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1
Users Guide
Copyright Notice
Trademarks
PIPEPHASE, NETOPT, and Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR are trademarks of Invensys plc, its subsidiaries and affiliates.
TACITE is a trademark of Institut Franais du Petrole (IFP).
OLGAS 1.1, OLGAS TWO-PHASE, and OLGAS THREE-PHASE are
trademarks of SCANDPOWER A/S.
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Microsoft Corporation.
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All other products may be trademarks of their respective owners.
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The Software and accompanying written materials are provided
with restricted rights. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)
(1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data And Computer Software
clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 or in subparagraphs (c) (1) and
(2) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights
clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19, as applicable. The Contractor/
Manufacturer is: Invensys Systems, Inc. (Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR) 26561 Rancho Parkway South, Suite 100, Lake Forest, CA
92630, USA.
Printed in the United States of America, March 2006.
Contents
Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
About PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
About SIMSCI - ESSCOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Where to find additional help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Other Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
iii
Chapter 2 Tutorial
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Building the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Entering Optimization Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Specifying Print Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Running the Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Viewing and Plotting Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Using the RAS to Plot Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
Generate and View Excel Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
Including Operating Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
iv
Contents
Introduction
About This Manual
The PIPEPHASE Users Guide provides an introduction to
PIPEPHASE. It describes how the interface modules work and
includes a step-by-step tutorial to guide you through a PIPEPHASE
example optimization problem. Also covered in this guide is
PIPEPHASE Keywords. An outline of this guide is provided below.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Getting Started
Chapter 3
Tutorial
About PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE is a simulation program which predicts steady-state
pressure, temperature, and liquid holdup profiles in wells, flowlines, gathering systems, and other linear or network configurations
of pipes, wells, pumps, compressors, separators, and other facilities.
The fluid types that PIPEPHASE can handle include liquid, gas,
steam, and multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid.
Several special capabilities have also been designed into PIPEPHASE including well analysis with inflow performance; gas lift
analysis; pipeline sphering; and sensitivity (nodal) analysis. These
additions extend the range of the PIPEPHASE application so that
the full range of pipeline and piping network problems can be
solved.
Online Help
PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands,
features, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are
available instantly, online, while you work. You can access the electronic contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu
bar. Context-sensitive help is accessed using the F1 key or the
Whats This? button by placing the cursor in the area in question.
vi
Other Documentation
The table below outlines the other existing PIPEPHASE documentation available in a hardcopy form.
Where to Find Additional Help
If you want to...
See...
This document
This document
Online Help
vii
viii
Chapter 1
Getting Started
Starting PIPEPHASE
If you do not see a PIPEPHASE 9.1 icon in a SIMSCI group
window or in your Program Manager window, see the
troubleshooting section in the PIPEPHASE Installation Guide.
To start PIPEPHASE:
1-1
You can now open a new simulation file (select File/New), open an
existing file (select File/Open), or import a keyword file (select File/
Import Keyword File). The elements of the PIPEPHASE main window
are described in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: PIPEPHASE Main Window Components
Component
Description
Control-menu Box
Title Bar
Identifies the application and the name of the open file; can be
used to move the entire window.
Minimize Button
Maximize/Restore
Button (Not shown)
Menu Bar
Toolbar
Main Window
Horizontal Scroll Bar Provides a sliding scale for moving the flowsheet right or left in
the PIPEPHASE main window.
Vertical Scroll Bar
Status Bar
Border Handles
To learn how to build a network, enter data, and run and optimize a
simulation, see Chapter 2, Tutorial.
Exiting PIPEPHASE
To exit PIPEPHASE, do one of the following:
1-2
Getting Started
Description/Action
You can use the window border to manually change the size of the
main window. The border works like a handle that you can grab
with the cursor and drag to a new position.
Control Menu
You can also use the Control menu to Restore, Move, Size,
Minimize, or Maximize a window.
Window Position
You can change the position of the main window (or any pop-up
window) by clicking on the title bar and dragging the window to a
new position.
Control-menu Box You can also use the control-menu box to move a window.
Click on the control-menu box in the top left hand corner of the
PIPEPHASE main window or use <Alt+Space>.
Significance
Red
Blue
1-3
Significance
Burgundy
Calculated data.
Gray
For example, to display the File menu, either click on File, or press
<Alt+F>.
1-4
Getting Started
Use the arrow keys to highlight the item then press <Enter>.
1-5
Menu Item
Description
New
Open
Run
Excel Reports
1-6
Getting Started
Menu Item
Description
Input Units of
Measurement
Optimization Data
1-7
Using PIPEPHASE
Defining the Application
This section contains information about the way PIPEPHASE
works, the data that you need to supply, and the correlations used.
This section is arranged according to what you want to do, the type
of fluid you have, and the type of pipeline network. For each of the
capabilities of PIPEPHASE, this chapter explains which data you
are required to provide and which data you may optionally supply.
Throughout this section, the right hand column (See...) provides the
title of the GUI window where you can input that data, or the
manual where additional information can be found.
The first thing you should do before using PIPEPHASE is to decide
what type of application you have. This depends on:
Properties of Fluids
1-8
Compositional
Mixed phases
Liquid
Vapor
Compositional Blackoil
Non-compositional:
Blackoil
Gas Condensate
Gas
Getting Started
Liquid
Steam
The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the
physical properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer
calculations either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in
empirical correlations, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a
special case of a non-compositional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE
uses the GPSA steam tables.
