Sqi Vs Rxqual

Aircom International
TECHNICAL REPORT
Prepared (also subject responsible if other)
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Senior Engineer Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues

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Technical report - GPI IRAT HO
Abstract
This is a technical report for the IRAT Handover and Cell reselection project being done in
MTN WCDMA network in South Africa
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Executive Summary
Huawei and MTN SA performed during the last 7 weeks tests of the Inter Radio access
Technology (IRAT) mobility between MTNs 3G and 2G networks in South Africa.
For the 3G to 2G handover a choice between CPICH RSCP and CPICH Ec/No can be
done to trigger the handover. For the initial network launch when there is no or low load
level and no major interference problems in the network CPICH RSCP gives a more stable
IRAT handover from 3G to 2G. However in areas where there initially is a relatively high
level of interference, such as high-rise buildings, CPICH Ec/No is a more safe choice of
measurement quantity for triggering the handover.
One drawback of using CPICH Ec/No is that a relatively high triggering threshold is
needed to have stable handovers in coverage-limited scenarios. This might lead to that
some users at some locations move to the 2G network even though they could have
reasonable 3G coverage.
The choice of measurement quantity for the triggering is a matter of trading pros of one
quantity for cons with the other. The decision should be taken bearing in mind the strategy
of MTN current network deployment and future network expansions.
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Contents
1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 6
1.1
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................... 6
1.2
PURPOSE ..................................................................................................... 6
1.3
MTNS IRAT MOBILITY STRATEGY .................................................................. 7
THEORY ................................................................................................................... 8
2.1
BACKGROUND TO IRAT HO/CR ..................................................................... 8
2.2
CPICH RSCP .............................................................................................. 8
2.3
CPICH EC/NO .............................................................................................. 8
2.4
UPLINK AND DOWNLINK ................................................................................. 9
2.5
IRAT HANDOVER ........................................................................................ 10
2.5.1
U2G: Triggering of 2G measurements ....................................................... 10
2.5.2
U2G: Compressed mode measurements................................................... 11
2.5.3
U2G: Handover from UTRAN .................................................................... 12
2.5.4
G2U: Triggering of 3G measurements ....................................................... 14
2.5.5
IRAT Handover strategy and possible parameter settings ......................... 16
2.6
IRAT CELL RESELECTION ............................................................................ 17
2.6.1
U2G: Triggering of measurements............................................................. 17
2.6.2
U2G: Cell ranking ...................................................................................... 19
2.6.3
G2U: measurements ................................................................................. 20
2.6.4
G2U: Cell Ranking ..................................................................................... 21
2.6.5
IRAT cell reselection strategy and possible parameter settings ................. 22
2.7
SIZE OF NEIGHBOUR LIST ............................................................................. 23
2.8
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ........................................................................ 24
2.8.1
IRAT HO Success Rate (U2G) .................................................................. 24
2.8.2
IRAT HO Success Rate (G2U) .................................................................. 24
2.8.3
Cell reselection outage time U2G .............................................................. 24
2.8.4
Cell reselection outage time G2U .............................................................. 24
METHOD ................................................................................................................ 25
3.1
TESTS ........................................................................................................ 25
3.1.1
Test phases............................................................................................... 25
3.1.2
Test cases ................................................................................................. 25
3.2
TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 26
3.2.1
TEMS Investigation scanner ...................................................................... 26
3.2.2
TEMS Investigation WCDMA 6.0 + Terminals ........................................... 26
3.2.3
TEMS Investigation WCDMA 3.0.3 + Terminal .......................................... 26
3.2.4
Equipment Set up (Initial Phase) ............................................................... 27
3.3
NETWORK LOAD.......................................................................................... 27
3.3.1
Uplink load ................................................................................................ 27
3.3.2
Downlink load ............................................................................................ 27
3.4
TEST PROCEDURES ..................................................................................... 28
3.5
INITIAL PHASE TEST LOCATION ..................................................................... 29
3.6
VALIDATION PHASE TEST LOCATION .............................................................. 30
3.7
TEST 1: U2G AND G2U HANDOVER BASED ON EC/NO ................................... 31
3.7.1
General comments .................................................................................... 31
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3.7.2
3.7.3
3.7.4
3.7.5
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.9
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.9.4
3.9.5
3.10
3.11
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Purpose ..................................................................................................... 31
Parameter ................................................................................................. 31
Theory ....................................................................................................... 31
Performance Indicators ............................................................................. 31
TEST 2: U2G AND G2U HANDOVER BASED ON RSCP .................................... 32
Purpose ..................................................................................................... 32
Parameter ................................................................................................. 32
Theory ....................................................................................................... 33
TEST 3: U2G AND G2U CELL RESELECTION .................................................. 33
Purpose ..................................................................................................... 33
Parameters................................................................................................ 33
Test execution ........................................................................................... 34
TEST PLAN .................................................................................................. 34
TIME PLAN .................................................................................................. 34
RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 35
4.1
INITIAL PHASE ............................................................................................. 35
4.2
VALIDATION PHASE ...................................................................................... 36
CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 37
5.1
U2G USING CPICH RSCP .......................................................................... 37
5.2
U2G USING CPICH EC/NO .......................................................................... 38
5.3
G2U HANDOVER (EC/NO AND RSCP) .......................................................... 39
5.4
IDLE MODE BEHAVIOUR (CR U2G AND G2U) ................................................. 39
5.5
SIZE OF NEIGHBOUR LIST ............................................................................. 39
5.6
U2G TRIGGERING: RSCP OR EC/NO ............................................................ 40
5.7
HUAWEI RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................... 40
5.8
FURTHER STUDIES ...................................................................................... 41
PROPOSED PARAMETER SETTINGS.................................................................. 42
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. 45
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX A - INITIAL PHASE RESULTS ............................................................ 46

9.1
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 46
9.2
TEST CASE GROUP (U2G): .......................................................................... 46
9.3
TEST CASE GROUP (G2U): .......................................................................... 53
9.3.1
QSC and MRSL......................................................................................... 53
9.3.2
FDDMRR................................................................................................... 54
10
APPENDIX B - VALIDATION PHASE RESULTS ................................................... 56

10.1
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 56
10.2
EC/NO STRATEGY ....................................................................................... 56
10.3
RSCP STRATEGY ....................................................................................... 60
10.4
IDLE MODE RESULTS .................................................................................... 63
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APPENDIX C - GENERAL PARAMETERS ............................................................ 65

11.1
3G TO 2G HO PARAMETERS ........................................................................ 65
11.2
2G TO 3G HO PARAMETERS ........................................................................ 67
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Revision History
Introduction
1.1
Background
Huawei performed an IRAT handover testing service for MTN South Africa. The service
was focused on a selection of some WCDMA and GSM parameters.
The IRAT handover module was divided into two phases: analysis phase and validation
phase. The reason of this was to verify the findings from the initial testing in different
environment to get more information to base the parameter settings decision on.
1.2
Purpose
The purposes of this technical report are to:
1.
Describe what had been done and technical problems during the project
2.
Present results and findings from the tests
3.
Conclude the findings
4.
Provide final recommendation(s) on parameter settings
This report is divided into four parts: theory, method, results and conclusions
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MTNs IRAT mobility strategy

MTN strategy regarding the IRAT mobility can be summarised with the following points:
Stay in 3G as long as possible, so as to maximize the enhanced service capacity
offered in 3G.
Use 2G as a safety net, and allow seamless handovers between the 2G and 3G
networks.
Move back to 3G as quickly as possible once there is 3G coverage if the UE has to
go to 2G due to a lack of 3G coverage.
The identified solution for the short term should be consistent with MTN network
evolution, be it coverage extension or capacity growth.
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Theory
2.1
Background to IRAT HO/CR
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The purpose of IRAT handover functionality is to let a user who cannot access the 3G
network or retain its service in the 3G network handover or reselect to a 2G backbone
network instead. Whether or not the users can access/retain the connection to the 3G
network will be dependent on the required and available power in uplink and downlink.
The required power will in among other things be dependent on the pathloss and
interference situation in up and downlink. One way of estimating the pathloss is the
received signal code power (RSCP) of the CPICH. However the CPICH RSCP does not
take any interference into consideration. The Ec/No of the CPICH is a measurement that
takes both the pathloss and the interference situation into consideration.
2.2
CPICH RSCP
The CPICH Received Signal Code Power (CPICH RSCP) is dependent on the CPICH
transmitted code power, the pathloss. Since the transmitted power on the CPICH is
constant the CPICH RSCP will primarily be affected by the pathloss. Hence a decrease in
the CPICH RSCP will mean that the pathloss in both up and downlink has increased. The
absolute accuracy requirement for the CPICH RSCP measurements is 6-8 dB [1].
2.3
CPICH Ec/No
The CPICH Ec/No is defined as the energy per chip divided by the total in-band
interference. Theoretically it is defined as the CPICH RSCP divided by the RSSI (received
signal strength indicator).
CPICH Ec/No = CPICH RSCP / RSSI
Both the CPICH RSCP and the CPICH Ec/No will increase with a decrease in the pathloss.
However the Ec/No is both proportional to the pathloss and inversely proportional to the
RSSI. Thus, the relation between CPICH Ec/No and pathloss is not linear as in the RSCP
case. Particularly at the cell border in cases where there is mainly one dominant server the
behaviour of the CPICH Ec/No is not completely straightforward.
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CPICH Ec/No
RSSI
CPICH RSCP
Pathloss
The figure above describes the principle of the scenario previously mentioned. As can be
seen the CPICH Ec/No remains relatively constant since both the pilot signal and the
interfering signals are more or less subject to the same pathloss. Once the thermal noise
becomes the dominant part of the RSSI the CPICH Ec/No also starts to degrade but not as
steep as the RSCP degradation. When the signal finally becomes lower than the thermal
noise floor the Ec/No will drop sharply. This description of the scenario is highly simplified.
The advantage with the CPICH Ec/No measurement is that it takes into consideration the
downlink interference situation in the network through its dependency on the RSSI.
The absolute accuracy requirement for the CPICH Ec/No measurements is 1.5-3 dB,
which is considerably higher than the requirements for the RSCP [1].
2.4
Uplink and Downlink

