QAiiAid 2

CzsAi

2
Cs 2.3

Utv

1.

D F H
4

1
A

O
-3

-2

-1

1 1 1
C E G I
2

2. 1.83205g , 1.93205g , 2.03205g

3. 3.10110011100011110g , 3.2022002220002222g
4. 0.1510100110001110g ,

0.1530300330003330g

5. 0.58088008880g ,

0.59099009990g

6. 1.83205g ,

1.93205g

7. MAz sU AS : 1.102, CsU AS : 1.9199119991119g

8. 0.13, 0.20 [Z: 2 jAz 8 ggVg U Cjvz CP jgU A]

Cs 2.5
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. C

5. B

6. A

7. A 8. D

66

dUtv

dU t v
Utv
Mathematics

Mathematics is as much an aspect of

culture as it is a collection of algorithms
- CARL BOYER

R GzU
zU VPjz.
Ai z.
Cv Ai z.

qAisAl
(Diophantus)

( Q.. 200 jAz 284 Cx

Q.. 214 jAz 298)

3.1 pP (Introduction)

MAzP
Az z
PArg Cv ZgU

MU
Aq
Cw QP g

z AAzsU


AQ
V, wP
V, vP
V
P
r
dUtv
z
sAi Czv
z GPg
t
Vz.
gTAi (ax = b) v U
(ax2 + bx = c) Pgt
U
U
2
2
2
v Czs
jv
g CPU


MU
Arg x + y = z UA
Pgt
U
jjz PwzAv djz gv Ff
v dUtv
z
Ew gA
s
v. 4000

U PA
i dUtv

C Av. Dzg, 17
v
i z zs
A
i x
P dUtw
Ai U
v
AAzsU

w
Pg
t
EAAvAi a
lz
PAqAv.
Ev

A
i v
i z DgAP z
i U


vB z z wU
Czs AiV PvU
Arv. F vB z CAzs
Avgz

Pz Cv Cx Dzs P dUtv
JAz PgA
iUwz.

Rz s
vAU

Cv U Utv
z

J sUU

v ez
CP sUU

A
i Ezg
CAiU
qz.

3.2 eQU (Algebraic Expressions)

eQAi AP, P, UuPg, sUPg,
WvAP Cx U Gzgtz QAiU PAq
ASU v ZgAU equAz gaz PAiiVz.
67

qAisAl ig
Q.. 250g fz, zw
Az UtvdVz.
Dzg E P CvvAz
Prz, Cz viUVAv
DPVgz.
CxnP UAxAz Cg
AiiVzg.CxnP
JAz svV 13
PUUAq MAz
UAxVz Czg z 6
PU iv G. ewAi
zsUAz ngzjAz
CxnP UAx AzP
VP UtvzAU C
ivAi Az.
Ai Utvz
qAisAl g
CAzfPU zV
tzz v
tUz Rg
jgUAU xPV Mv
rgzjAz, CxnP
Ai UtvQAv
Vz.

CzsAi

3
3

2
2
2
GzguU, 7, x , 2x - 3y + 1 , 5x - 1 , rr v rr r + h U eQUV.
4xy + 1
P ZgAU MUArzg, Cz P ZgAUg eQ Jg. Aiiz

Utv

ZgAU MUArgzg, Cz gAPUvz. eQAig ZgAUU ASU

DzzU sv ASAi ZgAUU UU eQAi JAz PgAivg.

eQAi + Cx - aAz j gzU, Cz eQAi v Jv .

2
2
1
Ag aAiAU w
AiAz sU
dz Jg . Gzgu
U
, 3x y - 4xz + rx- y
y
2
2
1
JA eQAi vz

3x y , - 4xz v rx- y JA dzU

V.
y

dzz Aiiz sU Gz sUAz UtzU, D sU Gz sUz

2
2
AP (UtP) Jv. GzguU, - 4xz dzz z AP - 4x , UAi
y
y
2
xz AP 4 DVz. AP 4 JAz Aiiz ZgA MUAr. Cz
y
2
2
ASvP AP Jv. 5x y v - 12x y UAv dzU ASvP APU
iv V. EU z zU Cx ewAi zU Jv.
2

MU
Arg eQ JAz jUt

z.
4rr JAAv eQAi MAz MAz z

MAz z

Ag eQAi KPz
Jv . Jgq z
g eQAi z
v
2

g z
g eQAi wz
Jv . Gzgu
U
, 3x + 2xy eQAi z

Vz.
1

UAi - 2xy- + 3 x - 4 eQAi wz

Vz. Jgq Cx JgqQ Av Z zU

g
eQAi z

v .

3.3 zU (Polynomials)

z MAz eQAiiVz, bzU Cx PgtAi aAirAi Aiiz

ZgAUg v PAqg J ZgAU zsvP uAPU WvU Egv.

1
2 4
GzguU, - 2xy- + 3 x - 4 wz z; DzU 3x y + 2 xy - 1 wz x
2
v y ZgAUg zVz. Aiiz ZgAUArg - 1 JAAv z
2
zz gAP Jv. zzg zU ASvP APU zz APU
Jv. zz APU 3, 2 v - 1 DV.
2

zzg dzz Wv D dzzg J ZgAU WvAPU

vVgvz. WvAPU PqU, WvAPz ZgAz Wv MAz JAz

7

jUtz. GzguU, 9xy - 12x yz + 3x - 2 zz 9xy 7 zz Wv 1 + 7 = 8,

3

- 12x yz zz Wv 3 + 1 + 2 = 6, v 3x zz Wv MAz DVz. gAP zz Wv

AiiU JAz jUtUvz.
68

dUtv

MAz zz z UtPzAVg Uj WvAPz zz WvAP

zz WvAP Jv.
GzguU, jUtg zz Wv 8 DVz. gAP KPz 0 Ai

z JAz jUtzg , F zP Wv rg.

3.3.1 MAz ZgAzg zU (Polynomials in One Variable)

F sUz, MAz ZgAzg zU iv jUtv.

R jP

MAz ZgAzg z

MAz ZgA x Eg z
n

p(x) = an x + an - 1 x

n-1

+ g + a2 x + a1 x + a0 , an ! 0 gz eQAiiVz.

E, a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an U gAPU v n JAz IuvPz uAPVz.

E n JAz
2

x, x , g x

n-1

zz

WvAP

a1, a2, g, an - 1, an
n

, x U APV. a0 JAz gAP z. an x , an - 1 x

n-1

PV

, g, a2 x , a1 x, a0. U

z p^ xh dzUV.
GzguU, 5x2 + 3x - 1 zz, x2 AP 5, x AP 3 v -1 JAz
g zVz. zz g dzU 5 x2 , 3 x v -1 DV.
3.3.2 zU zsU (Types of Polynomials)
R jP

dzU ASAi Dzsgz zU zsU

KPz (Monomial)
MAz z MAz MAz z Azg, Cz KPz Jv.
z (Binomial)
MAz z Jgq zU Azg, Cz z Jv.
wz (Trinomial)
MAz z g zU Azg, Cz wz Jv.

1. z WvUg Jgq KPzU vVz.

2. wz WvUg g KPzU vVz.
3. z MAz KPz Cx Jgq Cx JgqQAv Z KPzU vVz.
69

Utv

CzsAi

R jP

Wvz Dzsgz zU zsU

Utv

g z (Constant Polynomial)
MAz zz Wv AiiVzg, Cz g z Jv.
i g : p (x) = c, E c JAz ASAiiVz.
g z (Linear Polynomial)
MAz zz Wv MAz DVzg, Cz g z Jv.
i g : p (x) = ax+b, E a v b ASUV v a ! 0 .
U z (Quadratic Polynomial)
MAz zz Wv Jgq DVzg, Cz U z Jv.
2
i g : p (x) =ax + bx + c , E a, b v c ASUV v a ! 0 .
W z (Cubic Polynomial)
MAz zz Wv g DVzg, Cz W z Jv.
i g : p (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d , E a, b, c v d ASUV
v a ! 0 .
Gzgu 3.1

dzU ASAi DzsgVlPAq PV zU VPjj.

(i) x - x

(ii) 5x

(v) x + 2

(vi) 3x

(ix) 6

(x) 2u + u + 3

(iii) 4x + 2x + 1
4

23

20

(vii) y + 1
2

(iv) 4x

18

(viii) y + y + y

(xi) u - u

(xii) y

jg

5x, 3x , 4x , y v 6 U KPzUV. KPAzg E MAz MAz dz iv A.

23

x3 - x2, x + 2, y + 1 v u - u U zUV. KPAzg E Jgq dzU

iv A.
20

18

4
3
4x + 2x + 1 , y + y + y v 2u3 + u2 + 3 U wzUV. KPAzg E g
dzU iv A.

Gzgu 3.2

WvU DzsgVlPAq PV zU VPjj.

(i) p (x) = 3
2

(iv) p (x) = 3x

(vii) p^ xh = x3 + 1
(x) p (x) = 3
2

2
(ii) p (y) = 5 y + 1
2
(v) p (x) = x + 3

(iii) p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1
(vi) p (x) = 7

(viii) p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2 (ix) p (x) = 4x

(xi) p (x) = 3 x + 1
70

(xii) p (y) = y3 + 3y

dUtv

jg

p (x) = 3, p (x) = 7, p (x) = 3 U g zUV.

2

p (x) = x + 3 , p (x) = 4x , p (x) = 3 x + 1 U gTAi zUV. KPAzg,
ZgA x Uj Wv MAz DVz.
2
2
2
p (x) = 5x - 3x + 2, p (y) = 5 y + 1, p (x) = 3x U U zUV. KPAzg,

2
ZgAz Uj Wv Jgq DVz.

p^ xh = 2x3 - x2 + 4x + 1 , p (x) = x3 + 1 , p (y) = y3 + 3y U W zUV.

KPAzg, ZgAz Uj Wv g DVz.

Cs 3.1
1.

PV eQU KP ZgAzg zU Cx E JAz wj.

GvgP Pgt Pr.

(i) 2x5 - x3 + x - 6

(vi) x3 + y3 + z6

2.

(iv) x - 1
(v) 3 t + 2t
x
PVUU x2 v x U APU gj.

(i) 2 + 3x - 4x2 + x3

(iii) x3 + 2 x2 + 4x - 1

3.

(iv) 1 x2 + x + 6
3
PV wAiAz zU Wv gj.

(i) 4 - 3x2

4.

Wv DzsgVlPAq PV zU VPjj.

(i) 3x2 + 2x + 1

(ii) 4x3 - 1

(iii) y + 3

(iv) y - 4

(v) 4x

(vi) 2x

5.

Wv 27 Ag z, Wv 49 Ag KPz v Wv 36 Ag
wzUU MAzAz GzguAi Pr.

(ii) 3x2 - 2x + 1

(ii)

3 x + 1

(ii) 5y + 2

(iii) y3 + 2 3

(iii) 12 - x + 4x3

(iv) 5

3.3.3 zz U (Zeros of a Polynomial)

vUz
P. x =- 1 , x = 1 v x = 2 g p^ xh

p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 z
U


PAqrAit.
2

p (- 1) = (- 1) - (- 1) - 2 = 1 + 1 - 2 = 0
2
p (1) = (1) - 1 - 2 = 1 - 1 - 2 =- 2
2
p (2) = (2) - 2 - 2 = 4 - 2 - 2 = 0

CAzg, x = 1, 1 v 2 g z p^ xh U PV 0, 2 v 0 DV.

ZgAz P UU zz Ai Aiizg, D Ai zz
JAz PgAiv.
71

Utv

Utv

CzsAi

p^- 1h = 0 DVgzjAz, x = 1 JAz z p^ xh = x2 - x - 2 g AiiVz.

Ez jw, x = 2 g p (2) = 0 ( 2 JAz Pq z p^ xh g AiiVz.

R jP

zz U

p^ xh JAz x g zVg. p^ah = 0 Dzg, a JAz z

p^ xh g AiiVz JAz v.
MAz zz U AS # zz Wv.

P srP U (1777-1855) gg 1798 g v qPgm zAi

Azs Azsz P CxU Aiiz n Wvz
zQAi PgtU RgV n jgU Agv JAz zg.
F svA vA RVz, Ez dUtvz sv Ai JAz
PgAiUvz. Ai vVg Rg Cx dUtwAi ASU PxAi EAz
sUz AiVz.
Z

Gzgu 3.3

p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 , Dzg, (i) p^- 1h (ii) p^2h PAqrj.

jg

p^ xh = 5x3 - 3x2 + 7x - 9 JAz PqVz.

p^- 1h = 5 (- 1) - 3 (- 1) + 7 (- 1) - 9 = - 5 - 3 - 7 - 9

(i)

` p^- 1h = - 24
3

p^2h = 5 (2) - 3 (2) + 7 (2) - 9 = 40 - 12 + 14 - 9

(ii)

` p^2h = 33

Gzgu 3.4

PV zU U PAqrj.