Compositional fluids are defined as mixtures of chemical
components with a known composition. For compositional fluids,
PIPEPHASE will calculate the phase separation whenever
prevailing process fluid conditions are required. However, you may
instruct PIPEPHASE to assume the fluid is one phase at all times,
thus reducing the time the program takes to solve by continually
bypassing the vapor-liquid equilibrium (flash) calculation.
Non-compositional gases and liquids are single-phase. Blackoil is a
liquid-dominated, two-phase model. Gas Condensate is a gasdominated, two-phase model. Steam is a single component, twophase model.
Optimization
1-9
1-10
Getting Started
Global Settings
Before you provide PIPEPHASE with information about the fluid
and piping structure of your problem, global parameters may be set
and the problem definition described. Choices can be made on
control of the simulation, define the input units, specify how much
output you want, and set global defaults for use throughout the
simulation.
To provide...
See...
Simulation
Description
If you are using the Case Study facility, you may add Simulation
one line of description for each case study. You will Description
find further details about case studies later in this
chapter.
If you are using the Nodal Analysis facility, you may Simulation
add two lines of description, one for inflow and one Description
for outflow. You will find further details about nodal
analysis later in this chapter.
Input data
checking
Run Simulation
and View
Results
Units of Measurement
See...
1-11
Printout Options
See...
Output units
Input reprint
Iterative
results
Flash results
Devices
You can request a range of detail for different devices. In Print Options
addition, special outputs are produced for sphering.
Properties
output
Plotting
options
Output
Dimensions
Print Options
Print Options
Results Access Using the PIPEPHASE RAS, you may examine data that PIPEPHASE
System (RAS) have been produced by a run of the program. You may RAS Main
also print or plot the results using EXCEL.
Window
Optimizer
Output
You can set the printout level of optimizer cycle results Print Options
and control the output of the intermediate results.
Defaults
Getting Started
See...
You can specify global values for the pipe, riser, tubing Global Defaults
and annulus inside diameter, the surrounding medium,
and the parameters associated with pressure drop and
heat transfer. You can override these settings for
individual pipes.
Heat Transfer You can define the heat transfer from pipes, risers,
Global Defaults
tubings, and annuli as an overall coefficient or by
defining the parameters - viscosity, conductivity,
velocity, etc. - for the surrounding soil, air, or water.
You can select a medium and optionally override these
settings for individual pipes. You can globally suppress
heat transfer calculations and then reinstate them for
individual pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli.
Pressure drop You can globally set the pressure drop method and the Global Defaults
methods
Palmer parameters for liquid holdup. You can override
the pressure drop method for individual pipes, risers,
tubings, and annuli.
Transitional
flow
You can globally set the transitional Reynolds Number Global Defaults
between laminar and turbulent flow regimes.
Limits
You can change the maximum and minimum values of Global Defaults
temperature and pressure for flash calculations. If the
program detects conditions outside these limits,
warning messages will be presented in the output.
1-13
Library Components
Getting Started
You may use components not found in the SIMSCI library. You
must input all the necessary data for thermodynamic and transport
properties. If you need help in determining data for such
components, you may use SIMSCIs DATAPREP program.
To specify...
See...
Library
All fixed property data may be accessed from
components the SIMSCI databank. All you need to do is
supply the name of the component.
Component Data,
Library Component
Data
Component Data,
Edit Library
Component
SIMSCI Component
and Thermodynamic
Data Input Manual
SIMSCI Component
and Thermodynamic
Data Input Manual
Petroleum Pseudocomponents
Molecular weight
Gravity
PIPEPHASE will predict the third if you omit it. PIPEPHASE uses
industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and
temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent.
You may select the method most suitable for your own mixture.
To supply ...
See...
Pseudo
Define petroleum pseudocomponents by supplying
components at least two of the following: molecular weight,
gravity, and normal boiling point.
Component
Data, Library
Component Data
Property
You may select the method PIPEPHASE will use to Component Data
calculation calculate the properties of your pseudocomponents.
methods
1-15
To supply ...
See...
Fixed
Property
Data
Component Data
Variable
Property
Data
Component Data
Assay Curve
See...
Component Data
Component Data
Component Data
Component Data,
Temperature Cut
Points
Component Data
Component Data
Mixed
You can mix defined components and
component pseudocomponents with assay data by defining a
types
lightends composition and rate for each source.
1-16
Getting Started
Other fixed
property
requirements
Properties
You may define the structure of non-library components
from Structure for use with the UNIFAC thermodynamic method.
Chapter 1
Heavy Hydrocarbon
Systems
K-value
Enthalpy Curl-Pitzer
Johnson-Grayson
Lee-Kesler
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Light Hydrocarbon
Systems
Peng-Robinson
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Lee-Kesler-Plcker
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling
Chao-Seader
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Lee-Kesler-Plcker
BWRS
Curl-Pitzer
Lee- Kesler
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
API
Lee-Kesler
API
Lee-Kesler
Liquid
Density
API
Lee-Kesler
Vapor
Density
Peng-Robinson
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Natural Gas
Systems
Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong
1-17
To specify...
See...
K-values,
You must select a thermodynamic method for
enthalpy, density calculating the vapor-liquid equilibrium and
mixture properties from component
properties. Either select a system with a
predefined method for each property, or select
an individual method for each property.
