Master Outline:

Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy

Renaissance, meaning rebirth, appeared in Western Europe and marked the transition
from medieval times to the early modern world.
What was the Renaissance?
A time of creativity and great change in political, social, economic and cultural areas. Its aa shift
from agricultural community to urban society.
I.

A new world view

A. A time of rebirth after disorder and disunity of the medieval world
B. Europe is enlightened during the Greeks, and after the fall of Rome, went into the dark.
Then the Renaissance is the reenlightment and rebirth of Europe from darkness
C. Reawakened interest in Greek and Roman learning
1. Uses Latin for church and scholarship
D. Medieval scholars focused on religion, while Renaissance explored human experience
E. Emphasis on individual achievement
F. Individuality and Rationalism becomes the new ideology
II. Spirit of Adventure
A. Scientist looked at the universe in new ways
B. Writers and artists experimented with new form and techniques
III. Expressing Humanism
A. Humanists: study the classical culture of Greece and Rome, scholars who translated and
commented the roman and greek writing
1. Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideas
2. Focused on worldly subjects
a) The renaissance was religious still, for example, many artists painted The
Madonna (mother of Jesus)
3. Believe that education should stimulate individuals creative powers
4. Emphasizes and study humanities: subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and
history that Greeks and Romans study
B. Francesco Petrarch was a humanist helped bring the works of Cicero, Homer, and
Virgils to the Western Europeans
C. Architectures are similar, such as domes, arches, triangular roofs, and columns
Italy: Cradle of the Renaissance
The Renaissance begun in Italy and spread north afterwards.
I.

Italys History and Geography

A. Renaissance is the rebirth of interest in ancient Rome
1. Italy had been the center of Rome, thus people could study its art and architecture
2. Roman Catholic church was also based in Rome
B. Italys location in the Mediterranean Sea also encouraged trade with Muslims
1. Trade provided the wealth which ruled Italys Renaissance
a) Only wealth could afford art and scholarship
2. Trade routes carried new ideas, so lost Roman and Greek knowledge was regained
through contact with the Muslims

II. Italys Vibrant City-States

A. Italy, unlike the Kingdoms of Europe, was divided into city states
1. The city states are controlled by a powerful family and dominated by merchant class
a) Each of the city-states are like industrial power houses
(1) Florence produced textiles, Milan made arms, Genoa and Venice got rich by
trading

2. The merchant families exert political and economic leader ship

3. The interest of the merchant families in art and personal achievements helped
shape the Italian Renaissance
B. Venetians are great shipbuilders and traders
1. They traded with Ottoman Empire, which is the economic powerhouse of Eastern
Mediterranean
2. They traded textiles from Florence, which is popular because it stays vibrant
a) The textiles are violent because the textiles have alum, a material from Anatolia
b) Once alum was discovered in Italy, the Italians thought the Turks would lose
profit and they could attain all the profits from them, which didnt happen
c) The right to mine alum was granted to the Medici family
C. The Medici family of Florence is among the richest merchants and bankers of Europe
1. Lorenzo the Magnificent represented the Renaissance ideal
a) Hes a clever politician who held Florence together during difficult times
b) Hes a generous patron of the arts
(1) He would invite poets and philosopher to the Medici palace
(2) Artist would learn their craft by sketching ancient Roman statues displayed in
the Medici gardens
2. The Medicis wealth and influence transformed Florence
a) Florence came to symbolize Italian Renaissance (like Athens representing Greek
Knowledge)
b) Florence produced much poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists
The Islamics Help Created the Renaissance
Without the Islamics, there wouldnt be such thing as Renaissance

I.

The Muslim scholars provided the European scholars with ancient Rome and Greek texts
they preserved
A. The Muslim scholars had been studying the Rome and Greek texts for centuries
B. Istanbul is a place to look for ancient Greek and Roman texts
II. The Fall of Constantinople helped the Renaissance because scholars and intellectuals fled
to Italy
III. The Muslims influenced Copernicuss theories
A. Copernicus was one of the brightest minds during the Renaissance

Renaissance Art Flowers

The Renaissance expresses itself with its paintings, sculpture, and architecture. [Visual and
literary arts]
I.