(i) p^ xh = 2x - 3

(ii) p^ xh = x - 2

jg

(i)

p^ xh = 2x - 3 = 2` x - 3 j JAz PqVz.
2

p` 3 j = 2` 3 - 3 j = 2^0h = 0 JAz U Uvz.

2
2 2
DzjAz, x = 3 JAz p^ xh AiiVz.
2

(ii)

p^ xh = x - 2 JAz PqVz.
p^2h = 2 - 2 = 0

DzjAz, x = 2 JAz p^ xh AiiVz.

72

dUtv

Az PgAiv.

DzjAz, zz U CUtz Ai Pgtz UV.
R jP

Ai Pgtz

x = a JAz Ai Pgt p^ xh = 0 vrzg, x = a

Ai Pgt p^ xh JAz PgAiv.
Gzgu 3.5

PV Ai PgtU U PAqrj.
(ii) 2x + 1 = 0

(i) x - 6 = 0
jg

(i) x - 6 = 0 JAz Pnz ( x = 6

` x = 6 JAz x - 6 = 0 Ai Vz.

(ii) 2x + 1 = 0 JAz Pnz ( 2x = - 1 ( x = - 1

2
1

` x = - JAz 2x + 1 = 0 Ai Vz.
2
Gzgu 3.6

Ai PgtU Az agU F PgtU UVAi
JAz jj.
(i) 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0 ; x = 2, 3

(ii) x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0; x = 1, 2
jg

(i)

p^ xh = 2x2 - 3x - 2 DVg.
2

p^2h = 2 (2) - 3 (2) - 2 = 8 - 6 - 2 = 0

x = 2 JAz 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0 Ai Vz.
2

Dzg p^3 h = 2 (3) - 3 (3) - 2 = 18 - 9 - 2 = 7 ! 0

` x = 3 JAz 2x2 - 3x - 2 = 0 Ai V.

(ii)

p^ xh = x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 DVg.
3

p^1 h = (1) + 8 (1) + 5 (1) - 14 = 1 + 8 + 5 - 14 = 0

` x = 1 JAz x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0 Ai Vz.

73

Utv

3.3.4 Ai PgtU U (Roots of a Polynomial Equations)

p^ xh JAz x g z eQAiiVg. p^ xh = 0 Ai x g Ai
Pgt JAz PgAiv.

p^ xh = x - 1 z vUzP. 1 JAz z p^ xh = x - 1 g AiiVgz
Vz. FU, p^ xh = 0 Ai Pgt CAzg, x - 1 = 0 JAz vUzP. FU
x - 1 = 0 JAz x = 1 JAzUvz. x = 1 JA Ai p^ xh = 0 Ai Pgtz

CzsAi

3
3

Dzg p^2h = (2) + 8 (2) + 5 (2) - 14 = 8 + 32 + 10 - 14 = 36 ! 0

` x = 2 JAz x3 + 8x2 + 5x - 14 = 0 Ai V.

Utv

Cs 3.2
1.

2.

PV zU U PAqrj.
(ii) p (x) = 3x + 5 (iii) p (x) = 2x
(i) p (x) = 4x - 1
PV Ai PgtU U PAqrj.
(ii) 5x - 6 = 0
(iii) 11x + 1 = 0
(i) x - 3 = 0

3.

Ai PgtU Az agU F PgtU UVAi

JAz jj.
(ii) x2 + 4x + 3 = 0; x = - 1 , 2
(i) x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 2, 3
(iii) x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6 = 0; x = 1, - 2 , 3 (iv) x3 - 2x2 - x + 2 = 0; x = - 1 , 2, 3

(iv) p (x) = x + 9
(iv) - 9x = 0

3.3.5 zU sUPg (Division of Polynomials)

p (x) v g (x) zU sUPg PV dUtvz sUPg Cjzi
Az PrVz.
R jP

zUU sUPg Cjzi

p (x) v g (x) U g (x) Wv # p (x) Wv v g (x) ! 0 DVgAv Jgq

zUVg. DU KPP zUz q (x) v r (x) U PVAv sVgv.
... (1)
p (x) = g (x) q (x) + r (x)
E, r (x) = 0 Cx r (x) Wv < g (x) Wv.

p (x) z sd, g (x) JAz sdP, q (x) JAz sU v r (x) JAz
Vz.

(1) ( sd = (sdP # sU) +
Gzgu 3.7

10 - 4x + 3x2 x - 2 jAz sVzU g sU v PAqrj.
jg z wAiAz zz zU EP Pz (Cx KjP Pz)
gAit. DzjAz, Png Ai (3x2 - 4x + 10) ' (x - 2) .
3x + 2
3x2 = 3x
(i)
2
x - 2 3x 4x + 10
x
3x2 6x
(ii)
3x (x - 2) = 3x2 - 6x

+

2x + 10
(iii) 2x = 2
x

2x 4
(iv) 2 (x - 2) = 2x - 4
+

14

` sU = 3x + 2 v = 14
( CAzg, 3x2 - 4x + 10 = (x - 2)(3x + 2) + 14 DVz v
sd = (sdP # sU) + gzz. )
74

dUtv
Gzgu 3.8

sU v PAqrj: (4x3 + 6x2 - 23x - 15) ' (3 + x)

Png zU KjP Cx EP Pz gj.
CAzg, (4x3 + 6x2 - 23x - 15) ' (x + 3)
4x2 6x 5
3
2
x + 3 4x + 6x 23x 15
4x3 + 12x2

6x2 23x
6x2 18x
+
+

5x 15

5x 15
+ +

0

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

4x3 = 4x2
x
4x2 (x + 3) = 4x3 + 12x2
- 6x2 = 6x
x
- 6x (x + 3) =- 6x2 - 18x

(v)

- 5x =- 5
x

(vi)

- 5 (x + 3) =- 5x - 15

` sU = 4x2 - 6x - 5

= 0

Gzgu 3.9

jg

8x3 - 14x2 - 19x - 8 4x + 3 jAz sVzU g sU v PAqrj.

2x2 5x 1
4x + 3 8x3 14x2 19x 8
8x3 + 6x2

20x2 19x
20x2 15x
+
+

4x 8

4x 3
+ +

5
` sU = 2x2 - 5x - 1 ,

8x3 = 2x2
4x
(ii) 2x2 (4x + 3) = 8x3 + 6x2

(i)

2
(iii) - 20x =- 5x
4x
(iv) - 5x (4x + 3) =- 20x2 - 15x

(v) - 4x =- 1
4x

(vi) - 1 (4x + 3) =- 4x - 3

= 5

Cs 3.3
1.

PVUU sU v PAqrj.

(1) (5x3 - 8x2 + 5x - 7) ' (x - 1)

(2) (2x2 - 3x - 14) ' (x + 2)

(3) (9 + 4x + 5x2 + 3x3) ' (x + 1)

(4) (4x3 - 2x2 + 6x + 7) ' (3 + 2x)

(5) (- 18 - 9x + 7x2) ' (x - 2)

75

Utv

jg

CzsAi

3.4 Ai (Remainder Theorem)

Utv

Ai
p^ xh JAz Aiiz z v a JAz Aiiz AS DVg.
p^ xh g z x - a jAz sVzg, GAi p^ah DVgvz.
1. p^ xh ^ x + ah Az sVzg, p^- ah DVgvz.

2. p^ xh ^ax - bh Az sVzg, p` b j DVgvz.
a
3. p^ xh ^ax + bh Az sVzg, p`- b j DVgvz.
a
4. E - a , b v - b U PV x + a , ax - b v ax + b JA
a
a
sdPU UV.

Gzgu 3.10

4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 x - 1 jAz sVzg, g PAqrj.

jg

p^ xh = 4x3 - 5x2 + 6x - 2 DVg. x - 1 g Ai 1 DVz.

p^ xh ^ x - 1h jAz sVzU, g p^1 h DVz. FU,

p^1 h = 4 (1) - 5 (1) + 6 (1) - 2

= 4-5+6-2 = 3

` 3 DVz.

Gzgu 3.11

x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 ^ x + 2h jAz sVzg, g PAqrj.

jg

p^ xh = x3 - 7x2 - x + 6 DVg. x + 2 g Ai - 2 DVz.

p^ xh x + 2 jAz sVzU, g p^- 2h DVz. FU,

p^- 2h = (- 2) - 7 (- 2) - (- 2) + 6

= - 8 - 7^4h + 2 + 6

= - 8 - 28 + 2 + 6 = - 28

` - 28 DVz.

Gzgu 3.12

2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 x - 2 jAz sVzU g 13 Dzg, a Ai
PAqrj.
76

dUtv

jg

p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5ax - 9 DVg.

p^ xh x - 2 jAz sVzU g p^2h DVz.

p^2h = 13 JAz PqVz.

3

( 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5a (2) - 9 = 13

2^8 h - 6^4h + 10a - 9 = 13

16 - 24 + 10a - 9 = 13

10a - 17 = 13

10a = 30

a = 3

Gzgu 3.13

x3 + ax2 - 3x + a x + a Az sVzg, g PAqrj.

jg

p^ xh = x3 + ax2 - 3x + a DVg.

p^ xh ^ x + ah Az sVzg, g p^- ah DVz.

3

p^- ah = (- a) + a (- a) - 3 (- a) + a = - a3 + a3 + 4a = 4a

` 4a DVz.

Gzgu 3.14

f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 ^3x + 2h jAz sVzg, g PAqrj.

jg f^ xh = 12x3 - 13x2 - 5x + 7 .
f^ xh ^3x + 2h jAz sVzg, g f`- 2 j DVz. FU
3
3
2

f `- 2 j = 12`- 2 j - 13`- 2 j - 5`- 2 j + 7
3
3
3
3
= 12`- 8 j - 13` 4 j + 10 + 7
27
9
3
= - 32 - 52 + 10 + 7 = 9 = 1
9
9
3
9

` 1 DVz.

Gzgu 3.15

2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12 v x3 + x2 - 2x + a JA zU ^ x - 3h jAz sVzU

g MAz Dzg, a Ai PAqrj U PAqrj.
77

Utv

CzsAi

jg

p^ xh = 2x3 + ax2 + 4x - 12 ,

q^ xh = x3 + x2 - 2x + a DVg.

Utv

p^ xh ^ x - 3h jAz sVzg, g p^3 h DVz. FU

3

p^3 h = 2 (3) + a (3) + 4 (3) - 12

= 2^27h + a^9h + 12 - 12
(1)

= 54 + 9a

q^ xh ^ x - 3h jAz sVzg, g q^3 h DVz. FU

3

q^3 h = (3) + (3) - 2 (3) + a

= 27 + 9 - 6 + a
= 30 + a

(2)

p^3 h = q^3 h JAz Pnz. DzjAz,

54 + 9a = 30 + a (Pgt (1) v (2) jAz)

9a - a = 30 - 54

8a = - 24

` a = - 24 = - 3
8

a = - 3 p^3 h DzzU, U

p^3 h = 54 + 9^- 3h = 54 - 27 = 27 Uvz.

` 27 DVz.

Cs 3.4
1.

Ai GAiVPAq, PVUU PAqrj.

(i)

(ii) 5x3 + 2x2 - 6x + 12 x + 2 jAz sVzU

(iii) 2x3 - 4x2 + 7x + 6 x - 2 jAz sVzU

(iv) 4x3 - 3x2 + 2x - 4 x + 3 jAz sVzU

(v) 4x3 - 12x2 + 11x - 5 2x - 1 jAz sVzU

(vi) 8x4 + 12x3 - 2x2 - 18x + 14 x + 1 jAz sVzU

(vii) x3 - ax2 - 5x + 2a x - a jAz sVzU

2.

2x3 - ax2 + 9x - 8 x - 3 jAz sVzU g 28 Dzg, a Ai

PAqrj.

3.

x3 - 6x2 + mx + 60 ^ x + 2h jAz sVzU g 2 Dzg, m Ai

PAqrj.

3x3 + 4x2 - 5x + 8 x - 1 jAz sVzU

78

dUtv

mx3 - 2x2 + 25x - 26 ^ x - 1h jAz V sVzg, m Ai PAqrj.

5.

x3 + 3x2 - m v 2x3 - mx + 9 JA zU ^ x - 2h jAz sVzU g

MAz Dzg, m Ai PAqrj U PAqrj.

3.5 Cv Ai (Factor Theorem)

Cv Ai
p^ xh JAz MAz z v a JAz Aiiz AS DVg.
p^ah = 0 Dzg, ( xa) JAz p^ xh CvVgvz.
( xa) JAz p^ xh Cvzg, p^ah = 0 DUvz.

Z
Gzgu 3.16

Cv

^ x - 5h DVzAi JAz zs
jj.
p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 JA zz

jg Cv AiAz, p^5h = 0 Dzg, ^ x - 5h JAz p^ xh CvVz. FU

p^5h = 2 (5) - 5 (5) - 28 (5) + 15

= 2^125h - 5^25h - 140 + 15

= 250 - 125 - 140 + 15 = 0

` p^ xh = 2x3 - 5x2 - 28x + 15 g Cv ^ x - 5h DVz.

