PREFACE

Thank to Almighty God who has blessed and helped the writers for
finishing the English paper assignment entitled Guidance book about the
History of Indonesia

The writers also would like to express our deep and sincere
gratitude for those who have guided in completing this paper. This English
paper contains some of the History of Indonesia that can help inform
people about Indonesias History.

The information can also be used to inform and enlighten peoples vision
about Indonesias History. Hopefully, this paper can help the readers
explore the History of Indonesia

Jakarta, September 7th, 2015

Aqila, Vidya, Astrid, Bintang

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface.1
Table of Content2

History of Indonesia Post Proclamation (Bintang).3

Timeline
Analysis
Solution

Government Types & Structure (Astrid).. 4

Types & Structure

Analysis
Solution

Overcome & Challenges (Aqila) .. 11

Corruption
Solution
Compare & Contrast Old Order & New Order

Overcome & Challenges (Vidya.. 15

Riot 1998
Solution
Compare & Contrast Old Order & New Order

attended by 3 parties, which are the

Netherlands, RI, and FBO.
At 17 August 1945, Indonesia
became an
Independent
country

At 23 August-2 November 1949, a

discussion was made which was

Soekarno became the president of

RIS at 17 December 1949.

RIS was made from 3 parties, which

are FBO, RI, and the Netherlands.

History of Indonesia Post Proclamation

The government of RIS and RI have

sucessfully agreed the plan to make
the laws of Indonesia.

Soekarno changed RIS into NKRI, and

Soekarno became the president of RI
at that day.

replaces Soekarno as the president

of Indonesia.

Indonesia was hit by an economy

crisis at 1997-1998.

Habibie replaces Soeharto as the

president of Indonesia at 1998.
The first president election at 29
September 1955-15 December 1955
Gusdur replaces Habibie as the
president of Indonesia at 20 October
1999.
At 5 December 1957, all of
Netherlands activities in Indonesia
has been stopped.
Megawati replaces Gusdur as the
president of Indonesia at 23 July
2001.

At 25 April 1959, President Soekarno

inform a message infront of a
constituent assembly session about
going back to UUD 1945s rules.

At 1966, a new order changed the

old order in Indonesia, and Soeharto

SBY replaces Megawati as the

president of Indonesia at 20 October
2004.

Jokowi replaces SBY as the president

of Indonesia at 20 October

Government Types and Structure

Post Order, New Order
Since

1945-1949

Indonesias

government

system

is

presidential. At the time of 1945-1949 a group of military people

come to Indonesia and said that if the government system is still the
same Indonesia will never evolve. So then on 1949-1950 Indonesias
government system changed to Quasi Parliamentary. But when
Indonesia changes it to Quasi Parliamentary the people didnt felt
confortable using this system. So at 1950-1959 they changed the
system again to Parliamentary. The Parliamentary system only
lasted 9 years.

Starting at 1959 until this present day the government system is

presidential. Indonesia changed it back to presidential because the
people are more confortable with this kind of system. At that time
Indonesias president was Soekarno and he made a few conditions,
the condition was that the country will use UUD 1945 not UUDS
1950, the second condition was to dismiss the constitutional body,
and the third was to form a House of Representative (DPR).

The leadership of "dictatorship" is done and democracy is not

recognized. This among other things caused by the current
monetary crisis Indonesia and Soeharto's desire to rule. On
September 30th, 1965, murder of General of the Army was
undertaken by the PKI and well known as the event of G-30S/PKI.

D.N Adit (the leader of PKI), PKI is planning an uprising after placing
them as one of the strongest party in 1964. They plan on taking
power and infiltration of the armed forces. This event killed 7
general and later on cause problem streak happens in Indonesia.
Towards the end of 1965, the PKI was nearly against Military has
been completed, but the signs of a political crackdown is yet to be
seen. Because of this, people began to worry and peoples trust to
Soekarno is dropping. The economic reach of 650% inflation, the
economic crisis is getting worse, and the people's well being
declined dramatically.