Reflecting Humanist Thought

A. Renaissance arts reflect Humanism
1. Its arts portrayed religious themes but set them against classical Greek or Roman
backgrounds
2. Painters also painted well-known figures of the day, which reflects the emphasis on
individual achievement
3. Renaissance artists also revived ancient Greek and Roman forms, such as statues
II. Using New Artistic Techniques
A. Roman arts are realistic, and Renaissance art returned to it from stylized medieval art
1. Perspective allowed Renaissance artists create realistic art
a) Perspective: Making distant objects smaller than those closer to the viewer
2. Shading: makes objects appear round and real
3. Oil paints: reflect light
4. Painters and sculptors studied human anatomy with live models
a) Renaissance painters and sculptors are able to portray human body much better
than medieval artists
III. Architecture: A Social Art
A. Leon Alberti, and architect, described architecture as a social art that blends beauty with
utility to improve society
B. The revival of columns, arcs, and domes favored by Greeks and Romans and the
decline of gothic buildings

1. Filippo Brunelleschi created a majestic dome for the Cathedral in Florence, modeling
the dome of the Pantheon in Rome
a) Filippo is also an artist, sculptor, and engineer
IV. Leonardo da Vinci
A. Made sketches of nature and models in studio
B. Dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work
1. Thus, da Vincis painting is realistic
a) Mona Lisa: Women with mysterious smile
b) The Last Supper: Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion
(1) Restored because the new type of paint da Vinci used decayed over the
years
C. Also studies botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering
a) Made sketches of flying machines and undersea boats before airplanes or
submarines
V. Michelangelo
A. Was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet
B. called the melancholy genius because his work reflects his struggles
1. Created David and Piet
a) Pieta: Mary cradles her dead son Jesus

b) David: Biblical hero

2. Painted a huge mural of biblical history to decorate the
Sistine Chapel in Rome
3. Also a talented architect
a) Designed the dome of St. Peters Cathedral, which
served as a model for the United States Capitol
building
VI. Raphael
A. Known for his sweet and gracious artistic nature
B. Developed a style of painting that blended Christian and classical styled paintings
1. Madonna: the Mother of Jesus
2. The School of Athens: Convening of Aristotle, Socrates, the Arab philosopher
Averroes, Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself (Raphael)

Writing for a New Society

Renaissance writers wrote diverse topics, such as philosophy, scholarship, guidebooks, and
more.
I.

Castigliones Ideal Courtier

A. The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione is the most widely read handbooks
1. It describes the manner, skills, learning, and virtues that a courtier should have
2. Castigliones ideal courtier is well-educated, well-mannered aristocrat who mastered
poetry, music, and sports
B. Castigliones ideal men and women
1. His ideal men
a) Athletic but no overactive
b) Good at games but not a gambler
c) Plays musical instrument, knows literature and history, but isnt arrogant
2. His ideal women
a) Graceful and kind, lively but preserved
b) Beautiful
C. (Not too extreme)

II. Machiavellis Successful Prince

A. Niccol Machiavelli wrote The Prince, a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain

power
1. Looked at real rulers in the past and in his experience, unlike Plato who discussed
leadership and ideals
a) Urged rulers to use any methods necessary to achieve their goals
B. Machiavelli saw himself as the enemy of oppression and corruption
1. Machiavellian today means the use of deceit in politics
2. The Prince is a realistic view on politics
3. Sparks ethical debate about the nature of government and its use of power

Section 2: The Renaissance in the North

Renaissance begun to flower in Northern Europe after the Black Death.

The Printing Revolution

I.

Johann Gutenberg from Germany printed the first completed edition of the Bible in 1455
A. Used movable type
B. Begun the printing revolution that produced millions of books
II. Changed Europe immensely
A. Made books easier to produce, lowering its price
B. Making books prevalent, readers became more prevalent as a result
C. Knowledge are gained by people, and new ideas and places are exposed
Northern Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance begun in Flanders, a center of trade for Northern Europe. It
eventually spread to the Spain, France, Germany, and England.
I.