None of the previously discussed measurements does directly cater for the uplink
coverage and interference criteria required for the dedicated channel to retain the
connection. However if the uplink and downlink are relatively balanced from a required and
available power point of view, one could use the CPICH RSCP to represent the uplink as
well as downlink pathloss. When letting the CPICH RSCP represent the maximum
tolerable pathloss for the dedicated channel in both up and downlink one has to take into
consideration a few issues. The mapping will be dependent on whether or not a ASC
(TMA) is used, the UE Tx power class, the downlink maximum code power for the
dedicated channel, the CPICH Tx power etc.
The mapping of the CPICH Ec/No to the up and downlink interference situation is slightly
more complicated. Since the load situation might be different in the up and downlink the
CPICH Ec/No has no direct correlation with the uplink interference situation. However in
most cases one could suspect that the downlink load level could be higher than the uplink
load level due to the asymmetric PS radio bearers and the higher power consumption in
the downlink due to soft handover.
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2.5
IRAT Handover
2.5.1
U2G: Triggering of 2G measurements
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To perform the handover from the 3G network the UE has to conduct measurements on
the 2G frequencies of the 2G neighbour cells. The set up of those measurements are
initiated when the UE is reporting event 2d to UTRAN in a measurement report.
The event 2d happens when the CPICH RSCP of all cells in active set drops below the
threshold usedFreqThresh2dRscp minus the value hysteresis2d/2 for TTT2d milliseconds.
Alternatively will the event 2d happen when the CPICH Ec/No of the cells in active set
drops below the threshold usedFreqThresh2dEcno minus the value hysteresis2d/2 for
TTT2d milliseconds. After receiving a measurement report with the event 2d UTRAN will
sent the message physical channel reconfiguration to the UE for the UE to reconfigure to
compressed mode by spreading factor reduction (SF/2).
Compressed mode
SF=SF
SF=SF
T = 10 ms
/2
SF=SF
time for measurements
After this a measurement control message will be sent to the UE containing the monitored
neighbour list for the 2G neighbour cells. The UE will then tune into the frequencies of the
neighbouring 2G cells in the neighbour list during the empty slots created in the
compressed frames.
In case there are no 2G neighbours defined for the cells in active set, UTRAN will not
command the UE into compressed mode since there are no neighbour cell frequencies to
perform measurements on.
The compressed mode measurements are stopped either when the UE handover to
appropriate 2G cell or if the UE reports the event 2f in a measurement report to UTRAN.
UTRAN will then send a measurement control message to the UE to release the
compressed mode measurements.
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The event 2f happens when the CPICH RSCP of at least one cell in active set rises above
the threshold usedFreqThresh2dRscp plus usedFreqRelThresh2fRscp plus the value
hysteresis2f/2 for TTT2f milliseconds. Alternatively the event 2f will happen when the
CPICH Ec/No of at least one cell in active set rises above the threshold
usedFreqThresh2dEcno plus usedFreqRelThresh2fEcno plus the value hysteresis2f/2 for
TTT2f milliseconds.
2.5.2
U2G: Compressed mode measurements

The measurement control sent after the physical channel reconfiguration also contains
information about the requirements for the triggering of event 3a. Event 3a happens when
the CPICH RSCP of all cells in active set drops below the threshold utranThresh3aRscp
minus the value hysteresis3a/2 for TTT3a milliseconds or when the CPICH Ec/No of all
cells in active set drops below the threshold utranThresh3aEcno minus the value
hysteresis3a/2 for TTT3a milliseconds. In addition to either of the two previous conditions
the carrier RSSI of the target GSM cell has to be above the threshold gsmThresh3a and
the verified that the BSIC of the target cell is the same as the cell in the monitored list.
The 2G measurements required for the UE to be able to evaluate if the event 3a criteria is
fulfilled, are performed in the following way.
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The UE measures the RSSI of all carriers in the neighbour list and rank them according to
signal strength. When using compressed mode with gap length 7 slots, the UE is required
to take 6 samples per gap [1]. Each carrier shall be measured 3 times, which means that 2
carriers can be measured per gap. The time to measure and rank all carriers are hence
dependent on the number of 2G neighbours in the neighbour list. In one reporting period of
480ms the UE can measure 12 neighbours, in 960ms 24 neighbours and so on. The RSSI
measurements are continuously repeated to maintain the ranking of the cells. 3/8 of the
measurement occasions are used for the RSSI measurements.
The UE is also required to attempt BSIC decoding of the 8 highest ranked cells (the
ranking might be continuously changing). The BSIC decoding can only be done if the BSIC
transmission is done fully within one transmission gap. In the worst case the UE will need
2 attempts to decode the BSIC, which will mean that the decoding will take 5.28seconds
per carrier [1]. Half of the measurement occasions are dedicated to BSIC decoding and 1/8
of the measurement occasions are dedicated for BSIC reconfirmation, since the BSIC is
only considered as verified for a certain period of time.
If a cell is BSIC decoded and the criteria for event 3a is fulfilled the UE will send a
measurement report indicating the number in the neighbour list for the cell fulfilling the
criteria. This will be the target cell to perform the handover to. Since the BSIC verification
is quite time consuming it could be so that it is not the best ranked cell that is BSIC
decoded since the ranking might have changed during the decoding time. If the event
criterias are fulfilled the decoded cell will be reported even though it is no longer the
strongest in the ranking. It is therefore desirable to keep the neighbour list as short as
possible as to minimise the probability of this happening and so that the ranking list can be
quickly updated.
2.5.3
U2G: Handover from UTRAN

Upon reception of a measurement report indicating the event 3a the RNC attempt to
allocate resources in the target GSM cell. If and when the resources are secured a
handover from UTRAN command message is sent from the RNC to the UE. When the
handover is completed the UE will send the message handover complete to the BSC. This
will initiate the release of the resources in the UMTS network.
In case the UE fails to connect to the GSM network it will send the message handover
from UTRAN failure to UTRAN. If possible the call will be kept and another handover
attempt made.
The flowchart below depictures a successful handover from UMTS to GSM.
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All parameters defining the different thresholds used during the UMTS to GSM handover
are set per RNC and per UMTS cell. Hence, for the RNC parameters one value has to be
found that can cater for the whole network.
The picture below describes the complete IRAT handover procedure from U2G.
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Measurement Quantity
(Ec/No and RSSI)
WCDMA cell
hysteresis2f/2
usedFreqRelTresh2fEcno
usedFreqTresh2dEcno
hysteresis2d/2
hysteresis2d/2
gsmTresh3a
hysteresis3a/2
utranTresh3aEcno
GSM cell
Reporting Reporting
event 2d event 2f
Reporting
event 2d
Reporting
event 3a
A user entering compressed mode will be forced to roughly double its Tx power during the
part of the compressed frame when the data is transmitted. For downlink Compressed
Mode (CM) the available Tx power is increased during the compressed frames but for the
uplink the UE max Tx power is setting the limit. If the CM is performed when the UE
already is transmitting close to its maximum output power, it might lead to increased BER
and BLER due to the inability of the power control to combat the fast fading dips.
Since there is an increased interference situation in the network due to the compressed
mode, it is desirable to have as few users as possible in CM and each user in CM for as
short time as possible. To reduce the number of users in compressed mode, low values on
the triggering thresholds are desirable (i.e. moving into CM late). This would mean that
users are entering CM at low signal levels/low Ec/No quality levels.
The IRAT handover functionality is further described in [2].
2.5.4
G2U: Triggering of 3G measurements

The measurements performed on the 3G neighbours while on a voice connection in 2G is
initiated at a certain level of signal strength. The parameter QSC defines a signal strength
criterion, which has to be fulfilled before measurements on the UMTS neighbours are
performed. The threshold can either be set to a level (-98 - -74dBm) for which the GSM
signal strength has to be below before the measurements are performed. The other option
is to set QSC to a level (-78 - -54dBm) for which the signal strength has to be above before
the measurements are performed. Setting the QSC parameter can also disable the
evaluation of the GSM signal strength, so that measurements are never performed or
permanently enabled by setting the QSC to always.
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The parameter ISHOLEV defines the load level is the GSM network which should be
exceeded before starting to evaluate the reported UMTS measurements. ISHOLEV is
defined as the percent of idle TCHs than need to be allocated. Hence the value 99%
means that measurements on UMTS are always evaluated.
The information on when to measure along with 3G frequency and scrambling codes of the
3G neighbouring cells are sent to the UE in the Measurement Information message.
The UE may use the search frames, which are not required for BSIC decoding, for these
measurements. If indicated by the parameter SPRIO = YES, the UE may use up to 25
search frames per 13 seconds without considering the need for BSIC decoding in these
frames.
The UE shall report a new best UTRAN cell, which is part of the neighbour cell list, at the
latest 5 seconds after it has been activated under the condition that there is only one
UTRAN frequency in the neighbour cell list and that no new GSM cells are activated at the
same time and under good radio conditions [3]. If a new GSM frequency is activated during
the measurements, the required minimum reporting time is extended by the time to decode
the BSIC of the new cell.
The reporting of UMTS cell measurements are done in the same measurement reports as
the GSM measurements. Since there is only possible to report 6 cells in the measurement
report the number of reported GSM cells are reduced for a multi RAT capable UE. The
parameter FDDMRR (1-3) defines how many positions in the measurement report that
should be dedicated to 3G cells.
The GSM measurement report fields RxLev indicates the received signal strength of the
reported GSM cells in the neighbour list coded according to [3]. For the reported 3G cells
the reported value does not indicate the signal strength but represents the CPICH Ec/No
decodes according to the following formula:
CPICH Ec/N0 [dB] = Reported value / 2 24.5
The reporting field BCCH-INDEX represents the position in the neighbour list for the 2G
cells. For the 3G cells it is always reported as 31 (representing only 31 GSM neighbour
cells when UMTS neighbour is defined). Finally the reported field BSIC represents the
BSIC for the GSM cells and the position in the 3G neighbour list for the 3G cells.
The handover decision is made depending on whether or not the reported CPICH Ec/No
exceeds the value represented by the parameter MRSL. The reporting and evaluation of
3G neighbour cells does not affect the locating algorithm used for the ranking and
evaluation of reported 2G neighbours.
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WCDMA Cell
measurement
Filtering
Urgency condition
B
% idle TS: 1/6