Thermodynamic
Methods
Thermodynamic
Methods
Thermodynamic
Methods
Vapor-liquidliquid equilibria
Thermodynamic
Methods
Aqueous phase
enthalpy
Thermodynamic
Methods
Thermodynamic
Methods
Transport Properties
1-18
Getting Started
See...
Thermodynamic
Thermodynamic
Methods
Methods, User
Viscosity Data
See...
Compositional
Source
Thermodynamic
Methods
1-19
Chao-Seader
Chao-Seader-Erbar
Ideal
Equations of Soave-Redlich-Kwong
State
SRK-Kabadi-Danner
SRK-Huron-Vidal
SRK-Panagiotopoulos-Reid
SRK-Modified
SRK-SIMSCI
SRK-Hexamer
Panagiotopoulos-Reid
Peng-Robinson
PR-Huron-Vidal
PR-Panagiotopoulos-Reid
BWRS
Uniwaals
Liquid
Activity
Methods
Special
Packages
Glycol
Sour
GPA Sour Water
Amine
Alcohol
Other
Features
Heat of Mixing
Poynting Correction
Henrys Law
Amine Residence Time
Correction
See...
You must tell PIPEPHASE the type of fluid
you have; blackoil, gas condensate, liquid,
gas, or steam.
1-20
Simulation Definition
Source
Getting Started
Liquid
See...
Single Phase
Liquid PVT Data
Specify the
viscosity method
Single Phase
Liquid PVT Data
Single Phase
Liquid PVT Data
Single Phase
Liquid PVT Data
Gas
See...
A non-compositional gas is defined in terms of its
gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate
correlations to predict its properties.
Single Phase
Gas PVT Data
Specify the
You may define the method that PIPEPHASE uses
viscosity method to predict non-compositional gas viscosity.
Single Phase
Gas PVT Data
Single Phase
Gas PVT Data
Define a
contaminant
Single Phase
Gas PVT Data
Single Phase
Gas PVT Data
1-21
Steam
See...
Specify
saturated
steam
Source
Gas Condensate
See...
A gas condensate is defined in terms of its
gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate
correlations to predict its properties.
Define the
You must supply specific gravity data for gas,
specific gravity liquid and water phases, even if you do not
expect them all to be present.
Define a
contaminant
Gas Condensate
PVT Data
Gas Condensate
PVT Data
Gas Condensate
PVT Data
Blackoil
1-22
See...
Define the
Blackoil
Define the
specific gravity
Getting Started
To...
See...
Define the
viscosity
Define a
contaminant
Blackoil Liftgas
Tabular Data
Blackoil PVT
Specify the
You may define the method that PIPEPHASE
viscosity method uses to predict viscosities and blending rules.
Blackoil PVT
Blackoil PVT
Data
Correlations Data
Correlations Data
Correlations Data
sources that are in the standard black oil format (see description
of blackoil inputs),
with
1-23
See...
Build and use You can have PIPEPHASE build the table and
a table
use it in the same run.
Retrieve a
table
Sources
A source is a point at which fluid enters the piping system. You
define a source by supplying parameters such as composition,
temperature, pressure, and flowrate. You can have more than one
source in a network.
Compositional Sources
1-24
To specify...
See...
Defined
You must define the total flowrate and
components composition of the source stream. Components
can be either from the PIPEPHASE component
library or defined as pseudocomponents.
Compositional Source
Assay data
Compositional Source
Viscosity
data
Compositional Source
Similar
sources
Compositional Source
Getting Started
Non-compositional Sources
To specify...
See...
Steam
sources
Steam Source
Gas, liquid,
blackoil or
condensate
sources
Blackoil Source
Well In-flow You may specify the IPR of a well source for a
Performance single link with gas, liquid, blackoil or
condensate. The IPR Model is treated as a
device and is available from the Link window.
You may also supply well test data.
Reference Source
Similar
sources
Inflow Performance
Relationship, IPRAdvanced Options
See...
Network Calculation
Methods
1-25
See...
Automatic
PBAL has a choice of methods for generating initial
generation of
estimates. By default, PBAL generates flowrate
Initial estimates estimates by considering the diameters of the first
pipe in each link. An alternative method uses the
frictional resistances of the pipes in each link. A
third method solves the first iteration with MBAL
before going into PBAL. Finally, if you have solved
this network before and just changed some of the
conditions, you may instruct the program to use
your previous solution as its initial estimate.
Network
User-supplied
You may also provide individual estimates for
initial estimates junction pressures and link flowrates.
Junction,
Maximum and For any link, you may specify the maximum and
minimum flows minimum flows that are to be allowed.
Link Data
Link Data
Network
Direction of flow If you know the flow direction in all links, you can
specify that PIPEPHASE not try to reverse them
from iteration to iteration.
Network
Solution
tolerance
Network
Controlling
optimization
Optimization
Controlling
convergence
1-26
Calculation
Methods
Calculation
Methods
Calculation
Methods
Calculation
Methods
Options
Network
Calculation
Options
Getting Started
To specify...
See...
If you have inadvertently specified your network so
that closed loops are formed, PIPEPHASE will
report these and, optionally, take remedial action.
Network
Network
Network
Critical flow in
chokes
Network
Wells
Network
Closed loops
Pipe segments
Check valves
Convergence
Data
Segmentation
Data
Calculation
Methods
Convergence
Data
Calculation
Methods
Single links
A single link has one source, one sink, and no junctions. There are
three variables:
You must specify two of these, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the
third.