Gzgu 3.17

Cv

^ x - 2h DVzAi JAz zs
jj.
2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 JA zz

jg

p^ xh = 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 DVg.

Cv AiAz, p^2h = 0 Dzg, ^ x - 2h JAz p^ xh CvVz. FU

p^2h = 2 (2) - 6 (2) + 5 (2) + 4 = 2^8 h - 6^4h + 10 + 4

= 16 - 24 + 10 + 4 = 6 ! 0

` ^ x - 2h JAz 2x3 - 6x2 + 5x + 4 g Cv.
Gzgu 3.18

^2x - 3h JAz 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 g CvVzAi JAz zsjj.

jg

p^ xh = 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 DVg.

Cv AiAz, p` 3 j = 0 Dzg, ^2x - 3h JAz p^ xh CvVz. FU

2

p` 3 j
2

3
2
= 2` 3 j - 9` 3 j + 3 + 12 = 2` 27 j - 9` 9 j + 3 + 12
2
2
2
8
4
2

79

Utv

4.

CzsAi

= 27 - 81 + 3 + 12 = 27 - 81 + 6 + 48 = 0
4
4
2
4

Utv

` ^2x - 3h JAz 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 g CvVz.

Gzgu 3.19

x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 g Cv ( x - 1 ) Dzg, m Ai zsjj.

jg

p^ xh = x3 + 5x2 + mx + 4 DVg.

p^ xh g Cv ^ x - 1h DVgzjAz, p^1 h = 0 DVz. FU

3

p^1 h = 0 ( (1) + 5 (1) + m (1) + 4 = 0

(1 + 5 + m + 4 = 0

m + 10 = 0
` m = - 10

Cs 3.5

1.

^ x + 1h JAz PV zUU Cv DVzAi JAz zsjj.

(i) 6x4 + 7x3 - 5x - 4

(ii) 2x4 + 9x3 + 2x2 + 10x + 15

(iii) 3x3 + 8x2 - 6x - 5

(iv) x3 - 14x2 + 3x + 12

2.
3.

^ x + 4h JAz x3 + 3x2 - 5x + 36 g CvVzAi JAz zsjj.

Cv Ai GAiVPAq, ^ x - 1h JAz 4x3 - 6x2 + 9x - 7 g

Cv DVz JAz vj.

4.

^2x + 1h JAz 4x3 + 4x2 - x - 1 g CvVzAi JAz zsjj.

5.

x3 - 3x2 - px + 24 g Cv ^ x + 3h Dzg, p Ai zsjj.

Cs 3.6

DAi izj U.
3

1.

2x - 3x - 2x + 3 g x v x APU PV

(A) 2,3

2.

4x - 7x + 6x + 1 zz Wv

3.

(A) 2
(B) 1
3x - 2 JA z
(A) g z

(C) W z

4.

4x + 2x - 2 JA z

(A) g z

(C) W z

(B) 3,2

(C) 2,3

(D) 2,3

(C) 3

(D) 0

(B) U z
(D) g z

(B) U z
(D) g z
80

dUtv

5.

(D)- 2
5
(D) x = 3

7.

(A) x =- 1
(B) x = 1
(C) x = 1
3
3
2
x + 2x = 0 Ai Pgtz U

(A) x = 0, 2

(D) x = 0, - 2

8.

p^ xh z ^ax + bh Az sVzg, g

9.

(B) p`- b j
(C) p` a j
(D) p`- a j
(A) p` b j
a
a
b
b
3
2
x - ax + 2x - a z ^ x - ah Az sVzg, g

(A) a

10.

^ax - bh Ai p^ xh g Cvzg, DU

(A) p^ bh = 0

(B) x = 1, 2

(C) x = 1, - 2

(B) a

11.

(B) p`- b j = 0
a
2
x - 3x - 10 g MAz Cv

(A) x - 2

12.

x - 2x + 2x - 1 g MAz Cv

(A) x - 1

(B) x +5

(C) a

(D) a

(C) p^ah = 0

(D) p` b j = 0
a

(C) x 5

(D) x 3

(C) x - 2

(D) x + 2

(B) x + 1

qPz CAU
n

n 1

MAz ZgA x Eg z p(x) = an x + an - 1 x - + g + a2 x + a1 x + a0

, an ! 0 g z e Q A i i Vz . E , a0, a1, a2, g, an - 1, an U gAPU v n
JAz IuvPz uAPVz.

Vg. p^ah = 0 Dzg, a JAz z p^ xh AiiVz

p^ xh JAz MAz z
JAz v .

x = a Ai Ai Pgt p^ xh = 0 vrzg, x = a Ai
Pgt p^ xh = 0 JAz PgAiv.

Ai: p^ xh JAz Aiiz z v a JAz Aiiz

AS DVg. p^ xh g z x - a Az sVzg, GAi p^ah
DVgvz.
Cv Ai: p^ xh JAz MAz z v a JAz Aiiz
AS DVg. p (a) = 0 Dzg, ( xa) JAz p^ xh CvVgvz.
81

Utv

6.

2x - 5 zz Ai
(A) 5
(B)- 5
(C) 2
2
2
5
3x - 1 = 0 Ai Pgtz

CzsAi

Utv

ZlnP 1

Jq sUz Png zUAz,

(i)

(ii)

zU ASAi DzsgV w
zsz P g
zU gaj.
CU WvU DzsgV
w zsz P g
zU gaj.

ZlnP 2

W sUPg zs PAq, 4x - 5x + 7x + 6 (x 1) jAz sVzU

g PAqrj. Ai PAq Gvg jj.

ZlnP 3

W sUPg zs PAq, 2x - 6x + 5x - 2 (x 2) jAz sVzU

g PAqrj. K Aij?

aAw !
MAz z Aiiz EAz zAz sVz.

82

dUtv

Gv g U

1. (i) MAz ZgAzg z.

(iii) MAz ZgAzg z.

(ii) MAz ZgAzg z.

(iv) x WvaAi t AS DVgzjAz, Ez z.

(v) t WvaAi t AS DVgzjAz, Ez z.

(vi) g ZgAUg z.

2.

(i) 4, 3 (ii) 0, 3

4. (i) U z
(iv) U z

2 , 4 (iv) 1 , 1
3
(ii) W z
(v) W z
(iii)

5. ax27 + b, cx49, lx36 + mx35 + nx2

3. (i) 2 (ii) 1

(iii) 3 (iv) 0

(iii) g z
(vi) g z

Cs 3.2

(iv) x =- 9
(ii) x =- 5 (iii) x = 0
3
(ii) x = 6 (iii) x =- 1 (iv) x = 0
2.
5
11
3. (i) x = 2 MAz , x = 3 MAz

(ii) x =- 1 MAz , x = 2 MAz
(iii) x = 1 MAz , x =- 2 MAz , x = 3 MAz
(iv) x =- 1 MAz , x = 2 MAz , x = 3 MAz .
1.

(i) x = 1
4
(i) x = 3

Cs 3.3
2. sU 2x - 7 , 0
4. sU 2x2 - 4x + 9 , 20

1. sU 5x2 - 3x + 2 , 5
3. sU 3x2 + 2x + 2 , 7
5. sU 7x + 5 , 8

Cs 3.4
1.

(i) 10

2. a = 5

(ii) 8

(iii) 20

3. m = 13

(iv) 145

4. m = 3

1. (i) Cv

(ii) Cv

2. Cv

4. Cv

(v) 2 (vi) 26 (vii) 3a

4. m = 5 , 15.

Cs 3.5

(iii) Cv

(iv) Cv

5. p = 10

Cs 3.6
1. B 2. C 3. A 4. B

5. A 6. B

7. D 8. B
83

9. C

10. D 11. C 12. A

Utv

Cs 3.1

CzsAi

Utv

g SU t v

Truth can never be told so as to be understood,

and not to be believed
- William Blake

R GzU
gSUtvz jPU jPz.
iAvg

ZvsdU

AiU

CxPz.

4.1 pP (Introduction)

gSUtv JA z sAi Cv JA Cx
Ag Jgq VP zUAz wVz. PAz
gSUtv AzgV equ irz v vQPV
AWnz ez ZgV z. Ez AzU, gSU,
vU v DPwU UtPtU U CU q
AAzsU CzsAi iqzVz. gSUtvz DgAP
zRU ig Q. 3000 jAz gv Ff v
Azs PtAi qv. gSUtv Sz
zU, SU v HUAz DgAsv. EU
AiU v gZUU AAiiz. gSUtv
Cvz AiVz. Dzg Ez zU vAzP
sVz v g v AiVP CAiU
Az. dU dt iqzg Ezg vUUV
U EwZU, P GzguU zzg Gv
gZAi vU, AiVP DP PAzU, zqzz
Nlz xU v gAdvP PAgU ga
gSUtvz e CzjAz gSUtv
W RvAi Az. zsz MUArg
MAz AUwAi gSUtwAi Ai AiQqg
CAU JA z Pz jVz.
84

(thales)

(640 - 546 Q.)

x gg l
VP ltz dzg.
Eg gSUtv
V wsdU
zAwP v AiVPV
CxPArgzP
gAiiVzg. MAz
vz MU zq
V Ag MAz
wsd gazg, CR
P AiiU AP
DVgvz JAz wAir
Avg x Ai
JAz iAQvUAqz
Eg zg. xgg
gSUtv gqU Jvg
v zqAz qUUVg
zgU PZg iqAv
U jj
wzg. x AiP
GAiU w,
gSUtvP Cz U
ZgU xV z
QwAi EjU vz.
Ezg svAV, Eg
z d UtvdgV
Ugnz v Utvz
CuU UtzsVg
z QAiiV Ugwnz.
Eg V z K
zsU Mg U
Eg iv AzAiz
z vve JAz g
jUtzg.

gSUtv

4.2 gSUtvz DzsgU (Geometry Basics)

A vgUwU FUU Pwg P PU jPz F sUz

z

gu

av
l1

iAvg
gSU

MAz vzg bz gSU iAvg

gSU JAz PgAivg.

l2

Jgq iAvg gSU q CAvg AiiU

MAz DVgvz.
C

MAz i Az Ag Jgq gSU

b gSU Jv. Png Jgq gSUU
iz Az CU bz Az JAz
D PgAiv. avz, AB v CD gSU O
Az bv.

b
gSU

MAz i Az P z U
g Cx a gSU AU gSU
Jv. avz, l1, l2, l3 gSU O i
Az P zUv v EzjAz C
AUV.

l1

AU
(KP Az)
gSU

KPgSUv
AzU

l2

l3

g Cx a AzU MAz g gSAi

zg, D AzU KPgSUv AzU JAz
PgAivg. g gSAizg, D AzU
KPgSUvz AzU JAz PgAivg.

4.2.1 Pz PgU (Kinds of Angle)

PU CU CvAz VPjUvz v jUvz.
W P

A P
B

CP P

gP P

av
O

Cv

+AOB 1 90c

+AOB = 90c

90c 1 +AOB 1 180c180c 1 +AOB 1 360c

gP PU (Complementary Angles)

Jgq PU CvU v 90c Dzg, D PU gg gP PU
JAz Uvz.
Gzgu
U
, +A = 52c v +B = 38c Dzg, +A v +B U gg gP PUV.
85

Utv

GzVz.

CzsAi

jgP PU (Supplementary Angles)

Utv

Jgq PU CvU v 180c Dzg, D PU gg

Uvz.

jgP PU JAz

GzguU, 1120 v 680 CvU Ag PU gg jgPV.

4.2.2 bzP (Transversal)

Jgq Cx Z gSU AzU b gSAi bzP JAz PgAiUvz.

MAz bzP Jgq iAvg gSU Pvjvz JAzP. DU,

g

av

PU +1 = +3, +2 = +4,
+5 = +7, +6 = +8

AUR
Vgv.

Cg PU Vgv.

+1 = +5, +2 = +6,
+3 = +7, +4 = +8

AiiAi
M
Vgv.

PU

+3 = +5, +4 = +6

AiiAi

Vgv.

PU

2
3

5 6

l2

+1 = +7, +2 = +8

l1

MAz zg M PU +3 + +6 = 180c;
jgPVgv.
+4 + +5 = 180c
A

4.2.3 wsdU (Triangles)

MAz wsdz PU v 1800 DVgvz.

av 4.1 g, +A + +B ++C = 180c.

B

Uj
A

av 4.2

av 4.1

(i) wsdz MAz zg, GAmz P Czg

CAvgR PU vP Vgvz.

+ACD = +BAC + +ABC
(ii) ws dz P
Czg Aiiz CAvg R PU
VAv
zqz
Vgvz
.
(iii) Aiiz wsdz, zq U CRz P zq
PVgvz.
D

wsdU (Congruent Triangles)

Jgq wsdU JAz Pzg, MAz EAzg EmU C
gg RgV LPUAwgP.
vU /APv v.
86

gSUtv

gu

MAz wsdz g U
EAz wsdz g UU
zg,
Jgq
wsdU
Vgv.