Inter System Handover
algorithm
Traffic load
ISHOLEV = 99 %
% idle TS
ISHOLEV
Ec/No
> MRSL
Basic ranking
16, 7%
Add WCDMA cell

to candidate list
Radio Network functions

evaluations
Organizing the list
Sending the list
Allocation reply
All parameters used to define the different thresholds used in the G2U handover are all set
per GSM cell.
2.5.5
IRAT Handover strategy and possible parameter settings

One desirable parameter setting could be to stay with the voice connection in the 3G
network as long as the quality of the connection is sufficient. When this criteria is no longer
fulfilled it could be desirable to move the connection to the 2G network. Finally it could be
desirable to move the connection back to the 3G network again when the quality is
sufficient, but this is not so important since the end user perception of the voice call should
be fairly similar in both 2G and 3G.
When trying to achieve this in practice one has to take many other aspects into
consideration. One of the considerations is to be able to perform the actual measurements
and the handover before the quality becomes to bad. When in compressed mode the
terminal will need to approximately double the power during the compressed slots. This will
lead to a reduced coverage since the available power is constant (in uplink). If for example
driving in high speed out of the coverage region one has to back off the handover
thresholds so that the connection can be maintained during the measurement and
relocation time while still in compressed mode.
The measurement criteria for moving from U2G and G2U previously described can be
descripted as follows:
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Evaluate Ec/No
Reference
2G
or
3G
Evaluate RSCP
2G
When moving from U2G either CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No can be chosen as
measurement quantity. When moving from G2U the standard only allows for CPICH Ec/No
measurements to be reported.
2G
Evaluate Ec/No
3G
3G
One aspect to consider is the possible ping - pong effects while moving between 3G and
2G. If CPICH RSCP is chosen as measurement for the U2G handover, special care has to
be taken when setting the parameter MRSL (Ec/No) for the G2U handover. Since there is
no exact relationship between the CPICH Ec/No and the CPICH RSCP it might be so that
the CPICH Ec/No is better than the value defined by MRSL at the point when the U2G
handover is triggered due to a low CPICH RSCP. This would then result in a ping - pong
handover from G2U since the criteria CPICH Ec/No > MRSL is fulfilled. However for the
voice service, this scenario can be avoided by not letting the user perform the G2U
handover at all (ISHOLEV=0% or QSC = never) or by setting the MRSL threshold to a very
high value to delay the G2U handover. However the limitation with being in 2G with a voice
service compared to the 3G-voice service is that the availability of the multi-RAB (voice +
PS64) in the 3G network.
2.6
IRAT Cell Reselection
2.6.1
U2G: Triggering of measurements

In idle mode the UE is required to start doing measurements on 2G cells and evaluate
them in a cell ranking procedure when the following criteria is fulfilled:
CPICH Ec/No <= qQualMin + sRatSearch
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Where the parameter qQualMin is the minimum acceptable CPICH Ec/No level for
camping on a 3G cell and the parameter sRatSearch defines the offset from qQualMin at
which levels the measurements should start. Both parameters are set per UMTS cell.
This means that the UE is not required to always measure and evaluate the 2G cells in idle
mode. The parameters previously defined are transmitted in the system information SIB3.
The neighbour list with 2G neighbours is transmitted to the UE in the system information
SIB11.
The parameter qHyst2 is the hysteresis parameter used for the 3G-cell reselection
evaluation. For a 3G-cell to be replaced by another 3G cell it is required to be at least
qHyst2 dB better (in terms of CPICH Ec/No) for the cell reselection to take place according
to the picture below.
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Reference
qHyst2
qHyst2
qHyst2
The blank dotted line

is the serving cells.
qQualMin
treSelection
treSelection
treSelection
Time
treSelection
Although this hysteresis parameter only effects the 3G-3G cell re-selection it also have an
impact on the 3G-2G cell reselection. If the current 3G cells CPICH Ec/No drops below the
criteria for 2G measurements, 2G cells will be measured and evaluated and a 3G to 2G
cell reselection performed if the predefined criterias are fulfilled. At the same time it could
be so that there exists a 3G cell with a CPICH Ec/No better than the threshold for 2G
measurement evaluation but at the same time less than qHyst2 dB better than the current
3G cell. This would effectively mean that the UE start camping on a 2G cell even though
there exist a 3G cell better than the required quality criteria for staying in the 3G network.
2.6.2
U2G: Cell ranking

If the parameter qualMeasQuantity = 2 (CPICH Ec/No used for ranking), the cell ranking is
done in two steps. First a ranking is done based on the signal strength (CPICH RSCP and
GSM RxLev), if a GSM cell turnout to be the highest ranked no more ranking is done and a
cell reselection to the GSM cell is done. If a WCDMA cell is strongest, a second ranking is
done based on CPICH Ec/No with only WCDMA cells. If the parameter qualMeasQuantity
= 1 (CPICH RSCP) only one cell ranking need to be done with all cells (2G and 3G)
included.
The cell ranking between 3G and 2G cells is done in the following way (also described in
the picture below):
R(serving 3G cell) = Qmeas(s) + qHyst1
R(neighbour 2G cell) = Qmeas(n) - qOffset1sn
If the R criterion for the 2G cell is higher than the R criteria for the 3G cell for the time
duration treSelection seconds, a cell reselection to the 2G cell is done.
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Reference
The quantity Qmeas is the CPICH RSCP for the 3G cell and RxLev for the 2G cell. The
parameter qHyst1 is the hysteresis parameter affecting the signal strength (not the Ec/No),
and the parameter qOffset1sn is a parameter used to offset the measured GSM signal
strength in the ranking.
2.6.3
G2U: measurements
The start of the measurements on the 3G cells is, in the same way as for the dedicated
mode, started when the GSM signal strength is either above or below the value indicated
by the parameter QSI.
The parameter can also be set so that measurements on the 3G neighbours are either
never or always performed. The latter alternative is highly desirable in case one wishes to
utilise the 3G network as much as possible.
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Reference
The parameter QSI is defined per GSM cell and is transmitted together with the 3G
neighbour cell list in the system information type 2quater. The UE shall be able to identify
and select a new best UTRAN cell on a frequency, which is part of the 3G Cell Reselection
list, within 30 seconds after it has been activated under the condition that there is only one
UTRAN frequency in the list and under good radio conditions [3].
For the measured 3G cell to be considered in the cell ranking procedure the Ec/No of the
measured 3G neighbour has to at least fulfil the following criteria:
CPICH Ec/No > FDDQMIN
Where the parameter FDDQMIN can be set from 0 to 7 representing an Ec/No values from
20 to 6 dB. The table below will
2.6.4
UE Mapping of value
[dB]
-20
-6
-18
-8
-16
-10
-14
-12
G2U: Cell Ranking

The cell ranking for the cell reselection from 2G to 3G is done in the following way:
CPICH Ec/No > FDDQMIN (prerequisite for ranking)
AND
CPICH RSCP > RLA(s+n) + FDDQOFF
where the RLA(s+n) is the average (per cell) signal strength of the serving 2G cell and its 2G
neighbours. The parameter FDDQOFF defines an offset for the measured 2G signal
strength (-28 - +28 dB) used to prioritise the 2G or 3G cell in the ranking. There is also a
possibility to set the parameter to - to always prioritise the 3G cell and thereby effectively
disable the cell ranking procedure. FDDQOFF is defined per 2G to 3G neighbouring cell
relations.
Up to 15 seconds after a U2G cell reselection the parameter FDDQOFF is automatically
increased by 5 dB to reduce the risk of ping-pong between 3G and 2G if the desire is to try
to compare the signal strengths.
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Reference
Measurement
Quantity
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
FDDQOFF
FDDQMIN
5 seconds
CPICH Ec/No
IRATCC to
> FDDQMIN CPICH RSCP > WCDMA
GSM RLA+ FDDQOFF
2.6.5
GSM RLA
IRAT cell reselection strategy and possible parameter settings

As in the case of connected mode it could be desirable to set the idle mode parameters so
that the UE is camped on the 3G network as long as it can access the network with a high
probability and with a acceptable quality. However since this probability is dependent on
both the signal strength (pathloss) and quality (Ec/No) of the best 3G cell independently
(although they are correlated).
In the current standard the CPICH Ec/No check is always done first, followed by a CPICH
RSCP and GSM RxLev comparison. Hence the standard allows for a cell reselection
process, which can be described with the following flowchart:
3G
Evaluate Ec/No
Evaluate RSCP
(relative GSM)
2G
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Reference
Since the signal strength evaluation is done by comparing the signal strengths of the 3G
cell with the signal strength of the 2G cells, tuning on cell relation level, of the offset values
(qOffset1sn) has to be made. This is only feasible if full co-siting of all 2G and 3G cells are
done. In case of complete co-siting of 3G cells with 2G cells, one single offset could
probably be used for the whole network. However in the case there are more 2G sites, e.g.
indoor sites, hotspot sites etc. the offsets has to be tuned on cell relation level since the 2G
signal strength could be considerably higher than the 3G signal strength although sufficient
to provide a 3G service.
For the G2U cell reselection the current standard can be described with the following flow
chart:
2G
Evaluate Ec/No
Evaluate RSCP
(relative UMTS)
3G
In this case both the RSCP and the Ec/No criteria should be fulfilled before the cell
reselection from G2U is performed. This reduced the probability pf a ping-pong cell
reselection between 2G and 3G. Since the signal strength evaluation is here also done by
comparing the 3G and 2G signal strength, parameter tuning on cell relation level is
required here as well.
2.7
Size of neighbour list