On December 13, 1965, the rupiah value was devaluated of 1,000

M. On December 3rd 1966, the price of fuel and oil increased, and
caused

people

to

worry.

Students

and

teachers

do

big

demonstration in the capital (for at least 60 days or two months)

that is covered by the students that are wearing. They convey TRI
guidance people (TRITURA): disband PKI; retool dwikora Cabinet,
and improvement the economy. President Soekarno invited the
student to join plenary session, but decisions and their arguments
even led them to be accused to follow orders from others such as
CIA and FBI. With an ever-increasing society's urging, President
Soekarno gave out a Government letter 11 th of March (supersemar)
with the purpose of subduing the PKI. The supersemar soekarno
issued (with the original goal to quell PKI) instead blamed/replaced
be a warrant to General Suharto to take power.

At the year of 1966-1967, happened a dualism between the

leadership of president Soekarno and Soeharto, the General who is
increasingly popular thanks to his success in putting the tragedy
G30SKPI. After a few years Soekarnos leadership years have ended.
He felt like his time is over so he backed off. So then Soeharto was
Indonesias second president.
1. Presidential
A presidential system is a system of Government of a Republic
where the Executive power is chosen through elections. The
position of the President tends to be more powerful and cannot
be overthrown unless President doing acts of infringement of the
Constitution or other criminal.
Examples of country: Indonesia, United States, and Philippines

2. The Parliamentary
A parliamentary system is a system of Government in which
the Parliament plays an active role in Government. Proved by the
authority of Parliament to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister.
In a parliamentary system can have a President and a Prime
Minister who is in charge of regulating the course of selfgovernance.
Examples of country: England, Japan, Malaysia, and Dutch
3. Absolute Monarchy

A system of Government where the King has full powers

against his country. The Prime Minister in the region of
absolute monarchy only as symbolism of a system of
Government of a country.
Example of country: Brunei Darussalam and Saudi Arabia
4. Constitutional Monarchy
Absolute monarchy system of Government is a system
of Government that recognizes that the King is the head of a
country. If the King has full power to a country, then it is not
the system of Government constitutional monarchy, but
absolute monarchy.
Example of country: Dutch, and Belgium

5. Parliamentary Monarchy
The system of Government that uses the King as head
of State and put parliamentary as the holder of the supreme
power. The King only as a symbol of power and position can't
be bother to sue.
Example of country: Belgium, Thailand, and Japan, England

6. Republic of Absolute
The Government is the dictator. Law manipulated to
favor power. Absolute monarchy and Republican differences
absolute is that in absolute monarchy of King power inherited
from his predecessors, while in the Republic the absolute
power of the bias in various ways.

Example of country: Germany in the time of Hitler, Italy during

Mussolini, Spain at the time of General Franco, South Korea

7. System of Government:
Constitutional Republic that can apply a presidential or
parliamentary system of Government
Example of countries: Indonesia and the United States of
America

8. Parliamentary Republic:
A country headed by a President, but the supreme
power is on the Prime Minister who led the cabinet. The
Minister of the prerogative rights i.e. have only as an honorary
guest.
Examples of countries: Germany, Italy, and India

9. Communist
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating
class war and leading to a society in which all property is
publicly owned and each person works and is paid according
to their abilities and needs.
Current Communist Countries: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea,
and Vietnam. Formerly Communist countries (by current
name):

Formerly

part

of

the

Soviet

Union:

Armenia,

Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

10.

Capitalist
An economic system in which trade, industry, and

the means of production are largely or entirely privately

owned

and

operated

for

profit.