MAz wsdz Jgq PU

v Aiiz EAz
PP wsdz Jgq PU v MAz
U zg, Jgq wsdU
Vgv.

TABC / TPQR
A

MAz wsdz Jgq U v

MUAq P EAz wsdz
P Jgq U v MUAq
PP zg, Jgq wsdU
Vgv.
MAz wsdz Jgq PU v
MUAq EAz wsdz
PP Jgq PU v MUAq
U zg, Jgq wsdU
Vgv.

TABC / TPQR
P

TABC / TPQR
A

MAz AP wsdz MAz

v Pt EAz
AP AP wsdz MAz v
PtP zg, Jgq wsdU
Vgv.

1.

PV wAiAz PUU gP P PAqrj.

(i) 63c (ii) 24c

2.

PV wAiAz PUU jgP P PAqrj.

(i) 58c (ii) 148c

(iii) 120c

(iv) 40c
87

TABC / TPQR

Cs 4.1
(iv) 35c

TABC / TPQR
A

(iii) 48c

Utv

av

(v) 20c
(v) 100c

CzsAi
3.

PV avU x Ai PAqrj.
D

Utv

(i)

xc

(x - 20)c

(ii)

(x + 30)c

40c
B

(115 - x)c

xc
B

4.

PV wAiAzg PU PAqrj.

i)

Ezg gP Pz Jgqgg P.

ii)

Ezg jgP Pz gg P.

iii)

jgP P Ezg gP Pz gg P.

iv)

gP P Ezg jgP Pz Dg MAz sUVg P.

v)

4:5 g Cvzg jgP PU.

vi)

3:2 g Cvzg gP PU.

5.

PV avU x , y U PAqrj.

(i)

3x 2x
D

6.

(ii)

(iii)

(3x+5)c (2x25)c
B

C
y c 90cxc
O
A
3xc 60c B
E
m1

l1 || l2 v m1 JAz bzP DVg. +F = 65c Dzg, Gz

wAiAz PU CvAi PAqrj.

7.

x Aii U l1 v l2 gSU iAvgVgv?

(i) (ii)
l
(2x+20) c

l2

l1
l2

l1
l2

(3x10) c

B A
C D
F E
G H

2x c

(3x+20) c

8.

MAz wPz PU 1:2:3 g Cvz. wPz w Pz CvAi

PAqrj.

9.

3 ABC Ai, +A+ +B = 70c v +B + +C = 135c. wPz w Pz CvAi

PAqrj.
A

10. sUz
Png avz

, 3ABC Ai BC D gU
z.
+A v +C PAqrj.
B

88

40c

120c
C D

gSUtv

4.3 Zvsd (Quadrilateral)

Zvsd

i Avg Zv s d

DAiv

vd

ePw

vd

ZP

4.3.1 vd, iAvg Zvsd v ePwU UtPtU

(Properties of Trapezium, Parallelogram and Rhombus)
U MAz ev CR U iAvgVgv.
vd

PU w iAvgz U CAvUg PU jgPVgv.

PtU

PtU VgPz CUv.

MAz ev CR U iAvgV v EAz ev

U Gzz Vgv.

PU w iAvg CAvUg PU Vgv.

vd
PtU

PtU Gzz V.

U CR U iAvg v Vgv.
iAvg
CR PU Vgv v Aiiz Jgq PU
PU
Zvsd
v 180c DVgvz.

ePw

PtU

PtU gg Cv.

J U Vgv v CR U
iAvgVgv.

PU

CR PU Vgv v Aiiz Jgq PU

v 180c DVgvz.

PtU

PtU gg APU Cv.

89

Utv

U v AUUAz DvVg gSUtwAi DPwAi Zvsd
JAz PgAivg. Zvsdz J PU v 360c DVgvz.

CzsAi

Utv

(i)

DAiv PAi iAvg ZvsdVz.

(ii)

ePwAi U iAvg ZvsdVz.

(iii)

ZP(U) U v PAi iAvg ZvsdVz.

(iv)

DzjAz, ZP DAiv, ePw v iAvg ZvsdVz.

4.4 iAvg Zvsd (Parallelogram)

CR U iAvgVg MAz Zvsd iAvg Zvsd JAz
PgAivg.
4.4.1 iAvg Zvsdz UtPtU (Properties of Parallelogram )
UtPt 1 : MAz iAvg Zvsdz, CR U Vgv.
zv : ABCD Ai MAz iAvg ZvsdVz.

DzjAz AB || DC v AD || BC
zsAi : AB = CD v AD = BC
gZ

: BD j.

zs :

av 4.3

T ABD v T BCD U

(i) +ABD = +BDC


(ii) +BDA =+DBC

(AB || DC v BD Ai bzP.
DzjAz, AiiAi M PU .)
(AD || BC v BD Ai bzP.
DzjAz, AiiAi M PU .)

(iii) BD Ai i Vz.

` T ABD / T BCD (PP UtPtAz)

DzjAz, AB = DC v AD = BC (Cg U Vgv)

UtPt 1 g : MAz Zvsdz CR U zg, Zvsd

iAvg ZvsdVgvz.
UtPt 2 : MAz iAvg Zvsdz CR

PU Vgv.
zv

: ABCD Ai MAz iAvg ZvsdVz.

DzjAz, AB || DC v AD || BC
zsAi : +ABC = +ADC v +DAB= +BCD
gZ

: BD j.

av 4.4
90

gSUtv
zs :

(i) +ABD = +BDC

(AB || DC v BD Ai bzP.

(ii) +DBC = +BDA

DzjAz, AiiAi M PU .)

Utv

(AD || BC v BD Ai bzP.
DzjAz, AiiAi M PU .)

(iii) + ABD + + DBC = + BDC + + BDA

` +ABC = +ADC
Ez jw, +BAD = +BCD
UtPt 2 g : MAz Z v s dz C R P U z g , Z v s d
i Av g Z v s dVg v z .
UtPt 3 : MAz iAvg Zvsdz PtU gg Cv.
zv

: ABCD Ai MAz iAvg ZvsdVz.

DzjAz, AB || DC v AD || BC
zsAi : M JAz AC v BD PtU zsAz.
zs :
T AMB v T CMD U

(i) AB = DC
(ii) +MAB = +MCD

+ABM = +CDM

(iii) T AMB / T CMD

M
A

av 4.5

iAvg Zvsdz CR U .
AiiAi M PU (a AB || DC)
AiiAi M PU (a AB || DC)
(PP UtPtAz)

` AM = CM v BM = DM

CAzg, M JAz AC v BD U zsAzVz.

` PtU gg Cv.

UtPt 3 g : MAz Zvsdz PtU gg Czg, Zvsd iAvg

ZvsdVgvz.
(i) iAvg Zvsdz MAz Pt Cz Jgq t
Z
wsdUV sVvz.
(ii) iAvg Zvsdz PtU AVzg, Ez ePwAiiVgvz.

(iii) MAz zz , MAz ev iAvg gSU q Eg iAvg
ZvsdU tz Vgv.
91

CzsAi

Gzgu 4.1

jg Ai Pz CvAi x c DVg.

MAz Zvsdz PU vs 360c DVgvz. DzjAz,

100c+84c+76c+ x c

= 360c

260c+ x c = 360c

x c = 100c

EzjAz, Ai Pz CvAi 100c DVz.
Gzgu 4.2

ABCD iAvg Zvsdz, +A = 65c Dzg, +B, +C v +D U PAqrj.

jg ABCD iAvg Zvsdz , +A = 65c.

AD || BC DVgzjAz, AB Ai MAz bzPV jUtz. DzjAz,

+A+ +B = 180c

65c+ +B = 180c

+B = 180c - 65c

+B = 115c

65o
A

iAvg Zvsdz CR PU VgzjAz,

>

>>

>>

Utv

MAz Zvsdz g PU CvU 100c, 84c v 76c Dzg, Ai Pz
CvAi PAqrj.

>
av 4.6

+C =+A = 65c v +D = +B = 115c

DzjAz, +B = 115c, + C = 65c v +D = 115c

Gzgu 4.3

ABCD DAivz AC v BD PtU O bAwg. +OAB = 62c Dzg,
+OBC PAqrj.
jg

DAivz PtU Vgv v gg Cv. DzjAz,

OA = OB v +OBA = +OAB = 62c

DAivz w Pz CvAi 90cDVgzjAz,

+ABC = 90c

+ABO + +OBC = 90c

62c + +OBC = 90c

+OBC = 90c - 62c

= 28c
92

62c
av 4.7

gSUtv
Gzgu 4.4
ABCD Ai ePwAiiVz +A = 76c Dzg, +CDB Ai PAqrj.

+CDB = xc DVg. 3 CDB Ai, CD = CB

+CDB = +CBD = xc

76c

+CDB+ +CBD + +DCB = 180c (wPz PU)

2xc + 76c =180c ( 2x = 104c

xc = 52c

` +CDB = 52c

av 4.8

Cs 4.2
ABCD Zvsdz, +A, +B, +C v +D U 2:3:4:6 g Cvz. Zvsdz
w Pz CvAi PAqrj.
ABCD Ai iAvg ZvsdVz +A = 108c DVz. +B, +C v +D U
D
C
PAqrj.

1.
2.

105o

UqAig avz, ABCD Ai iAvg

ZvsdVz, +BAO = 30c ,

3.

O
45

+DAO = 45c v +COD= 105cDVz.

(i) +ABO

(ii) +ODC

(iii) +ACB

(iv) +CBD

30o

4.

MAz iAvg Zvsdz zqzz P aPzz Pz JgqgQAv 30cPr

Ezg, w Pz CvAi PAqrj.

5.

ABCD iAvg Zvsdz, AB = 9 A.. v Ezg vvAi 30 A.. Dzg,

iAvg Zvsdz w Gz PAqrj.

6.

MAz ePwAi PtU GzU 24 A.. v 18 A.. Dzg, ePwAi w

Gz PAqrj.

7.

PV avU, ABCD Ai ePwAiiVz. x v y U Ai PAqrj.

D
C
(i)

D
(ii)

yc

40c

xc

xc

(iii)

yc

62c

93

D
xc

120c
A

C
yc

Utv

jg +A = +C = 76c ( ePwAi CR PU )

Utv

CzsAi

8.

MAz ePwAi 10 A.. v MAz Ptz Gz 12 A.. Dzg,

EAz Ptz Gz PAqrj.
C
D

9.

UqAig avz , ABCD Ai iAvg ZvsdVz,

+A v +B U CzsPU P Az bv.

+APB = 90c JAz j.

P
B

Cs 4.3

DAi izj U.
1.

MAz P Czg jgPz g MAz sUP zg, Czg CvAi

(A) 40c

2.

Png avz

, OP Ai +BOC Ai v OQ Ai +AOC Ai Cvz
.
+POQ U zz
C
Q
P
(A) 90c
(B) 120c

(C) 60c

3.

MAz Pz gP CzQAv 60o ZVz. DU D P

(A ) 25c

4.

MAz Pz gPz Dgg Czg jgPz JgqgQAv 12o PrAiizg, Pz

CvAi

(A) 48c

5.

Png avz

, + B:+ C = 2:3 Dzg, + B CvAi

(B) 50c

(C) 45c

(D)

(D) 100c

(B) 30c

55c

(C) 15c (D) 35c

(B) 96c

(C) 24c
A

(D) 58c

130c

(A) 120c

(B) 52c

(C) 78c

(D) 130c

6.

ABCD iAvg Zvsdz, E Ai AB Ai zsAzVz v CE Ai

+ BCD Ai Cvz. + DEC Ai CvAi

(A) 60c

(B) 90c

(C) 100c

94

(D) 120c

gSUtv

qPz CAU
iAvg Zvsdz, CR PU Vgv.
iAvg Zvsdz PtU gg Cv.
DAiv PAi iAvg ZvsdVz.
ePwAi U iAvg ZvsdVz.
ZP (U) U v PAiz iAvg ZvsdVz.
DzjAz, ZP DAiv, ePw v iAvg ZvsdVz.
w Pt iAvg Zvsd Jgq wsdUV sVvz.
MAz iAvg Zvsdz PtU Azg, Cz ePwAiiUvz.
MAz zz v MAz iAvg gSU q Eg iAvg ZvsdU
tU Vgv.
MAz Pt iAvg Zvsd t Jgq wsdUV sVvz.

ZlnP 1

MAz Zvsd Jj v w zsAz PAqrj.

U zsAzU jj.

1. GAmU av?
2. Ez wAiAz ZvsdP vUvzAi?
3. gV Zvsdz zuU CUtV MV Zvsd U zUvz?

ZlnP 2

gn AiAz MAz iAvg Zvsd irP. Jgq wsdU qAi

Ptz P Pvj.

MAz wsdz EAz wsd Er. K Uj?

Ez ZlnPAi g PtzAU gwj.

95

Utv

iAvg Zvsdz, CR U Vgv.