It is always recommended to keep the neighbour lists short, both for the 2G neighbours
while in 3G and 3G neighbours while in 2G. It is hence crucial that the correct neighbours
are defined, and that no unnecessary ones are chosen.
As an example, after IRAT cells change to a cell, which turns out to be less preferable than
some other, a cell reselection in GPRS is required. That process takes time, during which
the overall throughput and user experience Measurements on IRAT neighbours, is a
demanding process for the UE. Therefore, the number of inter-system neighbours must be
kept low, around 10. Another reason for keeping the neighbour lists short is the scenario
described in the CM theory section.
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2.8
Performance Indicators
2.8.1
IRAT HO Success Rate (U2G)
Date
Rev
2006-03-286
PA1
Reference
The IRAT handover Success rate is defined as the number of successful IRAT handovers
divided by the number of occasions where an IRAT handover could be expected based on
the signal and quality levels. If the handover is not successful the reason for the failure
should be evaluated. This performance indicator is highly correlated with the drop call rate.
This performance indicator is based on subjective evaluation of the logfiles and not
necessary the exact occurrence of a specific message.
2.8.2
IRAT HO Success Rate (G2U)

The IRAT handover Success rate is defined as the number of successful IRAT handovers
divided by the number of occasions where an IRAT handover could be expected based on
the quality levels. If the handover is not successful the reason for the failure should be
evaluated. This performance indicator is based on subjective evaluation of the logfiles and
not necessary the exact occurrence of a specific message.
2.8.3
Cell reselection outage time U2G

The cell reselection outage time is measured as the time from starting to read GSM
system information until the UE is has received a location area update accept message
from the GSM network.
2.8.4
Cell reselection outage time G2U

The cell reselection outage time is measured as the time from starting to read UMTS
system information until the UE is has received a location area update accept message
from the UMTS network.
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Method
3.1
Tests
3.1.1
Test phases
Date
Rev
2006-03-286
PA1
Reference
The testing was divided into an initial test phase followed by an analysis phase and a
validation phase. The initial test phase was used to narrow down the possible parameter
settings to a few sets. Those parameter settings were later tested in different locations to
find the best possible setting.
The test cases were defined prior to the start of the testing and can be found in Test
Specifications IRAT HO and Validation Specification IRAT HO documents. After some of
the test cases during the initial testing was carried out the priorities of the remaining initial
test cases was redone to better utilise the remaining time.
3.1.2
Test cases
3.1.2.1
IRAT Handover
Since the time for the testing was limited many parameters were set to default value or to a
theoretical value estimated based on other parameter values. The testing was then
focused on the following parameters:
usedFreqThresh2dRscp
usedFreqThresh2dEcno
ttt2d
usedFreqThresh2fRscp
usedFreqThresh2fEcno
ttt2f
utranThresh3aRscp
utranThresh3aEcno
MRSL
sRatSearch
FDDQMIN
FDDMRR
QSC
The strategy for the testing was basically to find an as aggressive value as possible (i.e.
still successful handovers) on each parameter using either CPICH Ec/No or CPICH RSCP
as a trigger. This would mean staying as long as possible on the 3G network.
TECHNICAL REPORT
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3.2
Tools
3.2.1
TEMS Investigation scanner
Date
Rev
2006-03-286
PA1
Reference
TEMS Investigation for WCDMA v6.0 Scanner module was used in the drive route
preparation phase to measure the following items:
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Scrambling Codes
GSM BCCH carrier RxLev on target cells
C/I on GSM target cells
3.2.2
TEMS Investigation WCDMA 6.0 + Terminals
3.2.2.1
Nokia 6630
The Nokia terminal supports all kinds of handover scenarios in Idle, voice service and PS
data service modes. It always uses compressed mode but do not have so good reporting
capabilities to TIW in terms of BLER, SIR and SIR target etc.
3.2.2.2
Sony Huawei V800

The Nokia terminal supports all kinds of handover scenarios in Idle, voice service and PS
data service modes.
3.2.3
TEMS Investigation WCDMA 3.0.3 + Terminal
3.2.3.1
Motorola A835 (additional equipment for the Validation phase)

The Motorola terminal supports cell reselection in idle mode both from 3G to 2G and back
to 3G again as well as voice service handover from 3G to 2G. No other IRAT handover
scenarios are supported.
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Reference
Equipment Set up (Initial Phase)
Long Call Test

Voice
UETR/MTR
in OSS-RC
Voice
Uu
GPS
TEMS
Scanner
TEMS Investigation
WCDMA
Iub
RB
S
RN
C
Call test (B-party)
All the equipments within the

dotted box is located in car
or portable setup
Measurement Point
3.3
Network Load
3.3.1
Uplink load
It is practically impossible to generate uplink load in an artificial way. Therefore a load
margin has to be considered when analysing the results.
3.3.2
Downlink load
Increasing the output power on the BCH channel can generate the downlink load. This will
not exactly resemble a real load situation but can be considered an acceptable
approximation of how the system and UE will perform under downlink load. Different load
situations will have different effects on how many users that are in compressed mode and
how long time they are spending in compressed mode.
Note that the BchPower parameter defines the power on the BCH relative to the power on
the CPICH. The table below shows the load at different BCH power settings assuming the
feeder loss parameter set to 0 dB.
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Reference
RBS nominal power 17.4W
3.4
BchPower
[0.1dB]
PTot at RBS [W])
% Load
-31
1.8
10%
30
3.1
18%
60
4.9
28%
80
7.0
40%
100
10.3
59%
Test procedures
At the test location, before the drive test, the engineer sets up the equipment in the car or
the portable equipment according to the test equipment setting specified in Test
specifications. The engineer also verifies that the UETR is logging and the network is set
with the proper IRAT HO parameter value before starting the drive tests.
During the initial test phase the parameters were changed according to the procedure
described in Test Specification. For the Validation phase, three different groups of
parameter settings with three test cases each were predefined.
TECHNICAL REPORT
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Checked
Date
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2006-03-286
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Reference
Initial Phase test location

Hillbrow, Benrose and the surrounding area have been chosen as the test area for the
initial phase. In this area the GSM coverage is always good, while in UMTS (JHB CBD_2
cluster) some RSCP coverage holes and a significant number of low Ec/No-RSCP
locations were detected.
The radio environment is deeply influenced by the urban structure, where high block
buildings, narrow streets and many corners can be seen.
All the sites involved in the measurement were set onto Germiston RNC, and for each cell
the BchPower value was set to 20 in order to simulate a certain load on the network.
The main reason for that was to get comparable results between RSCP and Ec/No
analysis strategies.
Geography: All along the route there are hills and flat areas where signal can be seen far
away (Crown Mines) or blocked (Eastgate).
TECHNICAL REPORT
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Checked
Date
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Reference
Validation phase test location

Fourways and the surrounding area have been chosen as the test area for the validation
phase. A different test area as well another RNC (Randburg) were chosen for the
measurements, in order to verify the possibility for the adopted parameter settings in
numerous places. In this area the GSM coverage is always suitable, while in UMTS
(Fourways cluster) some RSCP coverage holes and a significant number of low Ec/NoRSCP locations were detected.
The 3G radio environment is floating due to the presence of several kind of clutter areas:
urban and sub urban blocks, residential estates and open fields.
Geography: The entire route is changing between hilly and flat areas where signal can be
seen far away (e.g. Fairlands).
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3.7
Test 1: U2G and G2U handover based on Ec/No
3.7.1
General comments
Reference
For this test the predefined settings should be used with a predefined load level.
3.7.2
Purpose
The purpose of the test is to find out the pros and cons of each setting in each
environment.
3.7.3
Parameter
Tested parameters
utranThresh3aEcno
timeToTrigger2f
MRSL
QSI/QSC
FDDMRR
measQuantity2 = 2 (Ec/No)
utranMeasQuantity3 = 2 (Ec/No)
Parameters fixed during the tests
ueTxPowerThresh6a = 21
ueTxPowerThresh6b = 18
TimeToTrigger2d = 11
sRatSearch = 4
FDDQMIN = 7
FDDQOFF = 0
SPRIO = YES
QSCI = 1
ISHOLEV = 99
3.7.4
Theory
The procedure should be repeated for each parameter set.
3.7.5
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Reference
Drop call rate

IRAT HO success rate
T3G
T2G
TCMwithoutHO
TCMwithHO
THOCompl
3.8
Test 2: U2G and G2U handover based on RSCP
3.8.1
General comments
For this test the predefined settings should be used with a predefined load level.
3.8.2
Purpose
The purpose of the test is to find out the pros and cons of each setting in each
environment.
3.8.3
Parameter
Tested parameters
utranThresh3aRscp
usedFreqThresh2dRscp
usedFreqThresh2fRscp
timeToTrigger2f
MRSL
QSI/QSC
FDDMRR
measQuantity2 = 1 (RSCP)
utranMeasQuantity3 = 1 (RSCP)
ueTxPowerThresh6a = 21
ueTxPowerThresh6b = 18
TimeToTrigger2d = 11
sRatSearch = 4
FDDQMIN = 7
FDDQOFF = 0
SPRIO = YES
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Reference
QSCI = 1
ISHOLEV = 99
3.8.4
Theory
The procedure should be repeated for each parameter set
3.8.5
Drop call rate

IRAT HO success rate
T3G
T2G
TCMwithoutHO
TCMwithHO
THOCompl
3.9
Test 3: U2G and G2U cell reselection
3.9.1
General comments
For this test the predefined setting should be used in each of the predefined environments
and which each of the predefined load levels.
3.9.2
Purpose
The purpose of the test is to find out the performance with the selected setting
3.9.3
Parameters
Tested parameters
sRatSearch
FDDQMIN
utranThresh3aEcno
TECHNICAL REPORT
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Reference
measQuantity2 (2 = Ec/No)
utranMeasQuantity3 (2 = Ec/No)
FDDQOFF= 0
FDDMRR = 1
SPRIO = YES
QSI = 7
QSC = 7
QSCI = 1
ISHOLEV = 99
3.9.4
Test execution
The procedure should be repeated for each parameter set in each environment and for
each load case.
3.9.5
Ec/No vs. RSCP plot when performing the reselection.

