Chapter 4 - DT ANALYSIS&OPTIMIZATION PDF

Content
Drive-test logs Processing and Analysis
Drive test Data Analysis Flow chart

Introduction to TEMS Drive Test Tool
Analysis of Cell Dominance ( Pilot Pollution )
Analysis of DL CPICH Coverage ( RSCP )
Analysis of UL Coverage and Interference ( UE TX PWR )
Analysis of Missing or Deletion of Neighbors
Soft-Handover analysis and Impact
Analysis of Inter Radio Access Technology Handover ( IRAT HO )
Analysis of Multi RAB
Analysis of Drop Calls
Analysis of Poor R99 and HSPA Throughput
Copyright All rights reserved
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

Introduction to TEMS Drive test tool
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01

Scanner and UE drive
logs
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Compare scanner measurements

with planned quality and coverage
thresholds
Coverage
target agreed
with customer
No
CPICH RSCP =>

planned threshold
e.g. -90 dBm
Low
CPICH Ec
A
Ec/No target
agreed with
customer &
depends service
mix
Yes
CPICH Ec/No =>

planned threshold
e.g. -12 dBm
Currently X =
Max AS size = 3
No
amount of Scrambling
Codes > X
Yes
No
Possible Actions/Solutions
Antenna Tilting
Change Antenna Type
Change Antenna Height
Change CPICH Tx Pwr
(Add sites)
No
Yes
Pilot
Pollution
Dominance Area OK
Bad Ec/No?
Multi-path
Problem
Yes
A
Yes
No
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
How to Start? Where to start?

TECHCOM
Identify
theConsulting
most common RF issues like
Cell overshoot
Lack of dominant server
Frequent change of best server
Pilot pollution
Weak active set
Missing neighbors
Identify most common service quality issues

like
Service availability
Drops and blocks
Voice call quality
Latency and throughput for data
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Analysis
TECHCOM
Consulting
Metrics
needs
to consider by RF Engineer for
analysis in general
Uplink BLER To identify the areas of poor uplink

quality
Coverage plot in terms of RSCP To identify the

areas of poor coverage
Active Set Size Plot To identify the areas of high

secondary traffic and too many servers.
Best Server Plot (1st Best SC based on Ec/No)

To verify the sector wise coverage, SC
inconsistencies, Sector Swaps, etc.
Ec/No Plot of the 1st Best Server To identify
areas of poor Ec/No
Downlink BLER plot To identify the areas of
poor down link quality
UE Transmit Power Plot To identify the areas of
poor uplink coverage and path imbalance
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Analysis
TECHCOM
Consulting
Metrics
needs
to consider by Cluster RF
Engineer to identify issues and reach
optimization solutions.
Analysis of Pilot Pollution / Interference / Pilot

Overshoot To identify the possible cause of poor
Ec/No, poor DL BLER, High SHO overhead, etc.
Swap Sector Analysis / SC inconsistency Check

To identify the sector swaps and/or improper data
fill of Scrambling codes
Drop Calls / Access Failure Analysis To identify

the reason for Drop calls and Access Failures and
provide to solutions to resolve.
Azimuth Verification To identify the difference

between the azimuth deployed and azimuth
designed.
Metrics needs to consider by RNC Engineer may

need to do on a RNC Level for all the sites.
Missing Neighbor Analysis To identify the

reported missing neighbors and recommend the
required neighbor list changes.
Neighbor List Inconsistency Check To identify

issues like one way neighbors, neighbor data fill
issues, IRAT Neighbor issues, etc.
SC Inconsistency Check To identify any SC
collisions based on Neighbor List
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
RF Optimization - Tools
Consulting
ForTECHCOM
RF Optimization
and neighbour verification
both Scanner (3G & 2G) and UE measurements
are required simultaneously.
Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis

Individual call failures or drops can be analyzed
with Drive test tools (e.g. TEMS) but to get bigger
picture, a proper analysis tool is required
Actix can be used for
NetActPlanner can be used to verify the proposed

coverage optimization solution e.g. Antenna tilting
or Panning
On going contents will be based on analysis of

TEMS.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Content

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01

TECHCOM Consulting
Workspace
Worksheet
After installing TEMS and opening the Data

collection window we need to create a workspace
so, that we can save the windows for 3G drive
test, saving us from tedious work of opening it
every time we want to collect drive data.
Once we have opened a new worksheet, we will

start with a map which shows us our current location
and also guides us the area and the roads we need
to cover with the help of GPS.
It also displays all our Node Bs if cell file is loaded.
We need to open a new worksheet for the same

and the procedure has been shown in the
following slide.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
MAP WINDOW
Select presentation on the information bar.