CzsAi

Utv

ZlnP 3

iAvg Zvsdz PtU Jj U gZAiiz wsdU Pvjj.

MAzg Az erzjAz Jgq ev wsdUgz Uj.

1
2
3

QAiiAid 1

Gz : Zvsdz M PU v vZz.

CUvz V: qAU , Cvn, PiP v PvjU.

ZU:
1.

avlz Cx Us Ai zs PgU ZvsdU Jj.

2.

wAiAz sU (vAq) Zvsdz MAz P AU PV AgAv,

Zvsd sUUV Pvjj.

3.

Zvsdz J PU v CU Cv iqzAi PAqrAi

AiUAv PU PzUj.

4.

PU CAizjAz v PP tUzjAz svA

jj.
J
PU
Zvsdz g
P 1
P 2
P 3
P 4
v
iAvg
Zvsd
DAiv
ZP (U)
ePw
vd

96

gSUtv

1
2
3

QAiiAid 2

Gz : iAvg Zvsdz UtPtU wAiz.

CUvz V: qAU , Cvn, PiP v PvjU.

Utv

ZU:
1.
2.

PAi Ai zs PgU ZvsdU Pvjj.

Pvjz sUU GAiVPAq, Png PP Cx #
UgvUAz tUj.
UtPt

ZP (U)

ePw

CR U
Vgv
CR U
iAvgVgv
U
Vgv
J PU 90c
DVgv
CR PU
Vgv
PtU gg
Cv
PtU 90c Ai
Cv
PtU Ez Jgq
wsdUV
sVv
PtU Gzz
Vgv
97

DAiv

iAvg
Zvsd

CzsAi

Utv

Gv g U
Cs 4.1
1. (i) 27c (ii) 66c (iii) 42c (iv) 55c

(v) 70c 2. (i) 122c (ii) 32c (iii) 60c

(iv) 140

(v) 80c 3. (i) 80c (ii) 35c 4. (i) 60c (ii) 144c (iii) 60c (iv) 72c (v) 80c,100c

(vi) 54c,36c 5. (i) 36c (ii) 40c (iii) 40c,50c

6. (i) + A = + C = + E = + G =115c ,
8. 30c ,60c,90c

+ B = + D = + H = 65c

9. 45c,25c,110c

7. (i) 30c (ii) 32c

10. 80c,60c

Cs 4.2
1. 48c,72c ,96c ,144c

2. 72c ,108c,72c

3. (i) 45c (ii) 45c (iii) 45c (iv) 60c

4. 70c, 110c , 70c, 110c

5. l = 9 , b = 6

6. 15

7. (i) 50c, 50c (ii) 31c , 59c (iii) 30c, 30c

Cs 4.3
1. C 2. A 3. C

4. A 5. B

6. B

98

8. 16

zP gSUtv

z P g SU t v
Utv

I hope that posterity will judge me kindly, not only

as to the things which I have explained, but also as to
those which I have intentionally omitted so as to leave
to others the pleasure of discovery
- Rene Descartes

R GzU

PnAi zP zwAi Cxz.

QweAP (x-CP), HzsAP (y-CP) v AzU

zAPU vZz.

vz AzU Ugwz.

Jgq AzU q zg PAqrAiz.

5.1 pP (Introduction )
zP gSUtv Cx uvP gSUtv
gSUtvz (ewAi MAz zwAiiVz, E vz
AzU zAPU JAz PgAiq
ASU Ctv AiUU jVz. AzU
j F zs sAZ Utvdgz g qPmgg
jZzg. F vAv PgtUAz gSU
v PU jz JAz Eg zg.
EzjAz dUtv v gSUtv z zAvv.
F PAiz UgxV, AzU zAPU
PnAi zAPU v zP v
PnAi zP v JAz avg. uvP
gSUtvz CuAi DzsP Utvz gAsVz.

F CzsAiz, PnAi zP zwAi
GAiVPAq U AzU wz v
zPU zU Jgq AzU q zg
PAqrAi v wz U JAz PAit.
99

q P m
(DESCARTES)

(1596-1650)

qPmgg sv
v RUAz
glz CUzsV
ju jzPV vP
v eP zsz
GAiU Mw
aAvAi zwAi
ga AiwzPV
B Eg DzsP
vvz v
JAz PgAiUvz.
qPmgg uvP
gSUtv a Wvz
PgtUV j
CAPUtwAiU
simgjVAv
A APvU
zg. vz
gg AVg
Jgq gSUAz
CAvg Png MAz
Az Jgq
ASU qzjAzzAPUAzUz
AtV qPmgg
AzsAiiVz.

CzsAi

Utv

5.2 PnAi zP zw (Cartesian Coordinate System )

Y

AS zwAi CzsAiz,
8
ASgSAi ASU
7
U wz JAz Pwj.
6
sU Cx CsU DVg wAiAz
5

ASAi
ASgSAi

4
C Az. V,
3
ASgSAi g P Az Ezg
2
zP JAz PgAi AS x Az
1
Uz. UAi, PnAi
zP zwAi GAiV, vz
O 1
2
3
4
5
6X
X -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
P Az Ezg zPU JAz PgAi
-1
Jgq ASUAz Uz.
-2
-3

PnAi zP z w Cx
-4
DAiv zP z wAi Jgq
A
-5
ASg SU

MU
Arz. Cz zP
-6
CPU

Jv . av 5.1 g vjgAv Jgq
-7
ASg SU
Az bv
v
Y
bz Az PAz () O Jv .
av 5.1
iV QwfAi ASgSAi x-CP
JAz v A ASgSAi y-CP JAz
PgAiv. Az x-zP y-CPz sUz zsvPV v y-CPz JqsUz
IuvPVgvz.
UAi,
Az
Y
y-zP x-CPz Uz zsvPV
8
v PsUz IuvPVgvz.
7
P(x, y)
y
Jgq CPU MAz CvAi (CAvgz
6
MAz i) v.
5
5.2.1 MAz Az zPU


4
PnAi zwAi, vz Aiiz
3
Az P Ai
ASU
CtvA iUz
AU
2

v

AiVgvz
. F ASAi qA i,
1
P Az P CPU

U i Avg
V
O 1 2
3
4 x 5
6X
X -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Jgq gSU

JAiv . CPz

AU
-1
Jgq gSU
b AzU zPU

U
-2
DQ Az. x-CPz
x-zP v
-3
y-CPz
y-zP JA Jgq zPU

.
-4
x-zP

QweAPA z v y-zP


-5
Hzs
APA z PgA iv . P AzAVg
-6
Jgq ASU

P zPU


g . CU

-7
iV (x, y) JAz gAiv . QweAP

Y
z v Hzs
AP
Avg gAiv .
av 5.2

100

zP gSUtv

Uj

3. Az v Az zPU JA zU CzzV Uvz.

5.2.2 x-zP vZz (Identifying the x-coordinate)

Y

MAz

x-zP

Az

Cx

QweAP y-CPz JqP Cx P Az

7
6

zg v P a AiiVz. P

Az x-zP PAqrAi:

Q
3

(i)

P AzAz x-CPP A Jj.

(ii)

gSAi x-CP A ASAi

x-zPz AiiVz.

2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1

av 5.3 g P x-zP 1 v Q
x-zP 5 DVz.

-2
-3
-4
-5

-6

8
-7

av 5.3

5
4
3

2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

6X

5.2.3 y-zP vZz (Identifying

the y-coordinate)


MAz Az y-zP Cx
HzsAP x-CPz Cx PU Az
zg v P a AiiVz. P
Az y-zP PAqrAi:
(i) P AzAz y-CPP A Jj.
(ii) gSAi y-CP A ASAi
y-zPz AiiVz.

-6

av 5.4 g P y-zP 6 v Q

-7

y-zP 2 DVz.

av 5.4
101

Utv

1. (a, b) CtvAiUz, a v b Jgq zsvU Pz

niqVz. DU (a, b) v (b, a ) CtvAiUU Vg.
CAzg (a, b) ! (b, a) .
2. U (a1, b1) = (a2, b2) JAz a1 = a2 v b1 = b2 UU V.

CzsAi

5
(i) x-CPz Aiiz AzU, y-zPz Ai (HzsAP) Vz.

(ii) y-CPz Aiiz AzU, x-zPz Ai (QweAP) Vz.

Y

Utv

5.2.4 ZvxAPU (Quadrants)

DAivPgz zP z wAi MU
Aq
v PnAi v Jvg. zP
CPU

v sUU
V AUrv
. Cz
Zv xAPU
Jv . av 5.5 g vjgAv
Cz
Q u
A
iiV ASU
Vz. x-zP
I v
IV Zv xAPU

zs
vP
Vz U II v III
Zv xAPz
IuvP
Vz. y-zP
I v II
Zv xAPz
zs
vP
Vz U III v IV
Zv xAPz
IuvP
Vz. zPU

aAi av
5.5 g vjgAv Dgt
z qVz.

Y l av 5.5

ZvxAP

x, y g

zPU aU

XOY

x > 0, y > 0

+, +

Xl OY
Xl OYl

II

x < 0, y > 0

III

x < 0, y < 0

-, +
-, -

XOYl

IV

x > 0, y < 0

+, -

Y
8
7

P(5, 6)

6
5
4
3
2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

av 5.6

6X

Xl

5.2.5 PnAi zP zwAi AzU

Ugwz (Plotting Points in Cartesian
Coordinate System)

FU MAz GzguAi P
PnAi zP zwAi Az
Ugwz zAwPjt. PnAi
zP zwAi (5,6) Az Ugw
x-CPz P V 5 Ugw, x = 5 g
AgSAi Jj. UAi y-CPz V
6 Ugw, y = 6 g QweAP Cx Cq
gSAi Jj. Jgq gSU b
PnAi vz (5, 6) g
Vz.

CAzg, PAz
Az x-CPz
zs
vP
Q
5 iU
v y-CPz
zs
vP Q

6 iU
Z v CUtz Az
Ugw. F Az y-CP
Az 5 iU
v
x-CP
Az 6 iU
CAvgz

g
vz
. U (5, 6) g

PnAi vz UgwUvz
.
102

zP gSUtv
Gzgu 5.1

DAivPg zP zwAi PV AzU Ugwj.

(i) A (5, 4)

(ii) B (- 4, 3)

(iii) C (- 2, - 3) (iv) D (3, - 2)

PnAi vz F Jgq gSU bz (5, 4) g Vz.

U, A (5, 4) Az PnAi vz UgwUvz.
Y
8
7
6
5

A(5, 4)
4

B(-4, 3)
3
2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1
-2

D(3, -2)
-3

C(-2, -3)

-4
-5
-6
-7

av 5.7

(ii) (- 4, 3 ) Ugw, x=- 4 g A gSAi v y = 3 g QweAP

gSAi Jj. F Jgq gSU bz PnAi vz (- 4, 3 )
g Vz. U, B(- 4, 3 ) Az PnAi vz UgwUvz.

(iii) (- 2, - 3 ) Ugw, x =- 2 g A gSAi v y =-3 g QweAP

gSAi Jj. F Jgq gSU bz PnAi vz (- 2, - 3 )
g Vz. U, C(- 2, - 3 ) Az PnAi vz UgwUvz.

(iv) (3, - 2) Ugw, x =3 g A gSAi v y =-2 g QweAP

gSAi Jj. F Jgq gSU bz PnAi vz (3, - 2)
g Vz. U, D (3, - 2) Az PnAi vz UgwUvz.
103

Utv

jg (i) (5,4) Ugw, x = 5 g AgSAi v y = 4 g QweAP gSAi Jj.

CzsAi

Gzgu 5.2

(i) (3, 5) v (5, 3) (ii) (- 2, - 5) v (- 5, - 2) AzU DAivPg zP
zwAi Ugwj.
Y
8
jg

Utv

7
6

B(3, 5)
5
4

A(5, 3)

3
2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1
-2

C(5,2)
-3
-4
-5

D(2,5)
-6
-7

Uj

av 5.8

MAz Az QweAP v HzsAP Cz z irzU,

PnAi vz Ez Az avz JAz Uj.

Gzgu 5.3

(- 1, 0), (2, 0), (- 5, 0) v (4, 0) AzU PnAi vz Ugwj.
Y

jg

8
7
6
5
4
3

X -5

-4

-3

-2

1
O 1

-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

av 5.9

104

(4, 0)

(2, 0)

(5, 0)

(1, 0)

6X

zP gSUtv
Gzgu 5.4

(0, 4), (0,- 2), (0, 5) v (0,- 4) AzU PnAi vz Ugwj.
Y

jg

Utv

7
6

(0, 5) 5
(0, 4) 4
3
2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1

(0, 2) -2
-3

(0, 4) -4
-5
-6
-7

av 5.10

Gzgu 5.5

(i) (- 1, 2), (ii) (- 4, 2), (iii) (4, 2) v (iv) (0, 2) AzU Ugwj. F AzU
U U j?
Y

jg

8
7
6
5
4
3

(4, 2)

(1, 2)

(0, 2)

(4, 2)

2
1

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

av 5.11
F AzU jzU, C x-CPP iAvgVg gSAi Egz qj.
105

CzsAi

5
x-CPP iAvgVg gSAig AzU y - zPU Vgv.