Flemish Painters
A. Jan van Eyck portrays towns people and religious scenes with rich, realistic details in
1400s
B. Pieter Bruegel in 1500s portrays peasant life and also religious and classical themes, but
always with common people
1. Peasant Bruegel
C. Peter Paul Rubens
1. Blended the realism of Bruegel with classical themes and artistic freedom of the
Italian Renaissance
2. Was also a scholar, humanist
a) Has the knowledge of mythology, bible, and classical history
b) Has paintings portraying those themes
II. Drer: Leonardo of the North
A. Albrecht Durer was a German Renaissance artist who is deeply influenced by Italian
Renaissance
1. Traveled to Italy (1494) to study the Italian masters
2. Spreads Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe
a) Influences Italian painters with his own methods
3. Wide-range knowledge gave him the name Leonardo of the North"
B. Applied Italian-learned techniques onto engraving
1. Engraving
a) Make a design on a metal plate and make prints with it
b) Drer studied the method in his fathers goldsmith workshop
2. Drers engravings portrays religious upheavals
Northern Humanists and Writers
Northern Humanists and Writers write in Latin, but also began to write in vernacular, or everyday
language of common people. This appealed to new, middle class audience.
I.

Erasmus: Making Humanism Popular

A. Desiderius Erasmus is a Dutch humanist priest who produced a new Greek version of
the bible
B. He also called for a translation of the Bible into vernacular
1. He denounces the people who doesnt want the bible to be translated
C. Disturbed by Church corruption and called for reform
II. Sir Thomas Mores Ideal Society

A. Thomas More, an English humanist friend of Erasmus, wrote Utopia

1. In Utopia, More depicted an ideal society where everyone is educated and live in
peace
2. The word utopia is used today as a perfect unachievable society
III. Rabelais Comic Masterpiece
A. Franois Rabelais is a humanist monk, physician, Greek scholar, and author
1. He wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel
a) Its about the adventure of two Giants
b) The deeper meaning of the book expresses his opinions on religion, education,
and other serious subjects
IV. Shakespeare Writes for All Time
A. Shakespeare is the most notable figure in Renaissance literature
1. Hes an English poet and playwright
B. Shakespeares plays
1. Was not of an age, but for all time.
2. Expresses universal themes in common, realistic settings
3. Expresses the Renaissances ideals on the emphasis of individuality and classics
4. His plays uses vernacular which made them attractive to common people
5.
C. Down to the Numbers:
1. Between 1590 and 1613, Shakespeare wrote 37 plays
2. More than 1,700 words were used for the first time in his works

John Greens Thesis

The Renaissance didnt happen
I. People didnt know that its history, like the fall of Berlin Wall, or the Battle of Hastings
II. Renaissance affected few people in Europe
A. It affected the affluent and the artists who serve them only
B. Most people still lived in the country side and farmed
III. The scientific discoveries didnt change lives
IV. The Renaissances bright minds are barely contemporary and are mutually interdependent
with each other
V. We constructed the Renaissance because we see it as important
A. It helps us make sense of the fact that Europe was enlightened during the Greek and
Roman times and declined after the fall of Rome. The Renaissance then reenlightened
Europe again until today.

1. I can describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy.
2. I can identify Renaissance artists and explain how the new ideas affected the arts of the
period.
3. I can understand how writers of the time addressed Renaissance themes.
4. I can explain how the printing Revolution shaped European society.
5. I can describe the scenes that northern European artist, humanists, and writers explored.

Master Outline Chap 1, Sec 3 and 4, + Reformation Crash Course

Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Church grew increasingly corrupted during the Renaissance. Northern Europe
begin to rebel against the Church, bring an upheaval of religious changes. It became known as
the Protestant Reformation.