Go to positioning and select map.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Cell File Load

To TECHCOM
see the Consulting
NodeBs installed in the operators
network we need to add the cell file to our Map.
Following are the steps for same

Go to configuration on the tools bar.
Select General.
Select Cell file Load.
Go to ADD and select the required cell file.
Select
General
Cellfile
Load
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Vectors
TECHCOM
Consulting and put them on the map to
Select
the vectors
show the roads highways, railways etc.
We can also remove and add things by going to

Layer control option on top of the map toolbar.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Serving/Active Set + Neighbors
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Serving/Active Set + Neighbors

TECHCOM
Consulting
This
window
contains a lot of aspects of 3G
and has a lot to be explained
Cell ID This is the identity or name given to a

particular Node B and its cell by the operator.
UARFCN It is the frequency band allotted to the
operator. One spectrum bandwidth is of 5MHz in
WCDMA or 3G.This window shows us the centre
frequency of the bandwidth allotted to the
operator.
Cell Name It is the name given to particular
Node Bs by the operator generally along the lines
of the name of the area the Node B is located in.
Scrambling Code Scrambling code is a code
assigned to a particular cell. There are 512 such
codes for the network to differentiate among
TECHCOM Consulting
different Node Bs and these codes can be

repetitive. They are of two types primary and
secondary.
AS This stands for Active Set. Active Set is the set
of Scrambling Code which the U.E is currently
latched on and there can be a maximum of 3
Scrambling codes in Active Set.
MN MN Stands for monitored neighbor i.e the
neighbor cell that is detected by the U.E as a
neighbor and is also defined as a neighbor in the
network. U.E will initiate a Handover onto the
monitored neighbor in case the monitored neighbor
has a stronger Rx level than the AS.
DN - DN stands for Detected Neighbor and as the
name suggests it is the neighbor detected by the UE
but, is not defined in our network . It can be because
of Overshooting of a site, incomplete neighbor list or
in case of a new site. It is very important to optimize
and have no DNs as they are one of the major
reasons of Call drops in 3G.
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Layer 3 Messages
Layer 3 Messages are the messages on the Uu interface i.e between Mobile station and the Node B.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Radio Parameters
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Radio Parameters
TECHCOM
Consulting are the parameters of a
Radio
parameters
Mobile equipment
CPICH Ec/No Common Pilot channel Ec/No is

the ratio of energy of the chip and the combined
power of all the signals including the pilot itself
received by the UE at that particular point. It is a
very important factor for call quality.
CPICH RSCP Received Signal Code Power is
the level of the signal received by the U.E from a
particular pilot.
UE Tx Power As the name suggests it is the
transmitting power of a Mobile Station. Its value
can vary from -50 to 50. The minimum the Tx
power of the Mobile station the better it is for call
quality.
TECHCOM Consulting
UTRA Carrier RSSI - It is the Received Signal

Strength Indicator of the Mobile Station or the U.E. It
tells us the total Power Received by the Mobile
Station from all the Pilots including itself at that
particular location.
SIR It is the signal to interference Ratio is the ratio
of Energy in the DPCC(Dedicated Physical Control
Channel) to that of the interference and noise
received by the U.E.
Target SIR It is the target Signal to Interference
ratio that Mobile Equipment is supposed to achieve
by increasing or decreasing its power. It is set by the
use of Power Control procedure.
SQI - It is the speech Quality Index which is a
parameter to rate the voice Quality on that particular
call. It ranges from 0 30 with 30 being the best
quality.
RRC State It tells the current state and channel as
in Idle or dedicated.
Mode It is the mode that we are using GSM or
WCDMA.
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
WCDMA HSPA/GSM Data Line Chart
This window gives us the data throughput ( in kbps ) for both 3G and 2G modes depending on which mode
the mobile equipment is.
RLC DL Throughput This is the total throughput on the downlink at that particular point.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
GSM Neighbors
This window is very helpful in case of 2G 3G Handovers as we can see all the 2G neighbors of that particular
3G cell in the compressed mode state.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

Analysis of Cell Dominance (Pilot Pollution)
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01

TECHCOM
Consulting
Pilot
pollution
is the condition of a low ratio of
usable signal energy to unusable signal energy.
Another definition is the number of pilots within

the UE Reporting Range > max active set.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
What is Pilot Pollution?