To specify...
See...
Source
Sinks
Sink, Source
Links
1-27
Networks
A network generally has more than one link and one or more
junctions. The variables are the pressure and flowrate at each source
and sink. You specify the values of the variables that are known,
and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. In order not to
under- or over-specify the system, simple rules must be followed in
constructing the problem:
You must specify a number of knowns equal to the total number of sources and sinks.
To specify...
See...
Sources and You must have at least one source and at least one
sinks
sink.
Source, Sink
Junctions
Junction
Links
Steam
networks
Junction
Mcompressor,
Mchoke
Mregulator
Getting Started
The devices in the link must be added in the order in which they
occur in the link as you move from the From node to the To
node.
The flow devices that PIPEPHASE can handle are given in
Table 1-6.
Table 1-6: Flow Devices and Equipment Available in PIPEPHASE
Device
Flow Devices
Description
- have length
Pipe
Riser
Annulus
Tubing
Inflow Performance
Relationship
Point Devices
Completion
- have no length
Bottomhole completion, the interface between the reservoir
and a well. There are two types of completion: gravel-packed
and open-perforated.
Fittings
Bend
Check valve
Choke valve
Contraction
Entrance
Exit
Expansion
Nozzle
Orifice
Tee
1-29
Description
Valve
Any type of valve, e.g., gate, globe, angle, ball, butterfly, plug,
cock.
Venturimeter
Process Equipment
Compressor
Multistage
Compressor
Cooler
DPDT
Expander
Steam expander.
Gaslift Valve
Heater
Injection
Pump
Regulator
Separator
Unit Operations
Hydrates
Calculator
1-30
To specify...
See...
Pressure
Choose a method appropriate to the type of fluid and
drop method piping topology you have. If you do not choose a
method, PIPEPHASE will use Beggs & Brill-Moody for
compositional, blackoil, condensate, or steam and
Moody for non-compositional fluids.
Pressure Drop
Flow
Correlations
Getting Started
To specify...
See...
You may choose a different method for an individual Pressure Drop
device. If you do not choose a method for a device,
Flow
PIPEPHASE will use the method you selected globally.
Correlations
Method
Ansari
Orkiszewski
Aziz
X
X
Angel-Welchon-Ross
Eaton
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Eaton-Flannigan
Dukler
Dukler-Flannigan
Dukler-Eaton-Flannigan
Olimens
OLGA
4
4
TACITE
X
X
X
X
X
X
1-31
In general, this method is recommended because it performs reasonably well for the widest range of
flow condition.
This method is recommended for pipelines with low liquid holdup in hilly terrain.
These non-standard hybrid models should be used only after matching measured data.
These models are available as add-ons through your SIMSCI representative.
X
X
Legend:
where:
= fluid density
q = volumetric flux
d = equivalent diameter
(= actual diameter in the case of pipes, risers and tubing)
where:
r = fluid density
= inclination angle
The acceleration pressure gradient is generally small, except when
the fluid is compressible, and the velocity and velocity gradients in
the pipe are high. In general, the acceleration pressure gradient may
be expressed as:
d
dP
-------
dL a ----dx
where:
v = fluid velocity
1-32
Getting Started
To specify...
See...
Inside diameter If the majority of your devices have the same inside
and roughness diameter, you can specify a global inside diameter at
the start of the simulation. Then you can override this
value for those devices which do not conform to the
default. Roughness can be specified also as a global
parameter or for each device.
Diameter
Inclined pipes
Acceleration
terms
Defaults
Pipe Riser
Calculation
Annulus
Tubing
Speedup
Options
See...
Flow Devices
Your pipes and You may create a database of nominal diameters and
pipe schedules and have PIPEPHASE use it instead
fittings
of its own internal database
Flow Devices
Database
Definition
Database
Definition
Pipe
Pipe
Riser
Riser
Tubing
Tubing
Bend
Bend
Entrance
Entrance
Exit
Exit
Nozzle
Nozzle
Orifice
Orifice
1-33
See...
Tee
Tee
Valve
Valve
Venturi
Venturi
Contraction
Contraction
Expansion
Expansion
1-34
0.125
40
80
0.250
40
80
0.375
40
80
0.5
40
80
160
0.75
40
80
160
1.00
40
80
160
1.25
40
80
160
1.5
40
80
160
2.0
40
80
160
2.5
40
80
160
3.0
40
80
160
3.5
40
80
4.0
40
80
120
160
4.5
40
5.0
40
80
120
160
6.0
40
80
120
160
8.0
20
30
40
60
80
10.0
20
30
40
60
80
12.0
20
30
40
60
80
30
40
60
80
40
60
80
14.0
10
20
16.0
10
20
18.0
10
20
30
40
60
80
20.0
10
20
30
40
60
80
Getting Started
24.0
10
20
30
30.0
10
20
30
40
60
80
To specify...
See...
Gravel Packed
Dual
You may model dual completions, both
Completion concentric and parallel.
Link Data
Completion,
Open Perforated
Completion
--------------P = KG
2g
2
1-35
where:
To specify...
See...
Bend,
Tee,Valve
Bend,
Entrance
Exit
Entrance,
Contraction,
Expansion,
Nozzle,
Orifice,
Venturi
Nozzle,
Choke
Choke
Exit
1-36
Expansion,
Venturi,
Contraction,
Orifice
Mchoke
Check
Check Valve A valve that permits flow in one direction only. You can
supply a resistance coefficient or use the default value.