Z
Gzgu 5.6

A (2, 3), B (- 2, 3), C (- 2, - 3) v D (2, - 3) AzU ZvxAPU vaj.

Utv

J AzU jzU GAmU DPwAi

Y
8

U Zaj.

jg

A
I

Az
ZvxAP

B
II

C
III

D
IV

(2, 3)

(2, 3)
3
2

ABCD Ai DAivVz.

DAivz Gz, CU v t
PAqrAig?

X -5

-4

-3

-2

O 1

-1

6X

-1
-2
-3

(2, 3)

(2, 3)
-4
-5
-6
-7

Y
8

Gzgu 5.7

av 5.12

w ZP KPi ZPVg av
5.13 g vjg AzU zPU

6
5

F
4

PAqrj.

B
G
X -5

-4

-3

jg

O 1

-1

6X

-1

D
C

vUzP. A Ai

x-CPz zsvP Q P PAzAz 3

1
-2

A Az

PAzAz 2 iU CAvgzz. DzjAz A

-2
-3

iU v y-CPz zsvP Q P

zPU (3, 2) DV.

-4

UAi, B Ai (- 3, 2), C Ai (- 2, - 2),

-5

-6

D Ai (2, - 1), E Ai (5, - 3), F Ai (3, 4) v

-7

av 5.13

G Ai (- 3, 1) DVz.
106

zP gSUtv

Cs 5.1
PV PU jAi/v wj.
(i) (5, 7) Az IV ZvxAPzz.

(ii) (- 2, - 7) Az III ZvxAPzz.

(iii) (8, - 7) Az x-CPz PsUzz.

(iv) (5, 2) v (- 7, 2) AzU y-CPP iAvgVg gSAi .

(v) (- 5, 2) Az y-CPz JqsUzz.

(vi) (0, 3) Az x-CPz AzVz.

(vii) (- 2, 3) Az II ZvxAPzz.

(viii) (- 10, 0) Az x-CPz AzVz.

(ix) (- 2, - 4) Az x-CPz Uzz.

(x)

2.

zP zwAi PV AzU Ugwj v CU ZvxAPU aj.

(i) (5, 2)
(vi) (0, 3)

3.

PV AzU QweAPU (x-CP) gj.

(i) (- 7, 2)

4.

PV AzU HzsAPU (y-CP) gj.

(i) (7, 5)

5.

PV AzU zP vz Ugwj.

(i) (4, 2)

CU jzU Vgvz?

6.

Jgq AzU wAiAz HzsAPU - 6 DVzg, CU j gSAi

x-CPP AAzAv Vgvz?

7.

Jgq AzU QweAP 0 Dzg, CU jzU Vgvz?

8.

A (- 3, 4), B (2, 4), C (- 3, - 1) v D (2, - 1) AzU PnAi vz

Ugwj. A v B, B v C, C v D, U D v A AzU j qAi
DPwAi w.

9.

DAivPg CPUAU O (0, 0), A (5, 0), B (5, 4) AzU Ugwj. OABC Ai
DAivPgUAv C Az zP PAqrj.

10.

ABCD DAivz, A, B v
zPU?

x-CPz Aiiz Az y-zP Vz.

(ii) (- 1, - 1)
(vii) (4, - 5)
(ii) (3, 5)
(ii) (2, 9)
(ii) (4, - 5)

(iii) (7, 0)

(iv) (- 8, - 1)

(viii) (0, 0)

(ix) (1, 4)

(iii) (8, - 7)
(iii) (- 5, 8)
(iii) (4, 0)

(v) (0, - 5)
(x) (- 5, 7)

(iv) (- 5, - 3)
(iv) (7, - 4)
(iv) (4, - 2)

D U zPU (0, 0) (4, 0) (0,3) Dzg, C

107

Utv

1.

CzsAi

Utv

5.3 Aiiz Jgq AzU q CAvg (Distance between any Two Points )
uvP gSUtvzAU iqzz gz PAiU Jgq AzU
q CAvg Qz MAzVz. A v B q CAvg iV AB JAz
av.
y

5.3.1 zP CPU g Jgq AzU q

CAvg (Distance between two points on coordinate
axes)

Jgq AzU x-CPz zg, EU q
CAvg PAqrAiz sVz. KPAzg EU
CAvg x zPU q vP Vgvz. xl
x-CPz A(x1, 0) v B (x2, 0) JA Jgq AzU
vUzP.

A
x1

B
x2

x2 x1

A Az B Vg CAvg = AB = OB - OA

= x2 2 x1 DVzg, x2 - x1

yl

= x1 2 x2 DVzg, x1 - x2

` AB = x2 - x1

av 5.14

Ez jw, Jgq AzU y-CPz zg, EU

q CAvg y zPU q vP Vgvz.

y2

y-CPz A (0, y1) v B (0, y2) JA Jgq AzU

A

vUzP.
A Az B Vg CAvg = AB = OB - OA

y1

y2y1

xl

= y2 2 y1 DVzg, y2 - y1
= y1 2 y2 DVzg, y1 - y2

` AB = y2 - y1

yl

av 5.15

5.3.2 zP CPUU iAvgVg gSAig Jgq AzU q CAvg (Distance

between two points on a line parallel to coordinate axes)
y

A(x1, y1) v B (x2, y1) AzU vUzP. EU

y-zPU

VgzjAz,

Jgq

AzU

x-CPP iAvgVg gSAigv. x-CPP AV AP

v BQ Jj. A v B U q CAvg, P v
Q U q CAvgP Vgvz. DzjAz,
AB Ai CAvg = PQ CAvg = x1 - x2 .

A(x1, y1)

B(x2, y1)

xl Q

yl
av

108

5.16

zP gSUtv

y-CPP

iAvgVg

gSAi

A (x1, y1) v B (x1, y2) AzU

A(x1, y1)

y-CPP

vUzP.

CAvg, P v Q U q CAvgP Vgvz. DzjAz, xl

AB Ai CAvg = PQ CAvg = y1 - y2

B(x1, y2)

yl

av 5.17

U
j

zP CPUU iAvgVg gSAi g Jgq AzU q

CAvg CP zPU q vz gP iVgvz.

5.3.3 Jgq AzU q CAvg (Distance between two points)

A^ x1, y1h v B^ x2 y2h U MAz vz Aiiz Jgq AzUVg. U

Egq AzU q CAvg PAqrAit.

P v Q U PV A v B UAz Jg

B(x2, y2)

AU zU DVg. BQ U AV AR

y2y1

Jj. avAz

AR = PQ = OQ - OP = x2 - x1 v

BR = BQ - RQ = y2 - y1
ARB AP wPAz,
AB

= AR + RB

xl
2

= (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

(xUg AiAz)
AB =

CAzg,

A v B AzU q CAvg

AB =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

A(x1, y1)

x2 x1

yl

av 5.18

R jP

Jgq AzU q CAvg

(x1, y1) v (x2, y2) JA Jgq AzU Plg, Egq AzU q

CAvgz v PVAwz.

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) .

109

Utv

AV AP v BQ Jj. A v B U q

CzsAi

(i) F v J AUwUU CAiUvz.

(ii) Az O Az P (x1, y1) AzVg CAvg OP =

x1 + y1 .

( - 4, 0) v (3, 0) AzU q CAvg PAqrj.

jg (- 4, 0) v (3, 0) AzU x-CPz g AzUV. DzjAz

d = x1 - x2 = 3 - (- 4) = 3 + 4 = 7
AiiAi zs :
2
2
2
2

d = (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) = (3 + 4) + 0 =

49 = 7

Gzgu 5.9

(7, 2) v (5, 2) AzU q CAvg PAqrj.

jg
(5, 2) v (- 7, 2) AzU j gSAi x-CPP iAvgVz.

DzjAz, d = x1 - x2 = - 7 - 5 = - 12 = 12
AiiAi zs :
2
2

d = (x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1) =

(5 + 7) + (2 - 2) = 122 = 144 = 12

Gzgu 5.10

(5, 6) v (4, 2) AzU q CAvg PAqrj.
jg CAvgz v GAiVzU, d =
d=

(- 4 + 5) + (2 + 6) =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

1 + 8 = 1 + 64 =

65

Gzgu 5.11

(0, 8) v (6, 0) AzU q CAvg PAqrj.

jg (0, 8) v (6, 0) AzU q CAvg

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

= (6 - 0) + (0 - 8) =
AiiAi zs :

36 + 64 = 100 = 10

A v B U (6, 0) v (0, 8) AzU aAwg.
O JAz PAzVg, (6, 0) Az x-CPz g Az
v (0, 8) Az y-CPz g AzVz. zP
CPU q P APVgzjAz, A, O v
B U AP wP GAliqv. OA = 6 v
OB = 8. EzjAz, xUg Ai GAiVzU,
xl
2

AB = OA + OB = 36 + 64 = 100.

` AB = 100 = 10

y
B(0, 8)
8 units

Utv

Gzgu 5.8

A(6, 0)
O

6 units

yl

av 5.19
110

zP gSUtv
Gzgu 5.12

(3, 4) v (5, 7) AzU q CAvg PAqrj.

d=

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

2
2

(5 + 3) + (- 7 + 4) =

8 + (- 3) = 64 + 9 =

73

Gzgu 5.13

(4, 2), (7, 5) v (9, 7) JA g AzU MAz ggSAi JAz vjj.
jg
AzU A (4, 2), B (7, 5) v C (9, 7) DVg. CAvg vAz
2

AB = (4 - 7) + (2 - 5) = (- 3) + (- 3) = 9 + 9 = 18

BC = (9 - 7) + (7 - 5) = 2 + 2 = 4 + 4 = 8

CA = (9 - 4) + (7 - 2) = 5 + 5 = 25 + 25 = 50

DzjAz, AB = 18 =

CA =

50 =

BC =

9#2 = 3 2;

8 =

4#2 = 2 2;

25 # 2 = 5 2 .

AB + BC = 3 2 + 2 2 = 5 2 = AC.

DzjAz A, B v C AzU KPg SUv

V.

Gzgu 5.14

A (3, 4), B (2, 6) v C (6, 10) JAz Png AzU AP wPz
AUUVAi JAz zsj.
2

jg CAvg vAz, d =
2

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

2

AB = (2 + 3) + (6 + 4) = 5 + 10 = 25 + 100 = 125

BC =(- 6 - 2) + (10 - 6) = (- 8) + 4 = 64 + 16 = 80

CA = (- 6 + 3) + (10 + 4) = (- 3) + (14) = 9 + 196 = 205

CAzg, AB + BC = 125 + 80 = 205 = CA

MAz U Gzgq U UU vP VgzjAz, ABC Ai
AP wPVz.
Gzgu 5.15

(a, a),
v (- a 3 , a 3 ) AzU wsd GAliqv
(a,(
a),a,
(-a,a)
- a) and
JAz vjj.
jg

AzU A (a, a) , B (- a, - a) v C (- a 3 , a 3 ) DVg.

CAvg v GAiVzU, d =

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

111

Utv

jg (3, - 4) v (5, - 7) AzU q CAvg

CzsAi

AB =

Utv

BC =

CA =

(a + a) + (a + a)
2

(2a) + (2a) =

2
2

4a + 4a =

8a = 2 2 a

^- a 3 + ah + ^a 3 + ah =

3a + a - 2a

3 + 3a + a + 2 a

8a =

4 # 2a = 2 2 a
2

(a + a 3 ) + (a - a 3 ) =

a + 2a

3 + 3a + a - 2a

3 + 3a

8a = 2 2 a

` AB = BC = CA = 2 2 a .
J U VgzjAz, AzU wsd GAliqv.
Gzgu 5.16

(7, 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) v (3, 5) AzU PV vUzPAqU, E iAvg
Zvsdz AUUV JAz .
jg A, B, C v D U PV (- 7, - 3), (5, 10), (15, 8) v (3, - 5) U
2

wAwg. CAvg v GAiVzU, d =

2

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

AB = (5 + 7) + (10 + 3) = 12 + 13 = 144 + 169 = 313

BC = (15 - 5) + (8 - 10) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104

CD = (3 - 15) + (- 5 - 8) = (- 12) + (- 13) = 144 + 169 = 313

DA = (3 + 7) + (- 5 + 3) = 10 + (- 2) = 100 + 4 = 104

DzjAz, AB = CD =

313 v BC = DA = 104

CAzg, gz U V. EzjAz, ABCD Ai iAvg ZvsdVz.