Consulting
CellTECHCOM
pilot signals
received at a test point have no
difference in signal strength (either strong or
weak), but no dominant pilot is received.
The symptom is that the received pilot power is

good but Ec/Io of each cell is weak.
At present, most WCDMA equipments supports
up to three active sets. If the number of similar
Ec/Io values of different cells is more than three, it
can be regarded as a kind interference towards
three radio links in the active sets.
Cell coverage and capacity is reduced by high DL

noise levels.
BLER is high, and throughput is thus lowered.
Dropped calls are more likely; signaling may fail.

After minimizing pilot pollution, effect of the same is
Optimal Dominance means Good Ec/No and Hence
Good Voice quality, Good Video Quality and Good
Throughput.
UEs may change serving cell frequently in idle or

cell- FACH states.
UEs in cell-DCH state may change active set
members frequently.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Pilot Pollution Corrective Actions

Cause
Method
Lack of any strong pilot
Strengthen the best pilot
Too many strong pilots
Weaken unwanted pilots
Point of Change
Action
DL Power
Raise or lower the CPICH power
Antenna changes
Adjust down tilt, azimuth, or height.
Location
Use building shadowing to weaken a

pilot
Increase cell-to-cell distance.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Scrambling Code Dominance Plot
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Pilot Pollution on TEMS
No any Strong Dominance of

Signal rather receive all
signals with
Poor EcNo
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Pilot Pollution on ACTIX
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Plot for individual SC
SC 130
SC 138
TECHCOM Consulting
SC 146
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Good and Ec/No Poor Condition

Overlapping
area &
Good RSCP
Overlapping
area & Poor
EcNo
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Pilot Pollution
It is a direct relationship between RSCP and Ec/No.
Ec/No = RSCP/RSSI
Pilot Pollution = High BLER + Frequent active set changes
RSCP
EcNo
= Pilot Pollution
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

Analysis of DL CPICH Coverage (RSCP)
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01

Consulting
TheTECHCOM
Objective
of Coverage Analysis is to make
sure that the coverage of a site or the cluster
from the drive test meets the coverage objective
of the RF Design.
To get an accurate view of Coverage and Quality

on the ground then Field Measurements with
Scanner and UE are
required.
Poor coverage = Weak Pilot + No Dominant Pilot

+ Poor Active Set Pilot Quality + Dropped Call
Good Coverage = Strong Pilot + Dominant Pilot +
Good Active set Pilot Quality + No Dropped Call
The objective of RSCP analysis is to meet the
required RF Design KPI in terms of RSCP. This
KPI would differ from market to markets.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Drive Test RSCP Vs RF Design Predicted RSCP
NOTE
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
DL Coverage ( RSCP ) Optimization

Consulting
TheTECHCOM
intention
of DL Coverage Optimization is to
improve the RSCP to a level as optimum as
possible. It is always recommended to identify
the 1st Best Server in terms of Ec/No, in the area
you are optimizing.
Incorrect CPICH Power

Incorrect NodeB parameters like, ulAttenuation,
dlAttenuation, TMA insertion loss, etc.
Node B Hardware Issues, Alarms, etc.
Following could be the causes of poor

coverage from a sector.
Obstructions Buildings, Hoardings, etc.
Either very high or very low Electrical /
Mechanical Tilts
Improper Antenna Azimuth
Improper Antenna
High Feeder Cable Loss due to higher feeder
cable length
Feeder Cable / Connecter issues
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
DL Coverage ( EcNo ) Optimization

Consulting
DL TECHCOM
coverage
in UMTS is not just the RSCP but
the combination of RSCP and Ec/No.
Poor Coverage (RSCP) At the cell edges when

the RSCP is bad, obviously Ec/No will be bad. But
this area is categorized as a Poor Coverage Area.
Following could be the causes for EcNo.