Two-phase
correction
in fittings
Tee,
Valve
The pressure drops for fittings are corrected for twophase flow by using either the Homogeneous flow model
or the Chisholm model. If you do not make a selection,
PIPEPHASE will use the default method. You may supply
values for the Chisholm parameters.
Bend, Exit,
Entrance,
Valve, Tee,
Contraction,
Expansion,
Nozzle,
orifice,
Venturi
Getting Started
Equipment Items
PIPEPHASE simulates the change in fluid conditions across items
of process equipment that typically appears in pipeline systems.
To specify...
See...
Compressor
Compressor
Curve Data,
Compressor
Performance
Curves
Compressor
Mcompressor
Curve Data
Cooler
Cooler
Steam
Expander
Expander
Gaslift Valve,
Fluid
Property Data
1-37
To specify...
1-38
See...
General
purpose DP
and DT unit
DPDT
Heater
Heater
Injector
Injector
Pump
Pump
Multispeed
Pump
Pump Curve
Data, Pump
Performance
Curves
Electric
An extension of the PUMP item allows you to model an
Submersible electric submersible pump. In addition to all the
Pump
features mentioned above, you may supply motor
horsepower as a curve, either in tabular form or as
coefficients of an equation. You may specify auxilliary
power to be supplied to the pump. You may specify
head degradation as a function of gas ingestion
percentage, plus minimum submergence, casing head
pressure, and vertical pressure gradient in the casingtubing annulus due to the gas column. Refer also to
Separator, below.
Electric
Electric
Submersible
Pump
Submersible
Pump Curve
Getting Started
To specify...
See...
Regulator
Regulator
Multinetwork
Regulator
Regulator
Separator
Separator
Bottomhole
Separator
Separator
Hydrates
Hydrate Unit
Calculator
Calculator
Operation
1-39
where:
Q = rate of heat transfer per unit length
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
A = outside surface area per unit length
DT = temperature difference between bulk fluid and outside medium
For a pipe surrounded by soil, water, or air, you define the medium
properties (and velocity of water or air). For a buried pipe, you enter
the buried depth.
For tubings you enter data that describe the properties of the annuli
and casings between the outside of the tubing and the inside of the
hole.
To specify...
Pipes and
Tubing
1-40
See...
You may specify an overall coefficient or the
properties of the surrounding medium. You can
supply these values globally for all devices or for
individual devices. You also supply the ambient
temperature or geothermal gradient.
Global Defaults
Pipe Tubing
Getting Started
To specify...
Annuli and
Risers
See...
You specify the overall heat transfer coefficient and
the geothermal gradient. You can supply these values
globally for all devices or for individual devices.
Global Defaults
Annulus Riser
Pipe Tubing
Annulus Riser
Sphering or Pigging
PIPEPHASEs sphering calculations predict the quantity of liquid
formed when a multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and determine
the size of the liquid slug that is pushed out when the pipe is pigged.
Sphering calculations can only be carried out for single links. The
launching station is at the inlet of a pipe. You may have
intermediate launching stations; a sphere is launched from a pipe
when the previous sphere(s) reach the inlet of that pipe.
To specify...
See...
Network
Fluid type
Time Increments You may override the default time step used in the
McDonald-Baker successive steady-state calculation
method.
Structure Data
Calculation
Methods
Simulation
Definition
Network
Calculation
Methods
Pipe
1-41
See...
Type of model You may select from five standard models. You may write
your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow
performance relationship.
IPR
IPR
Multiple
You can have up to twenty reservoirs in one network. One
reservoirs and reservoir can serve several wells.
multiple wells
IPR
Reservoir
Curves
Automatic
subsurface
networks
IPR
IPR curves
IPR
Pseudopressure
formulation
IPR
Well Shut-in
Controls
You may supply the maximum water cut or gas-oil ratio for
well shut-in.
IPR
You can also specify the priority of well shut-in for multiple
wells.
Source
Getting Started
See...
You must name the reservoir GROUP and supply depletion data
in one IPR device. Other IPR devices may access the same
reservoir depletion data by using the same GROUP name.
Depletion
Supply a curve of reservoir pressures against cumulative
characteristics production.
IPR
IPR
For a gas or gas condensate field you may supply the slope of
the depletion curve as pressure decline rate per unit of
production.
IPR
Production
decline rates
for each IPR
IPR
Fluid
You may enter curves for water cut, gas-oil ratio (or
compositional condensate-gas ratio for condensate wells), and water cut (or
changes
water-gas ratio for condensate wells) as functions of reservoir
pressure or cumulative reservoir produced volume.
IPR
1-43
To specify...
See...
Selecting
times
IPR
Downstream
network
changes
IPR
See...
Source
IPR
Tubing
Junction,
Sink
Tubing
IPR
Reservoir
1-44
To specify:
See...
Source
IPR
Tubing
Tubing
Junction,
Sink
Getting Started
Tubing
IPR
Subsurface junction
Reservoir
Tubing
IPR
Reservoir
You may have more than one well in a PIPEPHASE run. The wells
may all use one reservoir. In this case, information for the reservoir
data is entered in one IPR and accessed from other IPRs using the
GROUP name.
Multiple Completions
See...
Source
IPR
Tubing
Tubing
Junction,
Sink
1-45
Reservoir
IPR1
IPR2
IPR3
Subsurface junctions
See...