Ping pong rate
3.10
Test plan
The tests will be performed with three different sets of parameters per test group:
Strategy Ec/No
e2d
e2f
ttt2f
e3a
MRSL
QSC/QSI
FDDMRR
sRatSearch
FDDQMIN
3.11
-11
2
13
-13
32
7
2
-
Time Plan
Strategy Ec/No
-12
2
13
-13
30
8
3
-
-12
2
12
-13
29
9
3
-
Strategy RSCP
-100
2
13
-104
32
7
2
-
-102
3
13
-104
30
8
3
-
-102
3
13
-105
29
9
3
-
Cell Reselection
8
3
4
5
2
7
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2006-03-286
PA1
Reference
st
1 parameter set 2005-09-07

nd

rd
Strategy RSCP
st

nd

rd
Cell Reselection
st

nd

rd
Results
4.1
Initial phase
During the initial phase several triggering thresholds were tested separately or in pairs of
two in the test area. The results of this can be found in Appendix A. Based on those results
the test settings were narrowed down to the following table and the load was increased to
BCH Power = 40 to test the brake point for RSCP measurement.
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Ec/No Strategy
e2d
Date
Rev
2006-03-286
PA1
RSCP Strategy
Reference
Idle mode
VTC 1.1
VTC 1.2
VTC 1.3
VTC 2.1
VTC 2.2
VTC 2.3
VTC 3.1
VTC 3.2
VTC 3.3
-11
-12
-12
-100
-102
-102
-11
-11
-11
e2f
ttt2f
13
13
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
e3a
-13
-13
-13
-104
-104
-105
-12
-12
-12
sRatSearch
MRSL
32
30
29
32
30
29
29
29
29
QSC/QSI
FDDMRR
FDDQMIN
Due to the possibility to use different measurement quantities in the network for IRAT HO
events triggering, three different strategies for parameter testing were created.
The first strategy is based on Ec/No, the second on RSCP and the last one is focusing on
the idle mode behaviour.
During the initial phase we experienced missing messages on the NOKIA 6630: due to this
reason we decided to add an additional terminal (Motorola A835) with the aim to collect
more complete message flows for the analysis.
4.2
Validation phase
During the validation phase the settings described in the table above were used together
with an increased BchPower value in the specified location. The results for these tests can
be found in Appendix B.
The analysis of the Nokia 6630 data was more time consuming due to the already
mentioned problem of some missing messages, so it was more difficult to follow the
message flow during a specific dedicated mode phase (e.g. Call Setup, IRAT HO
procedure). Therefore, sometimes it was almost impossible to find the correct trigger time
for events. On the other hand, the Sony Huawei V800 and the Motorola A835 showed a
more consistent message flow. It was also experienced a different UE sensitivity: the V800
is more sensitive and due to this fact it was exposed to CM ping-pong effects more than
the other two mobiles. The A835 instead has less sensitivity in the receiver, and due to the
older SW/HW version, some freezing and some abnormal TIW disconnections were
experienced.
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Conclusions
5.1
U2G using CPICH RSCP
Date
Rev
2006-03-286
PA1
Reference
The CPICH RSCP is a more stable triggering quantity in areas with low interference and
low signal strength than CPICH Ec/No. When driving out of coverage in such environment
the RSCP triggering quantity can make sure that the handover is made at a relatively low
pathloss regardless of interference situation. This reduces the probability of the UE
remaining in the 3G network at a high pathloss to high for the UE to access the network.
However if the interference situation increases it might not be the pathloss that sets the
limit for the accessibility to the network but the interference. The pathloss where the UE
loses its coverage will depend on the link budgets for the required service. This will in turn
be dependent on e.g. availability of ASC (TMA) in the uplink and UE Tx power capability.
The plot below shows the UE Tx power distribution for different CPICH RSCP for all tested
UE when driving out of coverage in the Fourways area.
UE Tx power
25
20
15
UE Tx power
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-130,0
-120,0
-110,0
-100,0
-90,0
-80,0
-70,0
-60,0
-50,0
-40,0
-30,0
RSCP
Total
It can be seen that if selecting the handover threshold for event 3a to 104dBm there are
still margins left to the maximum UE Tx power of 21dBm.
TECHNICAL REPORT
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Reference
The drawback with using the CPICH RSCP as measurement quantity is its insensitivity to
load in both up and downlink. The received power on the pilot channel will always be the
same regardless of load situation in either up or downlink. If the load situation increases
the UE Tx power and downlink code power will increase necessarily to keep the
connection.
One type of location where this (at a very sparsely loaded network) is a problem, is at
places which are reached by many overshooting cells without having any dominant server.
Another drawback with the use of CPICH RSCP as a measurement quantity for the U2G
handover and cell change is that CPICH Ec/No has to be used for the G2U handover and
cell reselection. If RSCP is used for the U2G triggering there is a potential for ping-pong
effects between 3G and 2G. The ping-pong effects might not be such a big problem for the
voice service since the end user experience is fairly similar in both networks. Hence the
MRSL threshold can be set to a very high value or the QSC parameter could be set so that
the UE never attempt to perform the G2U handover. The drawback of doing this is that the
user does not have the opportunity to access the multi-bearer service while in 2G.
5.2
U2G using CPICH Ec/No

When using CPICH Ec/No as measurement quantity an increase in downlink interference
will be reflected on the value. Although an increase in uplink interference will not be
reflected on the CPICH Ec/No value, it can be assumed that there is a correlation between
the uplink and downlink interference levels and rather more interference in the downlink.
The problematic location type for the CPICH Ec/No measurement quantity is the
environment where the moving out of coverage (in terms of pathloss) when the
interference level is low. In such environments the CPICH Ec/No remains relatively good
until the thermal noise becomes the dominant part of the RSSI. At that point the CPICH
Ec/No start to degrade quicker to finally drop heavily when the CPICH RSCP is below the
sensitivity of the receiver.
At those levels the UE might be transmitting near its maximum Tx power and the
connection is not very reliable.
Whether or not the IRAT handover is successful at such a location is dependent on how
fast the quality is degrading, it might very well be so that a slow moving UE manage to
handover to GSM whereas a fast moving UE fails due to that the connection drops before
the end of the message flow.
If choosing CPICH Ec/No as the measurement quantity for the triggering it is easy to
achieve a balance and hence avoid ping-pong handovers between 3G and 2G since Ec/No
is used both ways. Due to some mobile limitations, ping-pong will occur even when using
CPICH Ec/No in case a high value (such as 11 dB) is used for the event 3a triggering.
TECHNICAL REPORT
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Date
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Reference
G2U Handover (Ec/No and RSCP)

If CPICH Ec/No is used for the handover triggering the parameter MRSL which controls
the G2U handover should be set to a value approximately 1 dB higher than the value used
for the event 2f triggering. This is to avoid ping-pong behaviour, which will increase the risk
for dropped calls during a later handover attempt. If on the other hand CPICH RSCP is
used for the triggering it is recommended to either set the parameter QSC to never
perform any measurements (15). In this case the UE will remain in the 2G network until the
call is terminated and the idle mode parameters evaluates on which cell the UE should
camp. The drawback with staying with a voice call in 2G as opposed to 3G network is the
lack of opportunity to use the multi-bearer service (Voice +PS).
5.4
Idle mode behaviour (CR U2G and G2U)

If the Reselection from UMTS to GSM is triggered too early, this might force the UE to
leave the 3G network for GSM even if the WCDMA coverage is sufficient enough to
provide 3G services. This leads the end user to stay unnecessary time in a technology that
is limiting his opportunities. On the other hand, leaving UMTS too late can increase the risk
to stay in a network that is not able to handle end user expectations anymore (Call set-ups
could be blocked/dropped).
The GSM to UMTS cell reselection settings should be consistent with the U2G settings in
order to support the best usage of both technologies.
Since the main strategy is to maintain an end-user as long as possible into the 3G
network, its advisable to set the CR parameters with a gap of at least 2 dB between
themselves. If the value for the 3G network is set at e.g. 14dB to leave towards GSM a
suitable value to return should be 12dB Ec/No.
5.5
Size of neighbour list

When defining the neighbour lists one has to take into account;. the list should be as short
as possible to increase the chance of a successful handover and the cell coverage might
change with the increase of load. However one has to keep in mind that CPICH Ec/No is
used as measurement quantity for both idle mode and G2U active mode, although it might
be of less importance to always reselect to the strongest cell in idle mode.
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U2G triggering: RSCP or Ec/No

The choice between the CPICH RSCP triggering criteria and the CPICH Ec/No criteria is
about deciding what kind of pros and cons are most important for the network. For the
tested areas both CPICH RSCP with a threshold of 104dBm and CPICH Ec/No with a
threshold of 13dB works well. However at certain locations one of the measurement
quantities performs better than the other and vice versa.
To be able to safely let users handover to the 2G network when the quality is degraded
due to an increased interference situation the CPICH Ec/No has to be used as a
measurement quantity. However to have relatively safe handovers when moving out of
coverage in a low load situation, a high value of Ec/No has to be used. A CPICH Ec/No of
11dB for the event 3a leads to secure Handovers to the 2G network in most places
tested. The biggest drawback with this value is the reduced 3G coverage since the user
will leave the 3G network for the 2G network at levels where the connection can be
remained with good quality if the signal strength is sufficient.
The table below sums the pros and cons with the two different measurement quantities
assuming the threshold for event 3a set to 104 dBm for the RSCP case and 11 dB for
the Ec/No case.
CPICH Ec/No Triggering
Pros
Ensures that users experiencing