Pilot Pollution Having too many pilots at a good
RSCP in a location
Pilot Spillover (Boomer Cells) Spillovers causes
increase in Io in the far field causing poor Ec/No
Missing 3G Neighbors Without the proper
neighbor definitions, a strong undefined neighbor
becomes an interference, which could reduce
Ec/No.
Improper IRAT Trigger If the IRAT Handover to
2G is not done at the right time, it could lead to
poor Ec/No.
TECHCOM Consulting
Improper Cell Selection / Reselection A UE

camped on a wrong cell could initiate a call in a
poor Ec/No environment.
High Traffic on the Cell High Traffic increases Io
and causing reduction in Ec/No
Improper Soft Handover Parameters.
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Coverage Analysis
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Coverage Analysis
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drive Test For Coverage

TECHCOM Consulting
SCANNER
Vs PHONE
Scanners are better than phones, no neighbor list

dependency
Use roof mounted antennas with identical gains
or known gains.
Adjust for phone vs. scanner gains in postprocessing.
Limit cluster size of 10-15 sites so drive test <4
hours.
Check RF Operations for alarms, solve if
necessary.
Drive as many streets as possible, involving ALL
sectors.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Pre Drive Vs Post Drive

TECHCOM Consulting
If lack of coverage is indicated then coverage

enhancement is required.
Has excessive tilting been used? Is up-tilting or
an Panning the antenna an option for some cells.
After optimization start post drive

Same route has to be covered which earlier was
done.
Same routes gives us the better idea to focus on
optimization if needed.
Re site audit if required in terms of antenna tilt,

azimuth and height.
For initial roll out stages (low traffic) increasing
the P-CPICH power is an option the feasibility will
depend upon the margins in the link budget but
many operators are not allowed.
Clear the site related alarms if any

After completion of all start the post drive.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
RSCP Pre Drive Plot

This cluster has been done before Optimization
Cluster - 20 sites
On Air Site 14 sites
Poor Coverage Area
Legends
0 to -74dBm
-74 to -80dBm
-80 to -87 dBm
-87 to -97dBm
-97 to -127dBm
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Post Drive Plot

This cluster has been done after Optimization
Cluster - 20 sites
On Air Site 18 sites
Improved Coverage Area
Legends
0 to -74dBm
-74 to -80dBm
-80 to -87 dBm
-87 to -97dBm
-97 to -127dBm
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Conditions for Radio Environment
RSCP
RSCP
RSCP
RSCP
EcNo
EcNo
EcNo
EcNo
= Coverage Limited
= Poor Radio Condition
= Good Coverage
= Pilot Pollution
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Poor & Ec/No Good (Coverage Limited)
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Poor & Ec/No Poor ( Poor Radio Condition )
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Good & Ec/No Good ( Good Coverage )
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
RSCP Good & Ec/No Poor (Pilot Pollution)
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

Analysis of UL Coverage and Interference (UE TX PWR)
Sot-Handover analysis and Impact
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE TX Power
TECHCOM Consulting
User Equipment Transmit Power It indicate how

much Mobile is transmitting power, Lower transmit
power is better for network.
UE can transmit between 40 to + 21 dBm and
Data card 40 to +23 dBm. If Up Link has
interference then UE has to transmit more power
to reach Node B.
Desire value <10 +dBm
It is recommended to use the Long Call Handset,

for the fact that, the UE transmits the right power
when it is on call. During idle mode UE does not
transmit continuously.
TECHCOM Consulting
Main objective of checking the UE Transmit

Power is to verify the Path Balance. Where
ever there is a good RSCP, UE should
transmit at a lower power. The UL & DL may
not be balanced due to various factors such as
like differences in Downlink and Uplink Power
Control algorithms, Interference conditions,
Traffic conditions, etc.
To verify the path balance visually, from the UE
TX Power Plot, identify the areas of high UE
Transmit Power (Say > 0 dBm) and then look
at the RSCP and Ec/No Plots. If you see poor
RSCP, it could be a poor coverage area. In this
case, an attempt should be made to improve
the coverage. If you see a poor Ec/No with a
good RSCP, it could be due to interference or
high traffic. If it is an interference issue due to
pilot pollution or overshooting pilot, an attempt
should be made to improve the Pilot Ec/No.
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
UE Transmit Power UL Coverage Analysis