One source to give the properties, flowrates and conditions of the fluids. Source
One IPR with physical dimensions such as length, inclination.
IPR
Tubing
Junction,
Sink
Junction or sink
Ground Level
Tubing
S2
IPR
S3
Reservoir
Length of well
1-46
Getting Started
Case Studies
The Case Study option provides the facility to perform parametric
studies and to print multiple problem solutions in a single computer
run. Case studies are always performed after the base case problem
has been solved. If the base case problem cannot be solved for any
reason, then no case studies are performed. Each case study analysis
is performed based on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up
to that time.
Case studies are an efficient means of obtaining solutions for
multiple scenarios to a given problem and result in large savings in
both computer time and cost. For problems requiring iterative
solutions, the converged results of the last solution are used as the
starting values for the next run. This can result in large computer
time savings in runs involving large networks, where it typically
takes several iterations to move from the initial pressure estimates
to the final converged solution.
There is no limit on the number of changes you can make per case
study or on the total number of case studies that may be in a given
run. The cumulative changes up to a given case study run may be
erased and the original base case restored at any time.
Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you
input, it is best to make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding
from high values to low values or low values to high values, but not
in a random order. This enhances convergence and minimizes total
computer time. See Chapter 4, Input Reference, Table 4-46 .
Global Changes
You may change one parameter in the entire problem using a global
command. You do this by supplying the type of parameter you want
to change, its old value, and the new value. Only those specified
parameters with that old value will then be changed.
The items to which this type of change can be applied are identified
in Table 4-46, Chapter 4, Input Reference.
1-47
Individual Changes
See...
Add descriptive You can add one line of description for each case
text
study.
Simulation
Make changes You can change any of the parameters in Table 3-7,
either globally or on individual flow elements.
Case Study
Description
Changes
Case Study
Changes
1-48
Flow Device
Parameter
Type of Change
Pipe
LENGTH
ECHG
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
TAMBIENT
FCODE
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Riser
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FCODE
Global
Global
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Tubing
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FCODE
TGRAD
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Annulus
IDANN
ODTUB
ROUGHNESS
U
FCODE
TGRAD
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Compressor/
Pump
POWER
PRESSURE
EFFICIENCY
STAGES
Global
Global
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Heater/Cooler
DUTY
TOUT
DP
Global
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Individual
Choke
ID
COEFFICIENT
Global
Global
Individual
Individual
Sales
RATE
Global
Individual
Getting Started
Parameter
Type of Change
Source
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
RATE
QUALITY
COMPOSITION
CGR
COEFFICIENT
EXP
GOR
PI
VOGEL
WCUT
WGR
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
Sink
PRESSURE
RATE
II
Individual
Individual
Individual
Completion
SHOTS
PERF
PENETRATION
TUNNEL
General
General
General
General
Individual
Individual
Individual
Individual
GLValve
DISSOLVE
RATE
General
General
Individual
Individual
Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis allows you to study the overall performance of
wells, pipelines and other single link systems as a function of input
parameters and flowrates. The results are summarized in tabular
and graphical form. You can also study combinations of inflow and
outflow parameters using the multiple combination nodal analysis
option.
Nodal Analysis is performed on a single link.
Dividing the Link
You first divide your single link into two sections, separated by a
Solution Node. The section upstream of the Solution Node is called
the Inflow section and would typically be the tubing of a well. The
section downstream of the Solution Node is called the Outflow
section and would typically be the flowline from the wellhead to a
surface separator. The Solution Node, in this case, would be the
well-head node.
If you locate the Solution Node actually at the source or the sink,
then there will be only an Outflow or Inflow section respectively.
PIPEPHASE 9.1 Users Guide
1-49
1-50
To...
See...
Add descriptive You can add one line of description for each of the
text
Inflow and Outflow sections.
Simulation
Description
Getting Started
To...
See...
Define the
Solution Node
Link Device
Data, Nodal
Analysis
Define the
parameter(s)
Nodal
Analysis
Parameters
Study multiple You can specify up to four two inflow and two
combinations outflow parameters for the multiple
of parameters combinations option. You can then supply up to five
values of each parameter. PIPEPHASE will combine
each of the up to five values of an inflow or outflow
parameter with each of the up to five values of the
second inflow or outflow parameter and so on and
will present the results of the analysis of the
combined variables.
Nodal
Analysis
Variable
Category 1 - Source
SOURCE
NAME
PRESSURE
COEFFICIENT
EXP
PI
VOGEL
Category 2 - Sink
SINK
NAME
PRES
II
COEFF
EXP
Category 3 - Devices
PIPE
NAME
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
RISER
NAME
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
TUBING
NAME
ID
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
1-51
1-52
Variable
ANNULUS
NAME
IDANN
ODTUB
ROUGHNESS
U
FLOWEFF
COMPRESSOR/PUMP
NAME
POWER
PRESSURE
EFFICIENCY
STAGES
HEATER/COOLER
NAME
DUTY
TOUT
DP
CHOKE
NAME
ID
COEFFICIENT
SEPARATOR
NAME
RATE
PERCENT
GLVALVE
NAME
RATE
DISSOLVE
INJECTOR
NAME
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
COMPLETION
NAME
PENETRATION
PERFD
SHOTS
TUNNEL
GOR
WCUT
CGR
WGR
QUALITY
COMPOSITION
Getting Started
Click on the RAS icon in the Run Simulation and View Results
dialog box to bring up the PIPEPHASE RAS window (see
Figure 1-16).