Stable at low and medium interference
high interference are handed over
scenarios
to 2G.
Balance the U2G and G2U cell
change with the FDDQMIN
More time in 3G at medium interference
parameter (avoid ping-pong).
High threshold needed for stable
handovers when going out of
coverage.
Cons
5.7
CPICH RSCP triggering
Reduced coverage in high signal

strength - medium interference
areas.
Does not ensure that users experiencing

high interference are handed over to 2G. (i.e.
High Rise buildings, future load)
Ec/No used for G2U for PS (and CS) potential ping pong problems.
Slightly reduced coverage in low
signalstrength - low interference areas.
Huawei recommendation
In order to ensure a high quality in the network at all locations Huawei initial
recommendation for the IRAT parameter setting in South Africa is to use the CPICH Ec/No
measurement quantity for the triggering as a long-term solution.
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Reference
Its also possible to use as an intermediate solution the RSCP measurement quantity in
isolated and low interfered areas. This indication is given because the RSCP measurement
quantity in not really affected by interference problems due to UL or DL load, and because
actually the network is not fully loaded. The biggest drawback that can be seen using this
strategy is that after a certain amount of load in the network, the entire parameter settings
initially tuned on the RSCP basis, need then to be reviewed on a CPICH EC/No level.
The recommended values are set as to ensure a high probability of successful U2G
handovers both when moving out of coverage in coverage limited scenario and when
experiencing a high level of interference.
5.8
Further studies
During this service the investigation was focused only on the IRAT HO parameters that
have a major impact in the network performance. Below is a list of suggested topics to
study:
Indoor IRAT HO behaviour
CM starts triggered with UE Tx power (ueTxPowerThresh6a/ ueTxPowerThresh6b)
GSM vs. UMTS traffic load handling made by ISHOLEV parameter
It is suggested that more than one type of TEMS investigation terminal are used for further
testing.
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Reference
Proposed parameter settings

This section contains the final proposed parameter settings that were evaluated according
to the results obtained from the Validation phase.
The lists below show the proposed settings both if the Ec/No and if RSCP quantity are
measured. In both cases, the proposed values for Idle Mode behaviour are added.
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH RSCP
utranThresh3aEcno = -13
usedFreqThresh2dEcno = -12
usedFreqRelThresh2fEcno = 2 (-10)
timeToTrigger2d = 11 (320 ms)
timeToTrigger2f = 13 (1280 ms)
QSC = 8 (above -78dBm)
QSI = 7 (always)
MRSL = 29 (-9,5)
FDDMRR = 2
utranThresh3aRscp = -104
usedFreqThresh2dRscp = -102
usedFreqRelThresh2fRscp = 3 (-99)
QSC = 8 (above -78dBm)
QSI = 7 (always)
MRSL = 29 (-9,5)
FDDMRR = 2
sRatSearch = 4 (-14*)
FDDQMIN = 7 (-12)
sRatSearch = 4 (-14*)
FDDQMIN = 7 (-12)
Assumed that qQualMin = -18
bold = Huawei default/recommended value
The proposed parameter settings are not the only possible variation. In border cells areas
its possible to start CM at higher values because e2d is triggered on a cell basis as well as
the sRatSearch parameter. This could give the UE the needed time to handover in time. An
additional offset could be added for e2d (e.g. 1dB for Ec/No or 2dBm for RSCP).
If the users in CM are reaching a certain level per cell (e.g. 30%), the Admission Control
Algorithm will deny the access to that cell. In fact Compressed mode has a higher
probability to be blocked by Admission Control or by RBS CE limitations -> Requested Soft
HO during CM could be rejected, this might lead to a dropped call (release connection
offset or RF synch lost). During compressed mode the usage of channel elements (CE) is
higher as well the transmitted power from the UE.
In case of using the RSCP strategy it is advisable to monitor the load in the system to
detect the point of switching back to Ec/No. A drawback is as well that tuning activities
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EDD/IC/GA Michael Weber TEI/I/RFN Pierluigi Reda,

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Reference
during the RSCP phase may need to be re-done due to the different characteristics of the
measurement quantities.
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Reference
Some rule to decide which measurement quantity could be used to trigger IRAT HO are:
Low load = RSCP
Medium to high Load = Ec/No
Low to medium interference = RSCP
Medium to high interference = Ec/No
Isolated area = RSCP
High site density = Ec/No
Border cells = RSCP
Dense urban area = Ec/No
A possible separating for measurement quantity of the area for MTM South Africa could
be:
Ec/No Strategy
RSCP Strategy
Pretoria
Durban
Randburg
Cape Town
Germiston
Bloemfontein (belongs to
GERNC)
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Abbreviations
GPI
Global Parameter Investigation
U2G
UMTS to GSM
G2U
GSM to UMTS
CM
Compressed Mode
CR
Cell Reselection
IRAT HO
Inter Radio Access Technology Handover
IRAT CR
Inter Radio Access Technology Cell Reselection
References
[1] 3GPP TS25.133 V4.15.0 (2005-06) (Release 1999)
[2] User Description, Handover 75/1551-HSD10102/1
[3] 3GPP TS 05.08 V8.17.0 (2003-06)
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Appendix A - Initial phase results
9.1
Overview
46 (73)
Reference
The main scope of the Initial phase of the GPI service was to point out the 3G and 2G
network parameters to test and to be investigated. Each parameter was chosen
accordingly to the major effects that a value change could have on both systems.
Consequently, the first step was to define two different strategies concerning Ec/No and
RSCP measured quantities for IRAT HO event triggering. In addition to this, a separate
strategy was arranged regarding the Idle Mode behaviour (U2G and G2U Cell reselection).
As a staring point, a certain number of Test Cases groups were created, in order to test
each single parameter (or sometimes a small set) both from RSCP and from Ec/No point
of view. The main scope was to figure out what could have been the best behaving
parameter values for the next implementation inside the validation phase test cases.
Two different mobiles were used all along the drive tests (TEMS Nokia 6630 and TEMS
SonyHuawei V800) in order to collect sufficient data for the analysis.
9.2
Test Case Group (U2G):

The U2G HO analysis was conducted on several parameters that have a major impact on
the IRAT U2G HO procedure: e2d, e2f, e3a, ttt2d and ttt2f.
It was also taken in account the number of ping-pong effects between e2d and e2f, in
order to have a complete figure on the system performance according to the different
parameter settings.
The main objective was to gather all the data coming from the initial phase and to decide
which were the best behaving values to use for the validation phase Test Cases.
The two tables below (divided by Ec/No and RSCP strategy) show the behaving of e3a
triggering during an IRAT HO procedure. The tested parameter was utranThresh3aEcno.
The data that were used are referring to the threshold level when the e3a request should
be reported by the UE, the average time between e3a itself and the DL HO from UTRAN
command as well the average RSCP-Ec/No levels measured for the AS best serving cell
when the event occurred.
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e3aTo HO
CommandTime
47 (73)
Reference
As1EcNo As1RSCP
TC 1.1.1 6630
Ec/No
-12
0,94
-13,40
-107,56
TC 1.1.1 V800
Ec/No
-12
1,17
-13,50
-102,50
TC 1.1.2 6630
Ec/No
-13
2,71
-13,00
-102,90
TC 1.1.2 V800
Ec/No
-13
0,71
-12,50
-98,83
TC 1.1.3 6630
Ec/No
-14
1,38
-12,57
-102,44
TC 1.1.3 V800
Ec/No
-14
0,61
-14,25
-101,50
For the Ec/No strategy (table above) it was evident that the best behaving parameter
setting was related to TC 1.1.2 and TC 1.1.3: even if the average time between e3a and
the DL HO from UTRAN command is floating, the average measured Ec/No and RSCP
levels for the AS best serving cell when the event occurred resulted consistent with the
adopted event 3a triggering settings. The TC 1.1.1 settings were excluded due to the
significant difference between these evaluated thresholds.
Following the same criteria, the analysis was conducted as well on the RSCP related test
cases. In this scenario, the best behaving test cases for the validation phase were TC
1.1.7 and 1.1.8.
Test Case
Meas. Quantity
e3a
e3aTo HO
Command Time
TC 1.1.6 6630
RSCP
-102
0,91
-11,71
-102,79
TC 1.1.6 V800
RSCP
-102
1,07
-11,80
-100,20
TC 1.1.7 6630
RSCP
-104
1,03
-13,20
-106,22
TC 1.1.7 V800
RSCP
-104
1,06
-11,57
-105,57
TC 1.1.8 6630
RSCP
-105
0,72
-11,75
-106,03
TC 1.1.8 V800
RSCP
-105
0,97
-12,50
-106,50
TC 1.1.9 6630
RSCP
-106
0,90
-10,50
-105,10
TC 1.1.9 V800
RSCP
-106
1,53
-14,50
-104,25
As1EcNo As1RSCP
Regarding the parameter usedFreqRelThresh2f(Ec/No or RSCP), the main analysis was

conducted onto the ping-pong effects between the event 2f itself triggering and the event
2d. In this way is possible to have a good figure of the correct triggering of both events, in
terms of:
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Reference
right start/stop CM during a call

e2d reporting from the UE to the system that correctly ends with an IRAT U2G HO
incorrect e2d/e2f reporting to the network (this means a misuse of the radio
resource by the mobile, since both the events are triggered when not needed).
The tables below show the results coming from this analysis, divided again by Ec/No and
RSCP strategy and sorted by UE. The ping-pong effect is taken into account if the
sequence e2d-e2f-e2d is happening in a time interval shorter than 25 seconds per call.
During the measurements a certain number of compressed mode ping-pong was detected,
and it gave a first figure which test cases can be considered as the best behaving.
Time Interval (s)