TECHCOM Consulting
In few circumstances, UE Transmit Power

could be higher with a good RSCP and Ec/No.
This indicates an issue with the Uplink. This may
be due to any of the following issues.
TMA, Cable, Antenna, Node B Hardware issues
Improper Uplink Power Control Parameters
Improper IRAT Trigger
Improper Cell Selection / Reselection parameters
Improper Node B parameters like, ulAttenuation,
dlAttenuation, TMA Insertion Loss, TMA Gain, etc.
External Uplink Interference.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
UE Tx Power Explanation
User is currently connected with SC 318 Node B and
user is start moving towards SC 166 Node B
TECHCOM Consulting
Step-1
TA -TC 6250 E01
User is currently connected with SC 166 Node B and SC 318 Node B.
UE is at the cell edge and has to transmit with High Power
TECHCOM Consulting
Step-2
TA -TC 6250 E01
User is currently connected with SC 158 Node B
TECHCOM Consulting
Step-3
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE Tx Power RACH INITIAL ACCESS
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE Tx Power Incase of Single Site

In case of Single site RSCP & EcNo is good and hence Ue has to trasmitt -23 dBm
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE Tx Power Incase of IDLE and Dedicated mode

UE TX Power
In Idle Mode UE is not transmitting any power to Node B whereas in

Cell_DCH / Cell_FACH mode UE is transmitting power to Node B.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE TX Power Pre Drive Plot
UE has to transmit more

power due to non working
of nearby site
Legends
-30 to -3 dBm
-3 to 1 dBm
1 to 5 dBm
5 to 11 dBm
11 to 30dBm
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE TX Power Post Drive Plot
UE has to transmit less

power due to working of
nearby site
Legends
-30 to -3 dBm
-3 to 1 dBm
1 to 5 dBm
5 to 11 dBm
11 to 30dBm
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
UE Transmit Power Conclusion

TECHCOM Consulting
Give request to Plan site where as UE has to

transmit high power to continue exiting connection
with Node B.
Also Node B needs to transmit with High power.
Adverse effect of this situation is when traffic of
near by site is increase then due to the principle of
WCDMA, Node B has to drop high power users.
Any time call Drop is occur when call is ongoing
and any time call Block is occur when call is in
initiation process.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Content

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
To better understand the failure mechanisms that contribute to radio failure as measured with
network statistics.
Categorize the failure causes for Call Setup and drop call performance.
Drop Call analysis shows that significant proportion of Interference failures is due the missing
neighbour
Analysis also confirms that conclusion derived from the scanner data that DL interference is major
contributing factor to failure on the radio Interface
KPI Route Call Drop Causes
KPI Route CSF Causes
3.70%
8.33%
8.33%
29.63%
8.33%
22.22%
AS Update Failure :
RF Issue : Interference
System Issue :NodeB
Cause Unknown
UE Issue
UE Issue
Unknown
11.11%
18.52%
14.81%
75.00%
RF Issue : Interference
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Missing neighbour
RF Issue : Coverage
Neighbor Cells with wrong Configuration

TECHCOM Consulting
A neighbor cell may has been added to an

active set. It may be involved in cell re-selection
or handover with other cells.
When a mobile is in the idle and FACH state,
the mobile reads the neighbor cell
information from system messages, and
measures these neighbor cells when
conditions are met. If a neighbor cell fails to
be set, cell re-selection cannot be complete
timely which further cause call
establishment failure.
When the mobile is in the DCH state, RNC
sends out neighbor cell information through
measurement control command to ask the
mobile to measure all neighbor cells where
handover may occur. In this case, if a neighbor
cell fails to be set, handover failures may occur
and further cause call drops.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Neighbor Cells with wrong Configuration

WCDMA Pilot Set (dB) - Ec/Io
-25
-20
-15
-10
-19.2
-16.07
-15.8
-5
0
Series1
-10
-8.89
-7.3
-8.2
AS
MN
MN
MN
DN
DN
DN
DN
-10
-7.3
-8.2
-15.8
-19.2
-6.2
-8.89
-16.07
-6.2
AS- Active Set

MN Monitored Neighbour
DN Detected Neighbour
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Missing or Detected Neighbour
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Detected Neighbour
Active Set- Currently serving Cell

Detected Neighbor- Undefined strong detected server
UARFCN DL- UMTS Absolute radio frequency channel number
CPICH Carrier Pilot Channel
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Deletion of Neighbour
Need to
Delete
Neighbor
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Soft-Handover analysis
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Soft Handover
When UE has Radio Links (RLs) with same node B and other node B then type of Handover
is known as Soft Handover.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Softer Handover
When UE has Radio Links (RLs) with same node B then type of Handover is known as Softer
Handover
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
WCDMA Handover Analysis
SC 38 is
added
in AS
SC 38 is
added
in AS
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Active Set Update

TECHCOM Consulting
In 3G there can be six pilots in the active set.