1-53
For example, to display the File menu, either click on File, or press
<Alt+F>.
Figure 1-17: File Menu
1-54
1-55
Click Edit Simulation List... to open General Spread Sheet Batch Run files dialog box (See figure 1-20).
1-56
Now you can find the selected file have been listed in the
General Spread Sheet Batch Run Files dialog box. Similarly
user can append number of files using General Spread Sheet
Batch Run Files dialog box by clicking Append Row.
1-57
1-58
Getting Started
Chapter 2
Tutorial
Introduction
This chapter presents the step-by-step procedure required for the
optimization of an off-line pipeline design. In the first part of this
tutorial, you will look at the optimal design based only on capital
cost considerations. Then, you will include the operating costs over
the lifetime of the pipeline (10 years) and examine the effect the
operating costs have on the overall design strategy.
Problem Description
In this simulation, a pipeline is designed to deliver gas at a rate of
1200 MMSCFD at a minimum pressure of 900 psi from two
offshore fields. Table 2-1 and Table 2-2 provide additional process
details including piping and compressor capital expenditures.
Table 2-1: Process Conditions
Offshore Field A
Distance from processing plant, miles
200
2000
Offshore Field B
Distance from field A, miles
180
2000
$0.70MM/inch ID
Compressor Cost/1000 hP
$4.66MM
2-1
The overall capital cost is the sum of the cost of purchasing and
laying pipe and purchasing the compressors.
Pipe Costs (MM$)
= 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2
Both pipeline sections must be built as the capacity of the platform for field A is inadequate to meet the overall delivery
requirement.
2-2
Tutorial
Select the New option from the File menu. The Windows
explorer dialog box is displayed. Next, you must supply a name
for this new simulation.The Create New Simulation window
appears for laying down your process flowsheet. By default,
this simulation will be created in the C:\SIMSCI\PPHASE91\USER
directory.
2-3
Tip:By using the toolbar icons, you reduce the number of mouse
actions required for a selection. For example, you can click the
toolbar button to create a new simulation.
PIPEPHASE will now automatically take you through Simulation
Setup Wizard .
Figure 2-3: Welcome to Simulation Setup Wizard
2-4
Tutorial
2-5
2-6
The Single Phase Gas PVT Data window will then appear.
Tutorial
Enter a specific gravity of 0.69 in the Gas Gravity field and the
following composition of contaminants:
Component
Mole %
Nitrogen
1.32
Carbon dioxide
0.98
Hydrogen sulfide
0.56
2-7
Mole %
Nitrogen
1.11
Carbon dioxide
0.88
Hydrogen sulfide
0.24
2-8
Tutorial
This will bring up A Note Box as shown in Figure 2-12 that inform
the users about the definition of the colors that are used in the GUI.
Figure 2-12: Note to give information about the colors used in the GUI.
2-9
2-10
Tutorial
For this problem, the flowrate basis will be Gas Volume units
of MM ft3 /day.
Use the Pipe Length drop-down list box to change the default
units to miles (mi) as shown in Figure 2-15
The next step is to begin entering the nodes _ sources, sinks, and
junctions _ required for the problem. For this simulation, you will
lay down two sources, one sink, and one junction, in that order.
To select the nodes:
2-11
Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the
node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in
the main flowsheet area of the screen.
Repeat this step for each of the nodes in the flowsheet until the
entire system has been constructed as shown in Figure 2-16.
All of the source and sink nodes placed on the screen should be
bordered in red indicating that user input is required for that node.
After all of the nodes have been placed and named as shown in
figure 2-16, the next step is to connect the nodes into a logical flow
network.
2-12
Tutorial
Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to
another junction or sink (To node).
Once a square has been selected and the cursor begins to move, all
of the connection squares in the available junction and sink nodes
will turn blue indicating a valid location to which you can connect
the link.
For this simulation, you must connect S001 to J004, S002 to J004,
followed by J004 to D003. The flow diagram should now show the
structure shown in Figure 2-17.
Figure 2-17: Connected PIPEPHASE Simulation
The next step is to enter the data for each of the sources and sinks.
2-13
Value
Pressure (fixed)
2000 psig
Temperature
80 F
600 MMft3/day
2-14
Tutorial
Value
Pressure (fixed)
2000 psig
Temperature
80 F
600 MMft3/day
Value
Pressure (estimated)
900 psig
1200 MMft3/day
2-15
Lastly, you must enter the data for each of the links on the
flowsheet. Lets start with link L001 between source S001 and
junction J004.
2-16
Tutorial
0.2 miles
Nominal ID
8 inches
Schedule
40
2-17
Click the pipe button on the device palette to add this device to
the link. This automatically brings up the Pipe data entry
window.
Enter the data given in Table 2-4 for the pipe device E002 on
link L002. The completed Pipe window for device E002
should appear the same as shown in Figure 2-21.
180 miles
Actual ID
24 inches
Compressor E003
2-18
Power
20000 hP
Adiabatic Efficiency
80%
Tutorial
Enter the data given in Table 2-4 for the compressor device
E003 on link L002. The completed Compressor window should
appear as shown in Figure 2-22.
Using the data given in Table 2-5 , repeat the above steps for
link L003 connecting junction J004 to sink D003.The main
window will now appear as shown in Figure 2-23.