Before the Reformation

I. Parish Priest is the most important person of your life
A. Knows how to read the bible
B. Does church services for you
II. Church includes social service
A. Run orphanage and help the poor
B. Provide education

Background to the Reformation

The printing press help the humanist spread ideas that questions the Church. Before the
Reformation, Catholic dominates all of Christianity. The Reformation forced governments to
grant religious freedom.
I. Church Abuses
A. The Church grew more involved in worldly affairs such as land, political power
1. Church owns a third of Europes land
B. The Pope led lavish lives parallel to the Renaissance such as hiring artists
C. The Pope sold indulgence and put price tags on basic Church services
1. Indulgence: Lessening the time a soul has to spend in purgatory
D. People in Northern Europe protests
1. Erasmus
II. Early Revolts Against the Church
A. John Wycliffe from England and Jan Hus from Czech used sermons and writing to
protest against Church

Background of Martin Luther:

I. Studied law
II. Thunderstorm almost hit him
III. Yelled St. Anne save me
IV. Became a monk

Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change

Martin Luther from Germany provoked a full-scaled revolt against the Church through peaceful
means
I. Writing the 95 Theses (1517)
A. Johann Tetzel set up a pulpit in Wittenberg asking for money to rebuild a Church in
Rome, in return, people are guaranteed the path to Heaven
B. Martin believe that Tetzels request is the final stage, and wrote 95 Theses

1. 95 arguments against indulgences

II. Igniting a Firestorm
A. Martins statements grow more and more radical
1. From Faith is Everything to
2. The Church and Pope makes mistakes
3. Priesthood is human made
B. Martins 95 Theses was printed and spread in Europe
C. The Church ask Martin to recant, but he refused
1. Recant: Give up ones views
D. In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin
E. Charles V emperor of the Holy Roman Empire asked Martin to a diet to recant, Martin
again refused
1. Diet: A day for a meeting
F. Charles declared Luther an outlaw, but many people still supported Luther and look at
him as their leader
1. Outlaw: Illegal to give food and shelter
G. Luther translated the Bible into German, so everyone can read it
1. Luther believes that if everyone reads the Bible, they will see the truth behind the
Bible
2. But it only made people believe that they have religious ideas, producing many
different protestant sects
H. Young people pillage the church and destroy it because the Bible says no picture
1. Turns into a social revolution

III. Luthers Teachings

A. Luther was influential because of the printing press, which printed cartoons, posters, and
his writings
1. It lets everyone know about his ideas
B. All people have equal access to god
C. Everyone should be able to read bible
D. Church schools are setup for children to learn about Bible

E. Banned indulgence, confession, pilgrimage to Saint and simplified Church rituals

IV. Luthers Ideas Spread
A. Luther became more and more popular gradually, earning his followers a name:
Protestant
1. Protestant protests against the Church
B. People followed Luther for patriotism, not following the Church, or seize Church
properties
V. The Peasants Revolt
A. The peasants support Luthers economic and social view, and called for change
B. They said the twelve articles of Luther, how serfdom is invented by men
C. In 1524, their revolt turned violent
1. Luther denounce them by saying that equality is just a theoretical concept, nobles
suppress by slaughtering them
VI. The Peace of Augsburg
A. Princes turn Lutheran because they can seize Church lands and asset
B. Albert of Prussia who was a monk turned into a Duke, giving him the right to have
children
C. Protestant ideology gave them church land and collect church taxes
D. Charles V forced the Lutheran Princes to return to the Church, leading to wars
E. The Peace of Augsburg gave these princes the right to chose their religion
1. Northern Prince chose Lutheran
2. Southern Prince chose Catholic
Switzerlands Reformation

I.