Central

characteristics

of capitalism include private property, capital accumulation,

wage labor and, in some situations, competitive markets.
Example of countries: United States, Canada, United Kingdom,
Australia, New Zealand, Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland,
Israel, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Norway, Bermuda,
Iceland, Denmark, San Marino, Belgium, Netherlands, Finland,
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hong Kong, Singapore,
Bahrain, Chile, Estonia, Mauritius, Cyprus, Macau, Germany,
Lithuania, Taiwan, St. Lucia, Qatar, Spain, Uruguay, Oman,
Armenia,

Jordan,

El

Salvador,

Botswana,

Peru,

Barbados,

Columbia, United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Costa Rica, Hungary,

Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Malaysia,
Saudi Arabia, Macedonia, Latvia, Malta, Jamaica, Panama,
Bulgaria, Kuwait, Thailand, Romania, France, Cape Verde, Turkey,
Poland, Portugal, Albania, Belize, Croatia, Uganda, South Africa,
Guatemala, Samoa, Italy, Greece, Lebanon

Analysis

Difference
Form of

Indonesia
Presidential

Japan
The

France
Republic

Government

parliamentar

The Head Of

President

y
King or

President

NKRI

Queen
The Prime

President

Multi Party

Minister
Multi Party

Multi Party

State
The Head Of
Government
The party
system
Solution

To solve the corruption problem we should add some of the law and
country structures of Denmark, Finland, New Zealand, and Sweden
because those are the least corrupted countries in the world. Based
on http://budapesttimes.hu/ Danish people arent very willing
neither to pay bribes nor to accept them. But is it simply because
Danes are better people, more moral.

Corruption
One of the causes of Reformation is because citizens of
Indonesia believe that Soeharto is harming the country and the
citizens. The people are asking for Soeharto to be taken down from
his 32-year position as the President of Indonesia. PBB reports that

Soeharto has taken 15-35 billion

US dollars from the countrys
assets.

Ministry of Internal Affairs

reports that throughout the year 2004 to 2012, 431 member of the
province parliament and 998 member of the District parliament is
involved in legal status. Most is involved corruption. When Soeharto
is being elected for president, he gave a serious speech about how
he will handle corruption. But, the people believe that the
government is still afraid to uncover corruption cases. The pressure
from the lack of seriousness of the TPK (Tim Pemberantas Korupsi)
on solving the case, College students and Highschool Students are
protesting and causing a riot to TPK.
To anticipate the riot, Soeharto create a new team that is
known as Komite Empat. But, the government is alleged to not
support this action. The government never responded on any
meetings on solving corruption.

CAUSE
Corruption is usually cause by:
- Greed

-Opportunities to defraud
-Overly Needing
-Exposures

EFFECT
Politics:
The political power that is reached with corrupting will cause a
non-legitimate government and leader in the publics eyes. If so,
then the people will no longer trust the government and the leaders,
which will cause them to not

obey and bow in their authorities.

Also, it will cause social politics and integrated social instability

because of the conflict between the ruler and the people.

Economy:
Damaged the economy development of our country.

If one

economy project is made from corrupting, then the economy growth

that is wished from the project is not going to succeed. Corruption is
also affecting the reduced capital investment from domestic and
abroad because all the investor are thinking twice for paying more
than the normal value in investing.

Social Culture:
Younger

generation

will

think

that

corruption is a normal thing (even they will

thought its a culture), so that their personal
development

is

used

to

lying

and

not

responsible.

Solution
Social Aspect: Provide studies about how to avoid corruption
Politics Aspect: Straighten the consequences and give a higher fine
to those who do corruption.

Differences
New Order: Corruption in the New Order is systematic, centralized,
and no one dared to sue. Under the New Order dictatorship,
corruption becomes acute illness. Its uncovered after the popular
protests and student movements in 1998. Corruption is often done
by making regulations or state policies that aim beneficial cronies,
whether children, families, or small group of cronies who owned the
President.

Reformation: The authority has been distributed to the new control

center. Corruption is spreading and is not only controlled by the
State Palace but groups that have new powers also did it. Also called
as decentralization of corruption. In general, the mode of the

corruption

is

bribery,

extortion,

manipulation

project,

and

embezzlement of state funds, conflict of interest, inflation of the

budget; there is also nepotism and
collusion.

