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Number & codes (1)

INTRODUCTION TO
DIGITAL LOGIC

Digitalvs.Analog
Decimalnumberingsystem(Base10)
Binarynumberingsystem(Base2)
Hexadecimalnumberingsystem(Base16)
Octalnumberingsystem(Base8)
Numberconversion
Binaryarithmetic
1sand2scomplementsofbinarynumbers

Digitalvs.Analog(1)

Number & codes (2)

Signed/Unsignednumbers
Arithmeticoperationswithsignednumbers
BinaryCodedDecimal(BCD)Code/8421
ASCIIcode
Graycode
Excess3Code
ErrorDetectingandCorrectionCodes
FloatingPointNumbers

Twowaysofrepresentingthenumericalvaluesof
quantities:
i)Analog(continuous)
ii)Digital(discrete)
Analog:aquantityrepresentedbyvoltage,currentor
meter movement that is proportional to the value
thatquantity.

Digital : the quantities are represented not by

proportional quantities but by symbols called digits
(0/1).

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Digitalvs.Analog(3)

Digitalvs.Analog(2)
Digitalsystem:

Digital

combinationofdevicesdesignedtomanipulatelogical
informationorphysicalquantitiesthatarerepresentedin
digitalforms

Analogsystem:
containsdevicesmanipulatephysicalquantitiesthatare
representedinanalogforms

2 Digitalrepresentationthequantities AnalogrepresentationaquantityI/
digits(0/1)
V/metermovement
3

4 Example:Digitalwatch,PSP,iPod,
Handphone,digitalcomputersand
calculators

Example:audioamplifiers,magnetic
taperecordingandplayback
equipment

DigitalTechniques

Digitalvs.Analog(4)

Advantages:

Whydigital?
Problemwithallsignalsnoise
Noiseisn'tjustsomethingthatyoucanhearthefuzz
thatappearsonoldvideorecordingsalsoqualifiesas
noise.Ingeneral,noiseisanyunwantedchangetoa
signalthattendstocorruptit.
Digitalandanaloguesignalswithaddednoise:

Digital:easilyberecognizedeven
amongallthatnoise:either0or1

Analog

1 Systemswhichprocessdiscrete(step Systemswhicharecapableof
bystep)values
processingacontinuousrangeof
valuesvaryingwithrespecttotime

Easiertodesign
Informationstorageiseasy
Accuracyandprecisionaregreater
Operationcanbeprogrammedsimple
Digitalcircuitslessaffectedbynoise
MoredigitalcircuitrycanbefabricatedonICchips

Limitations:

Analog:nevergetbackaperfectcopy
oftheoriginalsignal

Inrealworldthereareanaloginnatureandthese
quantitiesareoftenI/Othatarebeingmonitored,
operatedon,andcontrolledbyasystem.Thus,
conversionandreconversioninneeded

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AnalogWaveform

DigitalWaveform

IntroductiontoNumberingSystems

NumberingSystems(1)

Wearefamiliarwithdecimalnumbersystems
fordailyusedsuchascalculator,calendar,
phoneoranycommondevicesusethis
numberingsystem:

Decimal

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

Decimal=Base10

Someothernumbersystems:
Binary=Base2
Octal=Base8
Hexadecimal=Base16

0~9

0~1

0~7

0~9,A~F

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NumberingSystems(2)
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S

Dec
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Hex
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F

Octal
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Binary
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

SignificantDigits
Binary:101101

MostSignificantBitLeastSignificantBit
(MSB)(LSB)

Hexadecimal:1D63A7

MostSignificantDigitLeastsignificantDigit
(MSD)(LSD)

BinaryNumberSystem

Decimalnumberingsystem(Base10)
Base10system:(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

Weightsforwhole
Example:39710
numbersarepositive

Base2system:(0,1)

usedtomodeltheseriesofcomputerelectrical
signalsrepresenttheinformations.
0representsthenovoltageoranoffstate
1representsthepresenceofvoltageoranon

state

poweroftenthat
increasefromrightto
left,beginningwith100

Example:1012
3 X 102

9 X 101

=> 300 + 90 + 7
=> 39710

7 X 100

1X 22

+ 0 X 21 + 1 X 20
=> 4 + 0 + 1
=> 510

Weightsinabinary
numberarebasedon
poweroftwo,that
increasefromrightto

righttoleft,beginning
with20

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OctalNumberSystem
Base8system:(0,1,,7)
multiplicationanddivisionalgorithmsforconversiontoandfrombase10
example:7568converttodecimal