Ulrich Zwingli admire Erasmus and stresses Bible and the simplification of Church rituals like
Luther

II. John Calvin published a book in 1536 about his religious views
A. Similar to Luther
B. But preach predestination
1. The idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
C. Two kinds of people: Saints and sinners
III. Calvin set up theocracy in Geneva, in which the church leaders run the government
A. Strict Christians laws
B. Strict Christian behaviors
C. The role model society for Protestants
IV. Calvins ideas spread after reformers visited Geneva and return
A. Although Calvinism spread to Germany, France, Netherlands, England, and Scotland, it
was suppressed by Lutheran, the Church, or local monarchs
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
The monarchs and Church scrambled to reform and regain their lost worshippers. Despite their
effort, Protestant ideas continue to spread.
An Explosion of Protestant Sects
I. New sects forms, including radical ones, such as rejecting infant babtism
A. Anabaptism
II. Anabaptism
A. Abolish Private Property
B. Speed up judgement day
III. When radical sects took over some cities, Luther asked his followers to form alliance with
Catholics to suppress these radical threat
IV. Many sects today have Anabaptism as their ancestors
The English Reformation
King Henry VIII made the break with the Catholic Church
I. Henry VIII Seeks and Annulment
A. At first, Henry was stalwartly against Protestant
1. Defender of the Faith
B. Henry wants to divorce with Catherine because she doesnt bare him a son
C. Pope didnt authorize the annulation in fear of offending Charles V
II. Breaking With the Church
A. Henry was furious and guided by his protestant advisors, passed laws in the Parliament
that gave Henry the Popes power over the Church
B. Thomas Cranmer because the new Archbishop and annulled Henrys marriage with
Catherine
1. Henry married Anne and she gave birth to Elizabeth
C. The Parliament passed Act of Supremacy giving Henry more power, and the people who
disagree including Thomas More were killed for Treason
1. The people who were killed were canonized, or become Saints of the Catholic
Church
III. Strengthening the Church of England
A. Henry closed Catholic convents and monastries
B. Confiscated their lands and give them to nobles
C. Henry is not radical, doesnt support Protestant
D. Anglican Church used English Bible

IV. Religious Turmoil

A. Edward VI succeeded Henry and made Anglican Church Protestant
B. Thomas Cranmer made the Protestant Book of Common required reading in church
services
C. Mary Tudor succeeded Edward VI and return the Church towards Catholic faith
1. Burned English Protestants and Thomas Cranmer
V. The Elizabethan Settlement
A. Made a compromise between Protestant and Catholic practices
1. Kept Catholic rituals, but get rid of the Supreme Title, accepted moderate Protestant
doctrines, used The Book of Common Prayers, which basically returned the country
to peace after decades of constant religious turmoils
B. Made England Protestant with Catholic practices
The Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III begin to reform the Church by ending corruption in order to regain ex-Catholic
Protestant worshippers.
I. Council of Trent
A. Pope Paul called the Council of Trent to establish the direction of the reform
B. Traditional values were affirmed, but corruption and worldliness are heavily fined and
penalized
C. Establish Church school to contest Protestant Church.
II. Empowering the Inquisition
A. Strengthened the Inquisition to fight Protestant
1. Punishes Protestant and setup an Index of Forbidden Books

III. Founding the Jesuits

A. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish Knight
B. Obeys the Church and embarked on a Crusade to defend Catholic faith
C. Supports Catholics by
1. Becoming advisors to Catholic Rulers
2. Combat heresy in Catholics land
3. Dress as Protestant to minister Catholics
IV. Teresa of Avila
A. Establish her own order of nuns because she believe her order wasnt strict enough
B. Church request her to reform and reorganize Spanish convents and monastries

C. Wrote exceptional spiritual writings

D. Canonized
V. Legacy of the Catholic Reformation
A. Catholic continues to dominate Europe thanks to Catholic reformers who brings back
Protestant converts
B. Protestant still gain a major foothold
1. Religious debates
2. Religious conflicts foment wars
Widespread Persecution
Catholics persecutes witches and Jews
I. Conducting Witch Hunts
A. Men and women accused of witchcraft are killed, especially in the centers of religious
conflict
B. Believes that witchcraft is affiliated with devil
1. Outcasts and people who dont behave traditionally are accused
II. Persecuting Jews
A. In 1516, Venice ordered Jews to live in ghettos
B. Luther hoped that Jews would convert to his teachings, in which they didnt
1. Luther call for the destruction of Jews
2. Charles V and Pope Paul IV build restrictions on Jews
C. Jews migrated to Ottoman Empire and Netherlands