20
15
10
5
0
Ping Pong ratio
TC 1.1.1 e2f=2
TC 1.1.2 e2f=1
TC 1.1.3 e2f=3
V800
6630
V800
6630
V800
6630
Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
4
1
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
2
0
0
0
5
2
5
2
0
0
54,22
TC 1.1.6 e2f=5
V800
6630
20,01
52,14
TC 1.1.7 e2f=3
V800
6630
20,11
0,01
TC 1.1.8 e2f=2
V800
6630
0,11
TC 1.1.9 e2f=4
V800
6630
Time Interval (s) Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong Ping-Pong
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
15
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
3
5
1
0
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
Ping Pong ratio
11,01
0,00
20,00
10,20
20,00
0,11
1,00
3,00
An additional indication came from the analysis on the CM usage, both from Ec/No
perspective and from the RSCP point of view. In this case the charts below shows the ratio
of total time spent from the UE in compressed mode.
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CM usage (Ec/No)
Percentage
100
80
60
40
20
0
6630
V800
6630
TC 1.1.1
V800
6630
TC 1.1.2
V800
TC 1.1.3
CM ratio with NO HO
CM usage (RSCP)
Percentage
100
80
60
40
20
0
6630
V800
TC 1.1.6
6630
V800
TC 1.1.7
6630
V800
TC 1.1.8
6630
V800
TC 1.1.9
CM ratio with NO HO
Its important to know that in this scenario a significant role is played also by the UEs
behaviour, because the entire CM start/stop or CM start / IRAT HO performing
procedures are depending from the different UE capabilities.
According to the explained methodology, for the validation phase the value for the
parameter usedFreqRelThresh2fEc/No was chosen to 2; the corresponding one for RSCP
was indicated in 2 and 3.
For the e2d triggering (usedFreqThresh2dEcno/RSCP) the analysis was conducted taking
in account the total distribution (Ec/No vs. RSCP) of all the samples collected when an e2d
request was reported by the UE. The charts below (Test Cases 1.2 group) show the data
coming from these measurements.
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e2d (Ec/No, Thr -11 tested)

0
-20
-11 dB
RSCP
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Ec/No
6630
V800
e2d (Ec/No, Thr -12 tested)

0
-20
RSCP
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Ec/No
6630
V800
From the charts above its evident that both of the tested thresholds are consistent with a
correct e2d triggering, because the e2d reporting itself is happening in most of the cases at
the predefined Ec/No levels, so both the values 11dB and 12dB for Ec/No strategy were
adopted for the validation phase.
Also in this scenario its very clear the different UE behaviour, and the V800 showed a
better performance than the 6630.
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The following charts are showing the same data related to the RSCP strategy, and the
results are equal to the previous ones, so the two thresholds (-102dBm and 100dBm) for
RSCP e2d triggering were chosen for the validation phase. Even if the event 2d reporting
is not always happening at the adopted RSCP level, in most of the cases the
corresponding Ec/No values are consistent.
e2d (RSCP, Thr -100 tested)
-99
-100
-101
RSCP
-102
-103
-104
-105
-106
-107
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Ec/No
6630
V800
e2d (RSCP, Thr -102 tested)

-100,5
-101,0
-101,5
-102,0
RSCP
-102,5
-103,0
-103,5
-104,0
-104,5
-105,0
-105,5
-25
-20
-15
-10
Ec/No
6630
V800
-5
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For the parameters ttt2d the evaluation was conducted matching the data coming from the
different parameter setting values and the point (RSCP vs. EC/No) in which the e2d itself
was reported by the UE. From the measurements analysis it was evident that even if the
ttt2d parameter values are changing, most of the e2d events are reported in the same
radio conditions. This was a clear indication that the radio environment is changing very
slowly, so the different values of ttt2d dont have a real impact on the UE behaviour. Due to
this fact, in the validation phase the ttt2d was not tested.
The chart below shows the figures coming from the analysis.
ttt2d analysis
-60
-70
RSCP
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
-130
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Ec/No
ttt2d=11
ttt2d=12
ttt2d=13
For the parameter ttt2f the analysis was conducted by evaluating the total time spent by
the UE in CM, the total time in CM without an IRAT HO, the total time in CM with a
successful IRAT HO, the average time in CM and the call time rate spent in UMTS.
By comparing these four items the output is that if the ttt2f value is too short, the UE is
spending much more time in CM before leaving the GSM measurements for the WCDMA
network only: in fact the mobile is much more affected by ping-pong effects. Therefore by
this point of view, the possibility to spend a longer time in CM without IRAT HO is
increasing. Consequently, an improper usage of the power and radio resources is
happening.
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The chart below shows the compared data coming from Test Cases Group 1.2.
350
100%
90%
300
80%
250
70%
60%
200
50%
150
40%
30%
100
20%
50
10%
0%
e2d=-11
ttt2f=12
e2d=-12
ttt2f=14
e2d=-11
ttt2f=12
V800
e2d=-12
ttt2f=14
6630
e2d=-102
e3a=-106
ttt2f=12
e2d=-102
e3a=-104
ttt2f=14
V800
Ec/No
TtlTimeInCompMode
TtlTimeInCompModeWithHO
e2d=-102
e3a=-106
ttt2f=12
e2d=-102
e3a=-104
ttt2f=14
6630
RSCP
TtlTimeInCompModeWithoutHO
AvTimeInCompMode
CallTimeUMTS rate
As can be seen in the chart above, a value for ttt2f set to 12 (640 ms) leads the UE to a
very high usage of CM, and the total time spent in CM without HO is increasing as well.
This is happening both in Ec/No and RSCP Test Cases, even if the at lower values in the
RSCP scenario.
The opposite situation was detected when the ttt2f value was set at 14 (2560 ms), so it
was decided to adopt for the validation phase the values 12 and 13 for the Ec/No strategy,
and 13 for the RSCP scenario.
9.3
Test Case Group (G2U):
9.3.1
QSC and MRSL

For the G2U IRAT HO analysis two Test Cases Groups (2.1.x and 2.2.x) were arranged in
order to test the two main parameter that are involved in the G2U HO event itself: QSC
(Starting the WCDMA measurements) and MRSL (Command for G2U HO).
Both of them can deeply influence the GSM technology usage, in terms of giving the
priority to 2G or 3G according to different parameter settings. Due to this fact, for this
analysis three items were considered: percentage of call time in GSM, percentage of call
time in UMTS and number of successful G2U handovers.
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The chart below shows the output coming from the measurements for all four driven test
cases (2.1.1 and 2.1.2 for MRSL, 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 for QSC).
100
8
7
90
7
6
80
6
6
70
5
5
60
50
40
30
2
20
1
1
10
0
V800
6630
V800
6630
V800
6630
V800
6630
TC 2.1.1
TC 2.1.2
TC 2.2.1
TC 2.2.2
MRSL = 30
QSC = 7
MRSL = 34
QSC = 7
QSC = 9
MRSL = 32
QSC = 11
MRSL = 32
% Call Time GSM
% Call Time UMTS
G2U HO successful
In TC 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 the QSC is set to 7 (always measuring WCDMA), and increasing the
value of MRSL from 30 to 34 a decreasing number of G2U handovers can be counted,
even if the technology usage is varying.
This means that increasing the value of MRSL the point of handing over is moved to upper
Ec/No values because the threshold for MRSL is becoming stricter.
Moreover, in Test Cases group 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 for QSC testing, the MRSL value was kept
at 32, while the value for QSC was changed from 9 to 11. This change shows that at a
certain strict threshold for MRSL (32), if the QSC is set to even stricter values (9 = starting
measuring UMTS neighbour if the GSM signal is above 74dB, 11 = starting measuring
UMTS neighbour If the GSM signal is above 66 dB), the number of G2U handovers is
decreasing since the handover point itself is moved to a higher threshold.
This setting is only usable if the GSM and UMTS sites are co-located, so that a good
UMTS signal is expected if the GSM signal level is good.
9.3.2
FDDMRR
The parameter tested in this group is responsible for the number of UMTS cell that could
be reported in one Measurement Report. The total number of reported neighbour cells is
6 per report. The number of cell that can be reported is sent in the Measurement
information towards the UE after the QSC value is reached. The analysis is based on the
number of HOtoUTRAN, HOCompleteG2U and the time between starting measuring
UMTS until the HOtoUTRAN.
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80
72
70
67,3
7
58
60
50
44
40
37
30
28
Seconds
No G2U HO
20
10
1
0
0
V800
6630
FDDMRR 1
HOtoUTRAN
V800
6630
FDDMRR 2
HOCompleteG2U
V800
6630
FDDMRR 3
avTimeFromFDDMRRmeasToG2U_HO (s)
The figure above shows an increase of HO from GSM to UMTS and the average HO time
is decreasing. This leads to the conclusion that a higher value of FDDMRR increases the
speed and the number of HO. The drawback is that with an increase of UMTS cell reported
in the Measurement Report the chance of connection losses in GSM is increasing. For
the validation phase FDDMRR set to 2 and 3 should be tested.
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Appendix B - Validation phase results
10.1
Overview
56 (73)
Reference
In the validation phase all the outputs coming from the initial phase were collected and
gathered together in order to define three different groups of test cases: RSCP, Ec/No and
Idle mode tests. By analysing the results of the initial phase, all the investigated and tested
parameters were combined in different ways in order to obtain different scenarios. All the
combinations were defined according to the outputs of the initial phase; only the best
behaving were chosen, instead the parameters that didnt have a real effect on the system
with different values were excluded as well as all the parameters whose values resulted
too strict.
After the analysis of the validation test cases, all the best behaving parameters were
gathered in two separated strategies, and the data coming from the Idle Mode behaviour
measurements were added accordingly: the main scope of this activity was to define the
two main strategies (RSCP and Ec/No) for the final parameter settings proposal.
A TEMS Motorola A835 was added to gather more data for the analysis and provide a
wider spectrum of UE behaviour.
10.2
Ec/No Strategy
The charts below showing the results of the analysis from the Ec/No strategy collected
during the validation phase.
Compressed Mode ping-pong
14
e2d=-11 e2f=2 ttt2f=13 e3a=-13
e2d=-12 e2f=2 ttt2f=13 e3a=-13
e2d=-12 e2f=2 ttt2f=12 e3a=-13
12
10
4
1
2
1
V800
6630
4
2
0
2
V800
6630
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
A835
V800
6630
A835
VTC 1.1
VTC 1.2
25 sec
20 sec
15 sec
1
1
1
4
1
A835
VTC 1.3
10 sec
5 sec
The chart above illustrates the number of CM starts and stops and weights these by time
between the CM stop and the next CM start during a call. VTC 1.1 and 1.2 point up the
lowest numbers of CM ping-pong within 5 sec. The parameters setting of VTC 1.3 specially
the ttt2f seems to lead to a higher ping-pong ratio.
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Reference
Compressed Mode usage