7X 82 + 5 X 81 + 6 X 80
=> 448 + 40 + 6
=> 49410

Weightsinabinary
numberarebasedon
powerofeightthat
increasefromrightto
righttoleft,beginning
with80

Readilyconvertstobinary

Groupsofthree(binary)digitscanbeusedtorepresenteachoctalnumber
example:7568converttobinary

756
1111011102

HexadecimalNumberSystem(2)
Base16system

multiplicationanddivisionalgorithmsforconversiontoandfrombase10
example:A9F16converttodecimal

9
F
Weightsinahexadecimal
numberarebasedonpower
10X 162 + 9 X 161 + 15 X 160 ofsixteenthatincreasefrom
righttorightto
=> 2560 + 144 + 15
left,beginningwith160

HexadecimalNumberSystem(1)
HEXADECIMAL

Base16system
Usesdigits0~9&
lettersA,B,C,D,E,F
Groupsoffourbits
representeach
base16digit

DECIMAL

BINARY

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

10

1010

11

1011

12

1100

13

1101

14

1110

15

1111

NumberConversion
Any Radix (base) to Decimal Conversion

=> 271910

Readilyconvertstobinary

Groupsoffour(binary)digitscanbeusedtorepresenteachhexadecimalnumber
example:A9F16converttobinary

A9F

1010100111112

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BinarytoDecimalConversion

NumberConversion(BASE2>10)
Binary to Decimal Conversion

Convert(10101101)2toitsdecimalequivalent:

Binary

10101101

x x x x x x x x

PositionalValues

Products

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1

= 17310

OctaltoDecimalConversion
Convert6538toitsdecimalequivalent:

Octal Digits

Positional Values
Products

HexadecimaltoDecimalConversion
Convert3B4F16toitsdecimalequivalent:

82

81

80

Positional Values

384 + 40 + 3

= 42710

HexDigits

Products

163

162

161

160

12288 + 2816 + 64 +15

= 15,18310

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DecimaltoBinaryConversion

NumberConversion
Decimal to Any Radix (Base) Conversion
1. INTEGER DIGIT:
Repeated division by the radix & record
the remainder
2. FRACTIONAL DECIMAL:
Multiply the number by the radix until
the answer is in integer

Remainder

2 5 = 12 +
2

12 = 6 +
2

6 = 3 +
2

3 = 1 +
2

1
2

example :
25.3125 to Binary

0.625 x 2 = 1.25

0.25 x 2 = 0.50

0.5 x 2 = 1.00

Answer:

MSB

.0

MSB

LSB

2510 = 1 1 0 0 1 2

DecimaltoOctalConversion

DecimaltoBinaryConversion
Carry
0.3125 x 2 = 0.625
0

= 0 +

LSB

1 0 1

Convert42710toitsoctalequivalent:

427/8=53R3
53/8=6R5
6/8=0R6

Dividedby8;RisLSD
DivideQby8;Risnextdigit

RepeatuntilQ=0

6538

1 1 0 0 1.0 1 0 1

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NumberConversion

DecimaltoHexadecimalConversion

BinarytoOctalConversion(vice
versa)
Groupingthebinaryposition
ingroupsofthreestartingat
theleastsignificantposition.

Convert83010toitshexadecimalequivalent:

830/16=51R14
51/16=3R3
3/16=0R3

= E in Hex

33E16

OctaltoBinaryConversion
Eachoctalnumberconvertsto3binarydigits

To convert 6538 to binary,

just substitute code:
6

110 101 011

NumberConversion(1)

Example:

Convertthefollowingbinarynumberstotheiroctal
equivalent(viceversa).
a) 1001.11112

b) 47.38
c) 1010011.110112
Answer:
a) 11.748

b) 100111.0112
c) 123.668

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NumberConversion(2)
BinarytoHexadecimalConversion(vice
versa)
Groupingthebinarypositionin4bit
groups,startingfromtheleast
significantposition.