But, we generally set it at maximum of
three(depends on the operator) to avoid Pilot
pollution.
In case of soft Handover all the cells which
are in MN can be entered into Active set but,
only till the maximum limit of three.
This procedure of soft HO from monitored to
Active set is called Active set update.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Active set Update
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Active set Update
Added to Active Set
Active Set
Update
Current Location
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Unreasonable Handover Area

Typical handover process: measure control > measure report> handover decision> handover
implementation> new measurement control.
Unreasonable handover area may cause that signals jitter to fast and have not enough time to complete
handover which further causes call drops.
Corners and street crossroads.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
SHO Overhead Analysis

TECHCOM Consulting
Soft Handover Overhead is the metric that gives

the amount of radio resources being used in the
Uu interface when the Active Set Size of the UE
is more than 1.
Two ways to measure
1. Percentage of Soft Handover Traffic to the
Total Traffic
2. Average Number of Sectors used per UE
during drive test
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
SHO Overhead Analysis

TECHCOM Consulting
1)
Percentage of Soft Handover Traffic to the

Total Traffic
Handover Traffic includes soft, softer, 3-way
soft, 4 way soft, etc. Total Traffic will include
the Primary Traffic and the Soft Handover
Traffic. This type of metric can be calculated
using the respective counters to do the
capacity performance analysis. As of now,
since we do not have much traffic on the
network, we will not be able to rely on the
counter values.
TECHCOM Consulting
2)
Average Number of Sectors used per UE

during drive test
This metric can be calculated using Active Set
Size Plot from the Handset device making
Long voice Call or using the Simulated Active
Set Size Plot from the Scanner. This type is
generally used to calculate the soft handover
overhead using the drive test data.
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Content

Analysis of Inter Radio Access Technology Handover (IRAT HO)
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
IRAT HO Inter Radio Access Technology

Handover
Hard Handover from 3G to 2G technology
IRAT Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
Camp on 3G
Compressed Mode Entered
Compressed Mode Exited
Handover from UTRAN
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
IRAT HO Step1
UE is camp on 3G
Call setup on
3G
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
IRAT HO Step2
Compressed Mode entered and For a while Data is paused and Searcher is search
for available Radio Access Technology i.e. 2G and Handover is happened from UTRAN
WCDMA has
GSM
Neighbors
Compressed Mode
Entered and HO
from UTRAN
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
IRAT HO Step3
After Successful of IRAT HO compressed Mode is Exited
Compressed Mode
Exited
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Radio Access Bearers

1. Voice Call Session
2. Video Call Session
3. Data Call Session
Voice and Data Call has been carried out simultaneously.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Multi RAB : Attractive Feature of 3G
CS call is
running
PS Call is
running
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Content

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drop Call Analysis
One of the major challenges in Radio network Optimization is Drop Call Analysis. A
drop call occurs if the connection is terminated anytime after the UE has
completed the RAB setup by sending the RAB Setup Complete on the uplink as
shown.
AMR Call Flow

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drop Call Analysis Flow Chart

Start Analyzing a Drop Call
Drop Call
Analysis
Flow Chart
UEs best server

= Scanners
best server?
NO
Missing
Neighbor / Cell YES
Reselection
Issue?
Neighbor List Optimization
YES
DL Coverage Optimization
NO
NO
UE Best Servers
RSCP > -90
YES
UE Best Servers
Ec/No > -12
NO
YES
UL Coverage / Path
Balance Optimization
NO
UETXPWR < 0
NO
Optimization to create
Pilot Dominance and
reduce spillovers OR
Optimize SC
Pilot Pollution /
Boomer Cell / YES
SC Collision?
NO
Missing
Neighbor / Cell
YES
Reselection
Issue?
Neighbor List Optimization
YES
Possible Causes: 1) Poor Handover Parameters, 2) Poor Cell Reselection Parameters, 3) Inter RNC HO issues, 4) No
Resource available on Target Cell during HO, 5) Hardware Issues, 6) Improper IRAT Trigger, 7) Scrambling Code
Collisions.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drop Call Causes