John Greens Thesis

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

The Protestant Reformation is both a social and political revolution

The main concept of it is protest and reform
The Civil Rights leaders in US are all from Protestant Sect
They believe that they can change things by protesting, bringing reforms
Martin Luther King Jr., Ghandi

Section 5 Outline
The Scientific Revolution
A new world view of the physical universe is developed as a result of the Renaissance and
Reformation, in which the universe is governed by mathematical laws
Changing Views of the Universe
Before the Scientific Revolution, people believed in Aristotle and Ptolemys theories in which
Earth is the center of the Universe; this idea is also accepted by the Church, but is about to
change
I. Copernicus Challenges Ancient Astronomy
A. Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus published a book in which he claimed a heliocentric
universe
1. Heliocentric universe is sun centered and Earth revolve around the sun
B. People rejected Copernicuss theory because people believe that if these classicals
thinkers theories are wrong, then all scientific knowledge may be questioned
1. Danish Tycho Brache provided evidence supporting Copernicuss theory

C. Johannes Kepler, a German assistant of Brache used Braches data to calculate about
the planets orbit, his result
1. Supported Braches and Copernicuss heliocentric theory
2. Claim that planet revolve in an ellipse (oval), not perfect circle

II. Galileos Heresies

A. Galileo Galilei from Italy built on to the new theories
1. There are four moons that revolve round Jupiter like Earth revolve around dun
2. Used a telescope
B. Discovery provoked uproar and Church condemned his theories
1. Church believes that Earth is fixed
C. Galileo was tried in the Inquisition
1. Forced to admit Churchs theory
a) Threaten with death
b) Muttered And yet it moves.
2. Life long house arrest

A New Scientific Method

Platos belief that mathematics could be used to discover the Universe is rediscovered during
the Renaissance
I. Bacon and Descartes: Revolutionary Thinkers

A. Francis Bacon and Ren Descartes believe that

1. Aristotles scientific assumption is wrong
2. Study of the world shouldnt be fitted in to Churchs teaching
3. Truth is known at the end of inquiry
B. Differentiation between Bacon and Descartes
1. Bacon
a) Stresses experimentation, observation, and pragmatism of
the discoveries to the benefit of the world
2. Descartes
a) Stresses human reasoning, provable knowledge, and
doubt
b) I think, therefore I am.
II. A Step-by-step Process
A. The Development of the Scientific method
1. Collect data
2. Form Hypothesis
3. Observe and experiment
4. Math converts experiment data to scientific laws
5. Repetition to confirm conclusion
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry
Dramatic change in Medicine and Chemistry branch of science
I. Exploring the Human Body
A. Accurate study of human anatomy
1. Medieval physicians relied on Galens erroneous work
2. Andreas Vesalius published an accurate book of human anatomy
a) Uses relations to learn about human anatomy
B. Treatments and discovery
1. Ambroise Par
a) Ointment prevents infection
b) Development of surgical techniques
(1) Artificial limbs
(2) Invent tools
2. William Harvey
a) Discovered the circulatory system
3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
a) Perfected microscope
b) See cells
II. Transforming Chemistry
A. Alchemy to Chemistry
1. Wrong ancient belief of changing substances to another
2. Abandoned alchemy, but practices of manipulation of substances were kept
B. Robert Boyle
1. Chemicals are building blocks
2. Matters are from tiny particles
3. Distinguish elements and compounds

4. Effect of temperature and pressure on gases

Isaac Newton Links the Sciences
I. Newton
A. Hit by an apple
1. Perfected theory of Gravity
a) Governs the planetary forces
B. Published a book
1. Law of Gravity and other theories and laws
2. Nature is governed by uniform laws
3. Motions can be described and measured with math
C. Some of Newtons law were questioned, but many are still in
place
1. Calculus is math used to explain his laws