BinarytoHexadecimalConversion
Theeasiestmethodforconvertingbinarytohexadecimal
isusingasubstitutioncode
Eachhexnumberconvertsto4binarydigits

SubstitutionCode(1)

NumberConversion
Example:
Convert the following binary numbers to
their hexadecimal equivalent (vice versa).
a) 10000.12
b) 1F.C16
Answer:

a) 10.816
b) 00011111.11002

Convert(010101101010111001101010)2tohexusingthe4
bitsubstitutioncode:

01010110101011100110

1010

= 56AE6A16

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SubstitutionCode(2)

BinaryAddition

Substitutioncodecanalsobeusedtoconvertbinaryto
octalbyusing3bitgroupings:

010101101010111001101
010

0 + 0 = 0 Sum of 0 with a carry of 0

0 + 1 = 1 Sum of 1 with a carry of 0
1 + 0 = 1 Sum of 1 with a carry of 0
1 + 1 = 10 Sum of 0 with a carry of 1
Example:

= 255271528

SimpleArithmetic
Addition
Example:

100011002

+1011102

101110102

Substraction
Example:

10001002

1011102

101102

11001

111

+ 1101

+ 11

100110

???

Binary Subtraction
0-0=0

Example:

5816
+ 2416
7C16

1-1=0
1-0=1
10 -1 = 1

0 -1 with a borrow of 1

Example:
-

1011

101

111

- 11

100

???

10

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BinaryMultiplication
0X0=0
0X1=0

Use the same procedure as decimal division

Example:

1X0=0

BinaryDivision

100110

1X1=1

101
100110
000000

100110
10111110

1s complements of binary numbers

2scomplementsofbinarynumbers
2scomplement

Changing all the 1s to 0s and all the 0s to 1s

Example:
1 1 01 00 1 0 1

Binary number

0 0 10 11 0 10

1s complement

****** same as applying NOT gate ******

Step1:Find1scomplementofthenumber
Binary#

11000110
1scomplement
00111001
Step2:Add1tothe1scomplement

00111001

+1

00111010

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Signnumbers

SignedMagnitudeNumbers

Leftmostisthesignbit
110010..

Sign bit
0 = positive
1 = negative

00101110010101

31 bits for magnitude

***** This is your basic

Integer format

Signnumbers
2s complement
The positive number same as sign
magnitude and 1s complement
The negative number is the 2s complement
of the corresponding positive number.
Example:
Express +19 and -19 in
i. sign magnitude
ii. 1s complement
iii. 2s complement

0isforpositive,and1isfornegative

Signmagnitude
00011001=+25
signbitmagnitudebits

1scomplement
Thenegativenumberisthe1scomplementof
thecorrespondingpositivenumber
Example:
+25is0001100125is11100110

DigitalCodes(1)
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) / 8421
Code
Represent each of the 10 decimal digits
(0~9) as a 4-bit binary code.

Example:
Convert 15 to BCD.
1

0001 0101
Convert 10 to binary and BCD.

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DigitalCodes(3)

DigitalCodes(2)
ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange) Code
Used to translate from the keyboard characters
to computer language
A world standard alphanumeric code for
microcomputers and computers
A 7-bit code representing 27 (128) diff. characters
(26 upper case, 26 lower case, 10 numbers, 33
special characters/symbol, 33 ctrl characters
8-bit version ASCII (USACC-II 8 or ASCII-8)
represent max. of 256 characters.

The Gray Code

Only 1 bit changes

Cant be used in
arithmetic circuits
Can convert from
Binary to Gray Code
and vice versa.
How to convert ?????

DigitalCodes(4)
Excess-3 Code
Used to express decimal numbers.
The code derives its name from the fact
that each binary code is the
corresponding 8421 code plus 3

Decimal Binary

Gray
Code

0000

0000

0001

0001

0010

0011

0011

0010

0100

0110

0101

0111

0110

0101

DigitalCodes(6)
Error Detecting and Correction Code
Required for reliable transmission and
storage of digital data.
1) Error Detecting Codes

Parity (Even and Odd)

Check sums

2) Error Correcting Codes

Hamming Code ????

**** Assingment#1: due date 10/01/11 ****

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DigitalCodes(7)
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange) Code
Mainly used with large computer
systems like mainframe.
An 8-bit code and accommodates up to
256 characters
Divided into 2 portions:
4 zone bits (on the left) and
4 numeric bits (on the right)

FloatingPointNumbers(FPN)
A real number or FPN is a number which has
both an integer and a fractional part.
Examples:
Real decimal numbers: 123.45, 0.1234, -0.12345
Real binary numbers: 1100.1100, 0.1001, -1.001

Generally, FPNs are expressed in exponential

notation. Eg:
30000.0 can be written as 3 x 104
312.45 can be written as 3.1245 x 102
1010.001 can be written as 1.010001 x 103
mantissa

exponent

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