TECHCOM Consulting
1. Missing Neighbour
2. Handover Issues
3. DL Coverage Issues
4. UL Coverage Issues
5. Pilot Pollution
6. Over shooting Pilots / Boomer Cells
7. Cell Reselection Issues
8. SC Collisions
9. INTER RNC Handover Issues
10. Hardware Issues
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Drop Call due to Missing Intra Frequency Neighbor
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drop Call due to Missing Intra Frequency Neighbor
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Block Call due to No Radio Bearer Setup Complete
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Block Call due to No Radio Bearer Setup Complete

Normal Call Setup Procedure
TECHCOM Consulting
Call Setup Failure
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drop Call Causes and Possible Solutions

Behavior
Problem
Description
Possible Solution
Dropped call
SHO to wrong cell will cause

drop call.
Overshooting cell come

temporarily into active set and
forces a suitable serving cell to
be dropped out. Later RSCP
suddenly drops in the wrong
cell and causes a dropped call
because there is no neighbour
defined.
Pan away overshooting cell if it

is too close to the serving cell,
otherwise apply down tilting as
well.
Dropped call
Cell suffering from UL

interference = DL (CPICH)
coverage much bigger than UL
coverage
As the UE Tx power is not

enough for target cell
synchronisation, the SHO fails
which will cause call drop later.
Use cell individual offset

(negative value) parameter to
balance the DL and UL
coverage.
Check traffic direction of in-car
UEs to decide which cell
requires offsets.
Dropped call
DL CPICH coverage < UL

coverage
Cell with lower CPICH power

than the surrounding is having
too good UL performance, as
this cells UL cannot be used
efficiently due to SHO is decided
upon DL (CPICH Ec/No).

(positive value) parameter to
coverage.
Note: Cell individual offsets are
not taken into account when
calculating the added cell TX
power.
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Drop Call Causes and Possible Solutions

Behavior
Problem
Description
Possible Solution
Dropped call
Round the corner effect
Dropped call/SHO failure
Too many neighbours

(positive value) parameter to
coverage.
Delete unnecessary
neighbours.
Improve dominance.
Drop Call
RAN is not working correctly

during SHO.
Drop Call
Failure to decode BSIC before

the call drop.
The call drops due to too rapid

CPICH coverage degradation
for Cell A, and therefore there is
not enough time for SHO.
In SHO area the number of
combined neighbouring cells
become more than 31. HO list
is created using RNC algorithm
in the final stage some of the
neighbours will randomly be
removed.
No GSM neighbour list is sent
for measurements in case
there are 3 cells in Active Set.
CM starts too late
Drop Call
Failure to decode BSIC before

the call drop.
TECHCOM Consulting
BSIC verification takes too

much time.
TA -TC 6250 E01
This should be corrected in

later RAN release(s).
Set higher ISHO thresholds,

FMCS: CPICH EcNo, CPICH
RSCP, UE TX Pwr.
Set smaller measurement time
for GSM cells, FMCG:
Maximum measurement
period, Minimum measurement
interval
Content

TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
PS Data Analysis
TECHCOM Consulting
Low throughput can be caused by simple RF

issues as well as complex end to end system
issues.
Packet data is handled using common channels,

dedicated channels and shared channels, each
offering different capability and throughput.
Which of these is assigned is dependent on UE
capability, data volume, RF conditions, available
resources (hardware, transmission, code etc).
Throughput depends very much on the round trip
time (RTT) The lower the RTT the greater the
potential for higher throughput. Normally RTT is
around 200ms.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Throughput Analysis Flowchart
Start Analyzing Low

Throughput
Escalate
Isolated to a
specific
area?
Y
UE
requires
HSDPA
UE
requires
R99 DCH
HSDPA
Analysis
R99 DCH
Analysis
TECHCOM Consulting
UE
requires
cell FACH
Y
Common /
Idle
Analysis
TA -TC 6250 E01
R99 Throughput Analysis