Gzgu 5.17

(3, 2), (3, 2), (1, 2) v (1, 2) AzU PV vUzPAqU, E Uz
AUUV JAz vjj.
jg AUU A (3, - 2), B (3, 2), C (- 1, 2) v D (- 1, - 2) DVg.
2

AB = (3 - 3) + (2 + 2) = 4 = 16

BC = (3 + 1) + (2 - 2) = 4 = 16

CD = (- 1 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 =16

DA = (- 1 - 3) + (- 2 + 2) = (- 4) = 16

112

zP gSUtv

AC = (3 + 1) + (- 2 - 2) = 4 + (- 4) = 16 + 16 = 32

BD = (3 + 1) + (2 + 2) = 4 + 4 = 16 + 16 = 32

AB = BC = CD = DA = 16 = 4. (J U V.)

AC = BD =

EzjAz, A, B, C v D AzU U GAliqv.

Gzgu 5.18

P JAz (2, 3) v (6, 5) AzU j gSRAqz AzsPz Az DVg.
P x-zP v y-zPU Vzg, P zPU PAqrj.
jg Az P (x, y) DVg. P x- zP Ezg y-zPP VgzjAz,
U y = x JAz Uvz. DzjAz, P zPU (x, x) DV. A v B U (2, 3) v
(6, 5) AzU av. P Ai A v B Az zgzgzjAz PA = PB Ai
2
2
U Uvz. Jgq Pq UUzU PA = PB U Uvz.
2

(x - 2) + (x - 3)

CAzg,
2

= (x - 6) + (x - 5)

2
2

x - 4x + 4 + x - 6x + 9 = x - 12x + 36 + x - 10x + 25

2x - 10x + 13 = 2x - 22x + 61
22x - 10x = 61- 13

12x = 48
x = 48 = 4
12

DzjAz, P zPU (4, 4) DV.

Gzgu 5.19

(9, 3), (7, 1) v (1, 1) AzU P zU vz PAz (4, 3) JAz

vj U Ezg wd PAqrj.
jg C JAz (4, 3) w A wg . P, Q v R U (9, 3), (7, - 1) v
(1, - 1) AzU aAwg.
2

CAvg v GAiVzU, d =
2

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

CP = (9 - 4) + (3 - 3) = 5 = 25

CQ = (7 - 4) + (- 1 - 3) = 3 + (- 4) = 9 + 16 = 25

CR = (4 - 1) + (3 + 1) = 3 + 4 = 9 + 16 = 25

113

Utv

32 = 4 2 . (PtU V.)

CzsAi

5
2

DzjAz, CP = CQ = CR = 25 Cx CP = CQ = CR = 5. DzjAz P, Q, R AzU PAz

(4, 3) DVg vz v Ezg wd 5 iUVz.

Utv

Gzgu 5.20
z
g, 5a - b - 32 = 0 JAz

(a, b) Az (3, 4) v (8, 5) AzUAz zgz
vjj.
P Ai (a, b) Az aAwg. A v B U P
V (3, - 4) v (8, - 5)

jg

AzU
aAwg. P Ai A v B UAz zgzgzjAz, PA = PB JAzUvz
2

v PA = PB .
CAvg v GAiVzU, d =
2

(a - 3) + (b + 4)

(x2 - x1) + (y2 - y1)

= (a - 8) 2 + (b + 5) 2

a2 - 6a + 9 + b2 + 8b + 16 = a2 - 16a + 64 + b2 + 10b + 25

- 6a + 8b + 25 + 16a - 10b - 89 = 0

10a - 2b - 64 = 0

Jgq Pq 2 jAz sVzU, 5a - b - 32 = 0 JAz U Uvz.

Gzgu 5.21

A (9, 3), B (7, 1) v C (1, 1) AzU

jzU GAmU ws dz jPAz
S (4, 3)

DVz JAz vj.

jg

SA =

(9 - 4) 2 + (3 - 3) 2

25 = 5

SB =

(7 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =

25 = 5

SC =

(1 - 4) 2 + (- 1 - 3) 2 =

25 = 5

` SA = SB = SC .
jPAz wsdz J AUUAz zgzgvz JAz U wz. S Az

J g AUUAz zgzgzjAz, Ez wsd ABC Ai jPAzVz.

Cs 5.2
1.

PV er AzU q CAvg PAqrj.

(i) (7, 8) v (- 2, - 3)

(ii) (6, 0) v (- 2, 4)

(iii) (- 3, 2) v (2, 0)

(iv) (- 2, - 8) v (- 4, - 6)

(v) (- 2, - 3) v (3, 2)

(vi) (2, 2) v (3, 2)

114

zP gSUtv

(vii) (- 2, 2) v (3, 2)

(viii) (7, 0) v (- 8, 0)

(ix) (0, 17) v (0, - 1)

(x) (5, 7) v Az

2.

PV AzU KPgSUvV JAz vjj.

(i) (3, 7), (6, 5) v (15, - 1)

(ii) (3, - 2), (- 2, 8) v (0, 4)

(iii) (1, 4), (3, - 2) v (- 1, 10)

(iv) (6, 2), (2, - 3) v (- 2, - 8)

(v) (4, 1), (5, - 2) v (6, - 5)

3.

PV AzU wsd GAliqv JAz vjj.

(i) (- 2, 0), (4, 0) v (1, 3)

(ii) (1, - 2), (- 5, 1) v (1, 4)

(iii) (- 1, - 3), (2, - 1) v (- 1, 1)

(iv) (1, 3), (- 3, - 5) v (- 3, 0)

(v) (2, 3), (5, 7) v (1, 4)

4.

PV AzU AP wP GAliqv JAz vjj.

(i) (2, - 3), (- 6, - 7) v (- 8, - 3)

(ii) (- 11, 13), (- 3, - 1) v (4, 3)

(iii) (0, 0), (a, 0) v (0, b)

(iv) (10, 0), (18, 0) v (10, 15)

(v) (5, 9), (5, 16) v (29, 9)

5.

PV AzU wsd GAliqv JAz vj.

(i) (0, 0), (10, 0) v (5, 5 3 )

(iii) (2,
and
v( and
v(0,
(0,
(2,2),
2),((-2,2,--2)2)and
(-22 3 3, 2, 2 3 3) ) (iv) ( (3 ,32),
, 2),
(0,1)
(0,1)
and
3)3)

(v) (-(-3 ,1),

and
v(2
(23 ,34), 4)
3 ,1),
(2(23 ,3-, 2)2)
and

6.

PV AzU PzV
GAliqv JAz vj.

(i) (- 7, - 5), (- 4, 3), (5, 6) v (2, 2) (ii) (9, 5), (6, 0), (- 2, - 3) v (1, 2)

(iii) (0, 0), (7, 3), (10, 6) v (3, 3)

(v) (3, - 5), (- 5, - 4), (7, 10) v (15, 9)

7.

PV AzU PzV vUzPAqg ePwAi AUU GAliqv JAz

vj.

(i) (0, 0), (3, 4), (0, 8) v (- 3, 4)

(ii) (- 4, - 7), (- 1, 2), (8, 5) v (5, - 4)

(iii) (1, 0), (5, 3), (2, 7) v (- 2, 4)

(iv) (2, - 3), (6, 5), (- 2, 1) v (- 6, - 7)

(v) (15, 20), (- 3, 12), (- 11, - 6) v (7, 2)

v(0,
(0,aa 33))
(ii) ((aa, ,0),
0),((--aa, ,0)
0)
and
and

vUzPAqg

115

iAvg

Zvsdz

AUU

(iv) (- 2, 5), (7, 1), (- 2, - 4) v (7, 0)

Utv

Utv

CzsAi

8.

PV AzU PzV vUzPAqg E U GAliqvAi

JAz jQ.

(i) (0, - 1), (2, 1), (0, 3) v (- 2, 1)

(ii) (5, 2), (1, 5), (- 2, 1) v (2, - 2)

(iii) (3, 2), (0, 5), (- 3, 2) v (0, - 1)

(iv) (12, 9), (20, - 6), (5, - 14) v (- 3, 1)

9.

(v) (- 1, 2), (1, 0), (3, 2) v (1, 4)

PV AzU PzV vUzPAqg E DAiv GAliqvAi JAz
jQ.

(i) (8, 3), (0, - 1), (- 2, 3) v (6, 7)

(ii) (- 1, 1), (0, 0), (3, 3) v (2, 4)

(iii) (- 3, 0), (1, - 2), (5, 6) v (1, 8)

10.

(x, 7) v (1, 15) AzU q CAvg 10 Dzg, x PAqrj.

11.

(4, 1) Az (- 10, 6) v (9, - 13) AzUAz zgzz JAz vjj.

12.

(2, 3) v (- 6, - 5) JA Jgq AzU

x + y + 3 = 0 JAz vjj.

13.

(2, - 6) v (2, y) CAvAzU Ag gSRAqz Gz 4 Dzg, y

PAqrj.

14.

PV AUU Ag wsdz jAi PAqrj.

(i) (0, 8), (6, 0) v Az ;

15.

(- 5, 2) v (9, - 2) AzUAz zgzg y-CPz g Az

PAqrj. (: y- CPz g Az x-zP DVgvz.)
( - 5, 6) Az P zU v PAz (3, 2) Ag vz wd
PAqrj.

16.
17.

(x, y) AzAz zgzzg,

(ii) (9, 3), (1, - 3) v Az.

(0, - 5), (4, 3) v (- 4, - 3) AzU wd 5 gAU Az PAPvVg

y
vz JAz .
A(4, 3)

18.

av 5.20 g, PB Ai A (4,3) AzAz Jz ARAqVz.

PA = PB Dzg, B zPU PAqrj.

19.

A (2, 0), B (5, - 5), C (8, 0) v D (5, 5) AUU Ag ABCD ePwAi

t PAqrj. [: ABCD ePwAi t = 1 d1 d2 ]
2

20.

(1, 5), (5, 8) v (13, 14) AUUAzz wsd JAiz? Pgt w.

21.

wd 17 iU Ag vz PAz Azzg, CPUgz vz g

Aiizzg AzU zPU PAqrj. (xUg wAi
GAiV)
116

xl

yl

av 5.20

zP gSUtv
22.

(3, 1), (2, 2) v (1, 1) AUUAz GAmU wsdz jPAz (2, 1) JAz vjj.

23.

c - 1 , 3 m AUUAz
2
2
AzVz JAz vjj.

24.

A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) v D(p, 3) AzU PzV iAvg Zvsdz
AUUAz vUzPAqg, CAvg v GAiVPAq p Ai PAqrj.

25.

Az PAzV Ag vz wd 10 iU. v CPU

b Az zPU gj. F jwAi Aiizzg Jgq AzU
q CAvg PAqrj.

(1, 0), (0, - 1) v

GAmU

wsdz

jPAz

DAi izj U.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(2,7) Az Eg ZvxAP
(A) I

(B) II

(C) III

(D) IV

x < 0 DVgU (x,0) Az Ezg Egz

(A) ox

(B) oy

(C) OX l

(D) OY l

(C) a > 0, b > 0

(D) a < 0, b > 0

A (a,b) Az III ZvxAPzzg,

(A) a > 0, b < 0

(B) a < 0, b < 0

(1,0) (0,1) (1,0) v (0,1) AzUAz GAmU Uz Ptz Gz

(A) 2

(B) 4

(C)

(D) 8

A (5,0), B (5,0) v C (0,6) AzU jzU qAi wsd

(A) wsd

(B) AP wsd

(C) C wsd

(D) wsd

6.

(0,8) v (0,2) AzU q CAvg

(A) 6

7.

(B) 100

8.

(D) 10

(4,1), (2,1), (7,1) v (10,1) AzU

(A) x- CPz gv

(C) 36

(B) x- CPP iAvgVg gSAi

(C) y- CPP iAvgVg gSAi

(D) y- CPz gv

(a, b) v (a, b) AzU q CAvg

(A) 2a

(B) 2b

(C) 2a + 2b
117

(D) 2 a2 + b2

Utv

Cs 5.3

CzsAi

9.

Utv

(p, q) Az (4, 0) v (4,0) AzUAz zgzzg, p v q U q

AAzs
(A) p = 0

(B) q = 0

(C) p + q = 0

(D) p + q = 8

10. HzsAP 5 gAU y-CPz g Az

(A) (0, 5)

(B) (5, 0)

(C) (5, 0)

(D) (0, 5)

qPz CAU

MAz vz MAz Az Ugw Jgq AgSU CUvV.

DAivPg zP Ai MAz gSAi iAvgV v EAz gSAi

AV Egvz.

F Jgq iAvg v AgSU zP CPU JAz PgAiv. (x-CP

v y-CP)

x-CP v y-CPU bz Az (0, 0) zP

Ag (PAz)
Az Jv .

y-CPAz MAz Az zg x-zP Cx QweAPVz v x-CPAz

MAz Az zg y-zP Cx HzsAPVz.

x-CPzg AzU y-zP DVz.

y-CPzg AzU x-zP DVz.

CqgSU g AzU y-zP Vgv.

AgSU g AzU x-zP Vgv.

x1 v x2 U x-CPz g Jgq AzU x-zPUzg, EU q

CAvg x1 - x2 DVz.

y1 v y2 U y-CPz g Jgq AzU y-zPUzg, EU q

CAvg y1 - y2 DVz.