200 miles
Actual ID
35 inches
Compressor E005
2-19
25000 hP
Adiabatic Efficiency
80%
2-20
Tutorial
Description
L003
140
L002
126
L003
4.66E-3
L002
4.66E-3
Select link L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box.
2-21
Repeat for the other three objective parameters using the data
in Table 2-6 .
2-22
Tutorial
Description
Limits
Relative Perturbation
L003
L002
L002
0 hP<w<50000 hP
0.001
L003
0 hp<w<50000 hP
0.001
Select link L003 from the Link Name drop-down list box.
2-23
Repeat for the other three decision variables using the data in
Table 2-7 above.
2-24
Tutorial
Description
Limits
Sink D003
Pressure
P>900 psi
Link L002
0 psi<P<2475 psi
Link L003
0 psi<P<2475 psi
Select Sink from the Node Type drop-down list box. By default,
PIPEPHASE will display D003 as the Node Name.
2-25
Repeat for the other two constraints using the data inTable 2-8 .
2-26
Tutorial
2-27
Note: You must turn off the input reprint, select that all device
Select the NONE option from the Input Reprint drop-down list
box.
Select the FULL option from the Device Detail drop-down list
box. The completed Print Options window should appear as
shown in Figure 2-32.
2-28
Click the RUN button on the toolbar or select the File/Run menu
option to run PIPEPHASE. This brings up the Run Simulation
and View Results window.
The status of the simulation run is shown in the Run Status window,
which may be scrolled and resized. If you have successfully entered
all the data correctly, your Run Simulation and View Results
window will appear as shown in Figure 2-33.
2-29
Select the Optimized Summary option from the Report dropdown list box, then click the View button to view the results of
the optimization as shown in Figure 2-34.
2-30
Tutorial
$7,796 MM
Pipe, E002 ID
24
Pipe, E004 ID
32.9474
18366.76 hP
15949.10 hP
570.6906 MMCFD
629.3094 MMCFD
2-31
Click the View/Edit button beside the Plot Report drop-down list
box to define your plot. This brings up the RAS Plot Options
window.
Click the Add button to bring up the RAS Plot Data Options
window.
Next you must plot the pressure along link L003 (from junction
J004 to sink D003) for the base case and the optimized case.
By default, the Initial Case option is selected in the Simulation
drop-down list box.
Click the Add Selection button to add this to the list of variables
to plot.
Repeat the above steps for link L003 for the Optimized Case.
2-32
Click the View button to view the plot shown in Figure 2-37.
Tutorial
2-33
$0.44 MM/year
Over the lifetime of the pipeline system (10 years), the total cost is therefore:
Total
= Operating Costs + Capital Cost
Costs (MMD) = (4.0E-4*10*wCompr 1 + 4.0E-4*10*wCompr 2) +
(140*IDPipe 1 +126*IDPipe 2 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 1 + 4.66E-3*wCompr 2)
2-34
Tutorial
First, change the objective function to include these new costs and
rerun the optimization.
Click the
button on the toolbar or select the General/
Optimization Data menu option. This brings up the Network
Optimization Data window.
Then click the Run button on the Run Simulation and View
Results window.
Select the Optimized Summary option from the Reports dropdown list box.
2-35
Table 2-11 compares the optimal solution for the modified problem
to that of the original problem. The operating costs involved in
running the pipeline system for 10 years based on the original
solution are also included.
Run #1
$7,964 MM
$7,933.8 MM MM
Capital Cost
$7,574 MM
$7,796 MM
Operating Cost
$389.9 MM
$137.3 MM
Pipe, E002 ID
24
24
Pipe, E004 ID
32.04
32.9474
47,476 hP
18366.76 HP
50,000 hP
15949.10 HP
565.32 MMSCFD
570.6906 MMCFD
634.67 MMSCFD
629.3094 MMCFD
The results of these two runs show that by taking the operating costs
into consideration:
2-36
Tutorial
Index
A
1-16
Nodal Analysis
1-49
1-20
Nominal Diameter
1-33
Assay Curve
1-16
Non-library Components
1-15
D
Defaults
O
1-12
Defining
Fluid Properties
1-13
Properties for Compositional Fluids
1-14
Properties for Mixed Compositional/ NonCompositional Fluids
1-23
Properties for Non-compositional Fluids
Liquid 1-20
Online
documentation
help
vi
vi
P
Petroleum Pseudocomponents
1-15
Pipe Schedule
1-33
1-47
1-3
1-3
1-37
1-11
1-2
1-4
1-5
1-11
1-10
PIPEPHASE
Case Studies
Changing Window Size
Color Coding Cues
Equipment Items
Global Settings
Main Window Components
Menu Options
Toolbar Buttons
Units of Measurement
1-24
Piping Structure
1-10
1-35
1-35
1-32
vi
E
Exiting PIPEPHASE
1-2
H
Heat Transfer Calculations
Help, online
1-40
vi
L
Library Components
1-14
Printout Options
1-11
Production Planning
1-42
1-22
1-21
1-22
I-1
Liquid
Steam
1-21
1-22
R
Relationships
Reservoirs and Inflow Performance
T
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation 117
Time-stepping
1-42
Transport Properties
1-18
1-41
U
S
Using PIPEPHASE
Sources
1-24
Sphering or Pigging
1-41
Starting PIPEPHASE
1-1
1-25
1-8
V
Viewing and Plotting Results
2-30
Index
I-2