TECHCOM Consulting
R99 PS service is a best effort service. When

using R99 DCH each user is allocated a
dedicated channel with a radio bearer configured
based on the UE requirement and available
resources.
The R99 DCH Bearers are fixed rate bearers,
with the following rates supported in the uplink
and downlink:
384kbps
128kbps
64kbps
R99 Low Throughput Causes

1. Prolonged Cell_FACH
2. Mobility Missing Neighbour
3. Poor RF Coverage
4. High BLER
5. Rate Switching
Once the session is established the bearer rate

is then adapted based on throughput
requirements and to in order to control load in
the cell.
TECHCOM Consulting
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Poor PS Call ( R99 ) in Mobility
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
Poor PS Call ( R99 ) in Mobility

No Dominance area and Frequent change in Radio Link Addition/Removal/Replacement
Cause low Throughput
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
HSDPA Throughput Analysis

TECHCOM Consulting
HSDPA offers users enhanced data rates and

improved latency over traditional R99 bearers,
with throughputs as high as 14.4Mbps
achievable. With HSDPA, users make use of the
DSCH (comprising several sf16 codes) rather
than the DCH for data transfer in the downlink,
the scheduling of user data is performed by the a
new MAC entity (MAC-hs) in the NodeB rather
than the RNC and fast HARQ is used to
minimize RLC retransmissions caused by errors
introduced over the air interface
TECHCOM Consulting
HSDPA Low Throughput Causes

1. Beginning of Session TCP Slow Start
2. No HS-DSCH Assignment
3. Low CQI
4. High DTX %
5. High NACK%
6. Mobility
TATA
-TC-TC
6120
6250
01/2005
E01
Poor PS Call ( HS ) in Mobility

No Dominance area and Frequent HS Serving Cell HO or Ping Pong Switching can
cause low Throughput
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
HSDPA TEMS Overview
Shows How many

codec are used
Throughput
3.861 Mbps
TECHCOM Consulting
Which Modulation
is used?
TA -TC 6250 E01
HSUPA TEMS Overview
Uplink Throughput in kbps
Uplink Transmission rate ( % )

Uplink Re-transmission rate ( % )
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01
To Meet Network KPIs
Optimize
signal
coverage
Repeat until
KPIs are met
Control Pilot
Pollution
Optimize
Neighbor Lists
TECHCOM Consulting
Control SHO
Factor
TA -TC 6250 E01
Thank you
TECHCOM Consulting
TA -TC 6250 E01

Chapter 4 - DT ANALYSIS&OPTIMIZATION PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 4 - DT ANALYSIS&OPTIMIZATION PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Content

Drive-test logs Processing and Analysis

Drive test Data Analysis Flow chart

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

Drive test Data Analysis Flow chart

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

Drive test Data Analysis Flow chart

Compare scanner measurements

CPICH RSCP =>

CPICH Ec/No =>

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

How to Start? Where to start?

Copyright All rights reserved

Identify most common service quality issues

Uplink BLER To identify the areas of poor uplink

Coverage plot in terms of RSCP To identify the

Active Set Size Plot To identify the areas of high

Best Server Plot (1st Best SC based on Ec/No)

Copyright All rights reserved

Analysis of Pilot Pollution / Interference / Pilot

Swap Sector Analysis / SC inconsistency Check

Drop Calls / Access Failure Analysis To identify

Azimuth Verification To identify the difference

Metrics needs to consider by RNC Engineer may

Missing Neighbor Analysis To identify the

Neighbor List Inconsistency Check To identify

Copyright All rights reserved

Post-Processing tool is required for data analysis

NetActPlanner can be used to verify the proposed

On going contents will be based on analysis of

Copyright All rights reserved

Drive test Data Analysis Flow chart

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

Introduction to TEMS Drive test tool

After installing TEMS and opening the Data

Once we have opened a new worksheet, we will

We need to open a new worksheet for the same

Copyright All rights reserved

Select presentation on the information bar.

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

Cell File Load

Following are the steps for same

Copyright All rights reserved

We can also remove and add things by going to

Copyright All rights reserved

Serving/Active Set + Neighbors

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

Serving/Active Set + Neighbors

Cell ID This is the identity or name given to a

Copyright All rights reserved

different Node Bs and these codes can be

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

Copyright All rights reserved

TA -TC 6250 E01

CPICH Ec/No Common Pilot channel Ec/No is