RIOT 1998
In 1998, there were a lot of riot going at the
time,

which

casualties.
occurred
community

caused

many

These

riots

because

the

felt

that

Soehartos governance was unfair and they want Soeharto to step

down, so they did a demonstration that ended up being a riot. Most
of the demonstrations that occurred were the students action
because they felt that the Indonesian economy was falling due to
the financial crisis, and they think that Soeharto has to step down in
order for Indonesian economy to be back to normal.1

One of the most severe riot that happened in 1998 was the
Trisakti Tragedy, which happened in May 1998. In the tragedy, the
students held a demonstration to declare that Soeharto must step
down from his position. However, the students clashed with the
security forces, which resulted a riot. The same thing occurred
1
http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2015/05/150513_trensosial_trauma_mei19
98

during the Semanggi tragedy in November

1998, which was the riot between students
and security forces.2

During the Trisakti tragedy, 4 students died, and hundreds of

civilians died as a result of the
riot that happened. While during
the

Semanggi

Tragedy,

it

is

estimated that 253 people were

injured and wounded by gunfire from the security forces including
14 students, 1 lecturer, 2 high school students, and 15 bystanders.
Meanwhile, the victims that died in the tragedy included 7 students,
1 high school student, 9 bystanders, and 1 security force.3

Causes:
The riots that happened because of
the

people

who

were

mostly

students that did demonstration in

order for Soeharto to step down from
his position. However, most of these
demonstrations caused riots because the students were carried
away with their emotions and clashed with security forces.

2
http://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2015/05/150511_trensosial_mei_1998_dim
ana_anda
3 http://www.tribunnews.com/tribunners/2014/05/13/prabowo-dan-kisah-kerusuhan-13-14mei-1998

Political Aspects
From the political aspect, the cause
of the riot was due to the Indonesian
government that was not honest and
fair, it was also because of corruption
and

nepotism,

so

that

people

did

demonstration.

But

the

demonstration led to riots because they wanted Soeharto to step

down from his position.

Economical Aspects
From the economical aspect, the riots happened because of
Indonesian economy was falling, and that caused the public,
especially the students felt that it happened because of Soeharto
was the president of Indonesia, so that people did demonstration
but because it clashed with the security forces, the demonstration
caused riots.

Socio-Cultural Aspect:
From the socio-cultural aspects,
riots

occurred

community

and

because
the

the

security

forces were clashed, so it caused

riot.

Effects:
Political Aspects
From the political aspect, the riots had impact to the downfall of
Soeharto from his position, because a lot of people did not like
Soeharto, who continued to be the president of Indonesia for around
32 years. However, the riots continued when Habibie became the
president of Indonesia replacing Soeharto. Because the community
wanted a real election, and many people said that Habibie was just
a 'puppet' of Soeharto.

Economical Aspects
From the economical aspect, there were certainly a lot of losses as a
result of the riots and massive demonstrations. Because of the riots
also caused huge damage to the environment, and public facilities.

Socio-Cultural Aspect
From the socio-cultural aspect, the impact of riots was that many
students

and

civilians

injured

or

even died. It was because of they

clashed

with

the

security

forces

during the demonstration.

Solution
From the political aspect, the solution that can be done to prevent
the riots from happening is to create more strict regulations

regarding the rules. Besides in addition, the security forces also

should be trained better and are given more strict rules concerning
the use of gunfire, so there will be no unwanted casualties caused
by it.

From the Social-cultural, the solution that can be given is by

providing education to the community from an early age about the
importance of peace, and riot is not a good thing.

Compare & Contrast old order & new order

The Old Order:
The riots that happened during the old
order were caused by PKI, which is a
communists party. They did slaughter
and rebellion, which caused a lot of
casualties. They kidnaped and killed 7 general states and put the
corpses inside a hole called Lubang Buaya. During the old order,
there was also big demonstration done by the students for around
60 days, the students wore yellow jacket and they want Soekarno to
band PKI, retool Dwikora cabinet, and also to fix Indonesia
economy.4

The New Order:

4 http://www.portalsejarah.com/sejarah-peristiwa-g30spki.html

In the new order, the riots occurred because people wanted

Soeharto to step down from his position, so that they expressed
their opinion by doing a demonstration, but the demonstration
ended up being a riot because they clashed with the security forces.
And the riot also caused casualties, like what happened during the
Triskati tragedy and Semanggi tragedy.