(x1, y1) v Az q CAvg

(x1, y1) v (x2, y2) JA Jgq AzU q CAvg

DVz.

118

x12 + y12 DVz.

(x2 - x1) 2 + (y2 - y1) 2

zP gSUtv

ZlnP 1
Us Ai (1, 1), (3, 1) v (3, 4) AzU Ugw U wsd ga
CU j. PVU PV avz PrAi wA Jj.

(i) x-CPz PV

(ii) y-CPz PV

Pr wAU zPU Uz zuU nirj.

ZlnP 2

A(4, 5), B(4, 2) v C(2, 2) AzU Us Ai Ugw U wsdU

ga CU jj. D(1, 2) v E(1, 3.5) AzU Ugw. AD v BE
jj. Jgq gSU G(2, 3) g bvAi JAz jQ. G(2, 3) Az
wsdz UgvPAzVz v AD, BE gSU wsdz zsgSUV. CAvg v
PAq, AG v GD U GzU PAqrj. AG:
= 2:1 DVgz rj.

ZlnP 3

Png AzU Us Ai Ugwj:

(2, 0), (2, 0), (6, 0), (6, 0), (2, 4), (2,4), (2, 4),
(2, 4), (0, 8) v (0, 8).

avzg DPwAi qAi AzU jj.

F DPwAi J wsdU, AP

wsdU, ZPU v DAivU JAz

PAqrj.

F av wAiAz gSRAqz P
RgV MAz j iv zUAv gAvg
PV gAiz?

Av GzguUAU, Ez Aiwj.
119

Utv

CzsAi

Utv

ZlnP 4

PU Png AzU Us Ai Ugw U CU Png Pz jj:

(4, 4), (0, 0), (3, 0), (2, 2), (4, 4), (3, 7), (4, 11), (0, 10), (4, 4), (3, 9), (5, 11),
(6, 9), (4,4), (8, 9), (11, 8), (10, 6), (4, 4), (12, 4), (14, 2), (11, 0), (4, 4), (8, 2),
(7, 5), (4, 3), (4, 4), (1, 11), (4, 6), (7, 5), (6, 8), (1, 11), (1, 16),
(4, 11), (8, 10), (7, 13), (1, 16), (3, 21).

K qwj?

Gv g U
Cs 5.1
1. (i) v (ii) j (iii) j (iv) v (v) j

(vi) v (vii) j

(ix) v (x) j

2.

(i) I

(vi) y- CPz (vii) IV (viii) Az (ix) I (x) II

(ii) III (iii) x- CPz (iv) III

(viii) j

(v) y- CPz

3. (i) 7 (ii) 3 (iii) 8 (iv) 5

4. (i) 5 (ii) 9 (iii) 8 (iv) 4 5. y-CPP iAvgVz 6. x-CPP iAvgVz 7. y- CP
8. ABCD JAz MAz ZP 9. (0,4)

11. (4,3)

Cs 5.2
1. (i)

202

(viii) 15

15. (0,7)

(ii) 4 5

(iii)

29 (iv) 2 2

(ix) 18

(x)

16. 4 5

18. (4,3)

(v) 5 2

74 10. 7, 5 13. 10, 2

19. 30

21. (8,15) (8,15) (8,15)(8, 15) 24.11, 7

(vi) 1

14. (i) 24 (ii) 10 + 4 10

20. E. AzU KPgSUvV.

25. 20

Cs 5.3
1. B 2. C 3. B

4. A 5. A 6. D 7. B
120

(vii) 5

8. D 9. A 10. A

AiVP gSUtv

A i VP g SU t v
Utv

R GzU

jPAz gaz.

APAz gaz.

Aiq DAig

(Leonhard Euler)

6.1 pP (Introduction)

gSUtvz sv vvU AzU, gSU
v Evg avU UtPtU Pjv Cxv. AiVP
gSUtv ewAi avU ga gSUtvz
AiU C zsVz. gSUtvz gZ
JAzg Cx DPgU, PU Cx gSU
RgV JAizVz. gSUtwAi gZU JAm
JA AiQq Pz gV ZaVz. DzjAz
F gZU AiQq gZU JAz PgAivg.
F gZU Pg v g CAZ (CvnAi) iv
v. Pg i CAvg vz v CvnAi
KPgSUv vz. J ewAi gZU F Jgq
jPU Czsj.

CzsAi

vjgAv

CAZ

Pg sU v CsU ASU gaz

zsVz. 1913g sgvz zs Utvdgz
gidgg 355 113 = r U ewAi gZAi
rzg. EAz Rgz CvU J CAvUv
PUAU,

Rg

lAv

gSU

JzU

gAU z Uz PtVz. t

1707 - 1783

zz
Utv

d
g
z
Aiq
DAig

18
v
i z

fzg
.
DAig

CjVAv z Cx Avg
g Aiiz Utv

d
j
VAv
Z eP gU


gzg.
DAig
U
Utv

zg z

A Zz Uqx wAi
MAz zs

Vz. w
AiAz
C u
Az, v P
wAi
CxirP
Z wg
gwz .
v U iqzjAz zg

Cx irP
zAz wzg
.
jtVz JAz jUt

l

AiQrAi
gSUtv
z


DAig

Ai
PAqrzg . D
Aiz MAz W
gu
F jw Ez.
MAz ws dz g OvU

H JA
MAz
Az
A v
v g Azs
P
gSU

M JA Az
Av
. H v M q
gSAi zs z
g
E JA
Az vz
PAz
Vgvz
.
Czg ws dzAU J
OvU

v Azs
PU

CAvs UU
V. F v

9
AzU v JAz PgA
iv .

Hc
Mc
M

ZPz Az DgAsVg gSU MAz

PP Kj v gg CrU MAz AzU
AiAiiV vgz JAz CzvVz! Ez gr
Plqz Cx qvz.
121

Ma

Mb
H Hb
Ha

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VIII vgUwAi Png CvUAU wsdU gaz Pwz. F

CzsAiz wsdz jPAz v APAz gaz PAiz.

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6.2 wsdU gSRAqU (Special line segments within Triangles)

z

(i)

(ii) Png gSU AzAz A

Ugwz v gaz PAit.

Png gSRAqP AzsP

6.2.1 Png gSRAqz AzsP gaz

Av 1 : Png AB gSRAq Jj.

Av 2 : gSRAqz Jgq CAv AzUz A v B U

PAzVlPAq

v gSRAqz Gzz CzsQAv

Z sU wdVlPAq gSRAqz Jgq A

U PAU C v D Ai bAv Jj.

B
D

Av 3 : Png gSRAq AB U AzsP qAi C v

D U jj.

M
D

R jP

AzsP

Png gSRAqz zsAz P AV Jz gSAi

gSRAqz AzsP Jvg.
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6.2.2 Png gSU AzAz A gaz (Construction of
C

Perpendicular from an External Point to a given line)
Av 1 : Png AB gSAi Jj v Png
Az C Ugwj.

Av 2 : C PAzVlPAq v Aiiz Pz
wdAz Png gSAi Pvj P v Q
A

JA Jgq AzU PAU Jj.

Q
C

Av 3 : P v Q U PAzUVlPAq v F

Q B

AzU q CAvgz CzsQAv Z sU

wdVlPAq Jgq PAU gg E

bAv Jj.
C

Av 4 : Pz AgSAi qAi C v E U
jj.

R jP

Ov

AUAz Czg CR U AV
Jz gSRAqVz.

O v

MAz wsdz Ov JAz wsdz

123

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6.3 wsdz AUvAi AzU (The Points of Concurrency of a Triangle)

AzsP v Ov U JAiPAz z PwgAv, FU

Png wsdz jPAz v APAzU Ugwz PAit.

6.3.1 wsdz jPAz gaz (Construction of the Circumcentre of a Triangle)
R jP

jPAz
C

wsdz U AzsPU AUvAi

S

Az jPAz Jvg v Ez
iV S Az av.

jv (Circumcircle)

S (jPAz) PAzVlPAq v wsdz J g AUU P

zUAv Jz v jv Jvg.

Circ
um

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cle
cir

jPAz

jwd
jwd (Circumradius)

jvz wd wsdz jwd Jvg. EAz jwAi zzg, jPAz S

v wsdz Aiiz AUz q CAvg jwdVgvz.

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Gzgu 6.1
AB = 5 A.., +A = 70c v +B = 60c CvAiAU DABC Ai
jPAz gaj U jv Jj v DABC Ai jwd
PAqrj.
C

60c

70c
A

5cm

Pgq
gSav

Av 1 : Png CvUAU

DABC Ai gaj.

60o

70

5cm

Av 2 : Aiiz Jgq U (AC

v BC) AzsP gaj
v CU S A.

5cm

Cz jPAzVgvz.

Av 3 : S
v

PAzVlPAq
SA = SB = SC

wdAz A, B v C U
P

zUAv
70o

jv Jj.
A

3.2cm

60o

70

jwd = 3. 2 A..
125

60o

5cm

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jg

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Uj

Cs 6.1
1.

PQ = 5 A.., +P = 100c v PR = 5 A.. Eg DPQR gaj v Czg

jv Jj.

2.

PVUU jv Jj.

(i) 6 A.. g MAz wsd

(ii) U Gz 5 A.. DVg MAz wsd.

3.

AB =7 A.., BC =8 A.. v +B = 60c Eg DABC Ai gaj v Czg

jPAz Ugw.

4.

4.5 A.., 6 A.. v 7.5 A.. Ug AP wsd gaj U

Czg jPAz Ugw.

6.3.2 wsdz APAz gaz (Construction of the Orthocentre of a Triangle)

R jP

APAz
A

w s dz O v U A U v A i Az
H

w s dz AP Az J v g v Ez
B

i V H Az a v g .

Gzgu 6.2

DABC Ai g a j v Cz g AP Az U g w.

AB = 6 A.., BC=4 A.. v AC = 5.5 A.. DVg

A

jg

4cm

5.
5

Utv

1. WP wsdz jPAz wsdz MsUz Egvz.

2. AP wsdz jPAz Czg Ptz zsAzgvz.
3. P wsdz jPAz wsdz gsUz Egvz.

6cm

Pgq gSav
C

cm

5.5

Av 1 : Png CvUAU

4c

DABC Ai gaj.
A

126

6cm

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Av 2 : Aiiz Jgq AUUAz (A v C)

DABC Ai APAzVz.

1.

Uj

OvU bz Az H JAz Png

4c

cm

5.5

BC v AB) OvU gaj.

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CU CR UU ( PV

6cm

MAz wsdz g OvU JAiz.

2. WP wsdz APAz wsdz MsUz Egvz.

3. AP wsdz APAz APz AUVz.

4. P wsdz APAz wsdz gsUz Egvz.

Cs 6.2
1. AB = 8 A.., BC = 7 A.. v AC = 5 A.. U CvAiAU DABC
Ai gaj v Czg APAz Ugw.
2.

LM =7 A.., +M = 130c v MN = 6 A.. Eg DLMN, APAz gaj.

3.

6 A.. g MAz wsd gaj v Czg APAz Ugw.

4.

Q APg v PQ = 4.5 A.., RS = 6 A.. DVg PQR AP

wsd gaj v APAz Ugw.

5. AB = BC = 6 A.. v +B = 80c AiAU ABC wsd gaj v

Czg APAz Ugw.

ZlnP 1

Gz

: Ai

qZPAi PAq gSRAqz zsAz

PAqrAiz.
QAiizs : MAz Ai qZzjAz MAz gSRAq P v
Cz PQ JAz j. P Ai Q gAv PQ gSRAq
qaj. qZzjAz GAmz Ug v gSRAq b Az
M JAz Uw. M JAz PQ zsAzVz.
127

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ZlnP 2

Gz

: Ai qZPAi PAq MAz gSRAqz AzsP

gaz.
QAiizs : MAz Ai qZzjAz MAz gSRAq P v Cz
PQ JAz j. P Ai Q gAv PQ gSRAq qaj
v EzjAz RS UgAi GAmUvz. RS UgAi PQ AzsPVz.

ZlnP 3

Gz

QAiizs : MAz gSRAq AB Ai Jj v MAz Az P Ugw.

B BA PV, qZPAi P P zUgU

: Ai qZPAi PAq MAz gSRAqP MAz Az

PV A gaz.

ZAv ir v Ez UgAiAv Jj. EzjAz GAmz UgAi

AB U Az P PV AVz.

ZlnP 4

Gz
: Ai qZPAi PAq MAz wsdz jPAz Ugwz.
QAiizs : ZlnP 2 PAq, Png wsdz Aiiz Jgq UU

AzsPU PAqrj. F AzsPU A Az Png

wsdz jPAzVz.

ZlnP 5

Gz
: Ai qZPAi PAq MAz wsdz APAz Ugwz.
QAiizs : ZlnP 3 PAq, wsdz Aiiz Jgq AUU

AzUV vUzPAq CR UU AU gaj. F AU

bz Az Png wsdz APAzVz.
128

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129

130

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