35
30
25
20
15
10
0
6630
V800
A835
6630
V800
VTC1.1
A835
6630
VTC1.2
TtlStartCM
TtlStopCM
HOfromUTRAN
V800
A835
VTC1.3
HOtoUTRAN
The number of CM start together with the number of HOfromUTRAN indicates the correct
usage of CM. As it can be seen above the number of CM starts/stop of VTC1.2 are the
lowest and the usage of CM to handover to GSM is in a good ratio.
Time in Compressed Mode

300
250
sec
200
150
100
50
0
6630
V800
A835
6630
VTC1.1
TtlTimeInCompMode
V800
A835
6630
VTC1.2
V800
A835
VTC1.3
AvTimeInCompMode
The time that the UE is spending in CM is crucial due to the fact that the UE Tx power is
increased during this time, the soft HO procedure is slower and PS session will be
switched down to PS64 to be able to perform a handover. It can be seen in the diagram
above that the total time in CM and the related time with HO to GSM for VTC1.2 is the
lowest one of all test cases in this group. Together with the impression of the chart
Compressed Mode ping-pong above the setting from VTC 1.2 performs best.
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Reference
Technology distribution
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6630
V800
A835
6630
VTC1.1
V800
A835
6630
VTC1.2
CallTimeUMTS ratio
V800
A835
VTC1.3
CallTimeGSM ratio
The technology distribution between UMTS and GSM will give an indication about the end
user perception and the possibility to use the enhanced services of UMTS. As it can be
seen from the diagram above the distribution of technologies in VTC 1.2 and 1.3 give a
priority towards the UMTS system.
VTC1.1
totNoDrops
VTC1.2
VTC1.3
6630
V800
A835
6630
V800
A835
6630
CM Drop
2
2
A835
Missing NB
GSM
V800
The table above lists the number of drops that occurs during the test case. The drop call
reasons are different most of the times. As example the Motorola A835 dropped twice
during compressed mode in VTC1.1. The reason for that was it could not perform a soft
HO in UMTS and so the call dropped (e1d). This type of drops happened only with the
Motorola and this might be related to the older SW/HW version, RLT timer expiring has
been seen as well and drops due to missing neighbours. Site U0008 came on air without
neighbour cell relations. The UEs could manage to HO to GSM due to the decrease of
Ec/No but as soon the UE was in GSM U0008 reached the criteria for HO back to UMTS.
The UE handed over and dropped afterwards due to the releaseConnOffset.
The UMTS parameter setting from VTC 1.2 seems to be the best performing ones and
should taking into account for the final proposed settings.
VTC1.2
utranThresh3aEcno = -13
usedFreqThresh2dEcno = -12
usedFreqRelThresh2fEcno = 2 (-10)
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Reference
100
14
13
90
12
80
10
70
9
60
50
40
7
6
6
5
30
4
3
20
2
10
0
0
A835
6630
V800
A835
VTC 1.1 (QSC= 7, MRSL= 32)
6630
V800
A835
VTC 1.2 (QSC= 8, MRSL= 30)
3G call time %
2G call time %
6630
V800
VTC 1.3 (QSC= 9, MRSL= 29)
HOCompleteG2U
The chart above gives an impression about the technology distribution together with the
IRAT HO G2U performance. The G2U IRAT HO is mainly triggered from QSC (starting
measuring UMTS neighbours) collectively with MRSL that give the HO command to
UTRAN. These two parameters can priories the usage of GSM or UMTS from the GSM
point of view. The settings from VTC1.2 and 1.3 give a priority towards UMTS. A
combination of both test cases should be considered for the final proposal.
10
51,8
43,2
38,0
8
7
44,6
43,0
33,8
30,4
34,6
24,9
25,9
4
17,3
3
2
08,6
1
0
00,0
V800
6630
VTC 1.1 FDDMRR=2

G2U HO
V800
6630
VTC 1.2 FDDMRR=3
G2U HO COMPL
V800
6630
VTC 1.3 FDDMRR=3
AVERAGE TIME FDDMRR MEAS-G2U HO
FDDMRR is reflecting the max. Number of UMTS cells reported into a measurement
report. A high number of cell reported in one Measurement Report decreases the time of
selecting the best UMTS cell to HO, but on the other hand a higher number for UMTS cells
leaves less for GSM. The max. Number of cell that can be reported into one report is 6 so
that this can increase the risk to lose the call in GSM. A suitable solution could be to divide
the max. Number of cell per Report by the number of available Frequency Bands
(900/1800/2100). This would lean to a possible value of 2 or 3 depending of the area.
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Reference
RSCP Strategy
The charts below showing the results of the analysis from the RSCP strategy collected
during the validation phase
Compressed Mode ping-pong
9
e2d=-100 e2f=2 ttt2f=13 e3a=-104
e2d=-102 e2f=3 ttt2f=13 e3a=-104
e2d=-102 e2f=3 ttt2f=13 e3a=-105
8
7
6
5
4
2
1
2
2
0
V800
1
6630
A835
V800
VTC 2.1
6630
A835
V800
VTC 2.2
25 sec
20 sec
15 sec
6630
A835
VTC 2.3
10 sec
5 sec
The best performing test case is VTC2.2 due to the reason the this has the lowest total
number of ping-pong effects under 25 seconds and the least number of CM ping-pong
within 5 sec. It seems that the lower value of event 2f from VTC2.1 leads to an increase of
the ping-pong effect.
Compressed Mode usage

30
25
20
15
10
0
6630
V800
A835
6630
V800
VTC2.1
A835
VTC2.2
TtlStartCM
TtlStopCM
HOfromUTRAN
6630
V800
A835
VTC2.3
HOtoUTRAN
The figures from the chart above strengthen the impression from the Compressed Mode
ping-pong chart. VTC 2.2 has a low number of CM starts/stops with a suitable number of
HO to GSM. Furthermore is can be seen that the behaviour of the UEs doesnt follow a
global trend anymore.
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Time in Compressed Mode

160
140
120
sec
100
80
60
40
20
0
6630
V800
A835
6630
VTC2.1
V800
A835
6630
VTC2.2
TtlTimeInCompMode
V800
A835
VTC2.3
AvTimeInCompMode
The intuition from the chart before compared with the one above shows that it is not
possible to predict a global trend. The performance of the SE V800 seems to be consistent
but the Nokia 6630 and Motorola A835 showing the opposite behaviour. This might be
correlated with the fast floating of RSCP value and the UE Rack receiver performing.
Technology distribution
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
6630
V800
VTC2.1
A835
6630
V800
A835
VTC2.2
CallTimeUMTS rate
6630
V800
A835
VTC2.3
CallTimeGSM rate
The technology distribution chart shows that the Nokia 6630 is staying more time into GSM
and the change of system settings in the different test case are not able to turn this
around. A similar effect can be seen for the Motorola A835 the different is that this UE is
staying more time in UMTS. The V800 seems to be the only UE that is changing the
behaviour according the system settings. On reason for that is that the used measurement
quantity to leave UMTS is RSCP and the quantity to return is based on Ec/No.
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VTC2.1
V800
6630
totNoDrops
CM Drop
Missing NB
A835
2
Date
Rev
2006-03-28
PA1
6630
1
VTC2.2
V800
Reference
A835
1
6630
2
VTC2.3
V800
1
A835
3
GSM
62 (73)
The table above is listing the dropped calls that occur during the drive test. A higher
number of drops can be seen for missing neighbour. The reason for this is slightly different
as to the one in the VTC1.X group. In this case the UE is loosing the connection due to
releaseConnOffset straight. The quality decreases but the coverage level is on a stable
level until the new cell becomes strongest.
100
14
90
12
80
10
70
60
10
50
6
40
5
30
20
2
10
0
0
A835
6630
V800
VTC 2.1 (QSC= 7, MRSL= 32)
A835
6630
V800
VTC 2.2 (QSC= 8, MRSL= 30)
3G call time %
2G call time %
A835
6630
V800
VTC 2.3 (QSC= 9, MRSL= 29)
HOCompleteG2U
The settings for G2U handover need to be very deeply correlated with the settings from
U2G. The different quantities we are measuring with, increases the risk of a ping-pong
effect and this makes it difficult to define a good handover strategy in both directions. The
test cases separate doesnt give a good solution a combination of them is recommended.
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37,0
Reference
43,2
39,1
38,0
63 (73)
38,9
33,3
34,6
30,2
25,9
5
20,6
21,6
4
12,7
17,3
13,0
08,6
04,3
00,0
V800
6630
VTC 2.1 FDDMRR=2

G2U HO
V800
6630
VTC 2.2 FDDMRR=3
G2U HO COMPL
V800
6630
VTC 2.3 FDDMRR=3
AVERAGE TIME FDDMRR MEAS-G2U HO
FDDMRR is reflecting the max. Number of UMTS cells reported into a measurement
report. A high number of cell reported in one Measurement Report decreases the time of
selecting the best UMTS cell to HO, but on the other hand a higher number for UMTS cells
leaves less for GSM. The max. Number of cell that can be reported into one report is 6 so
that this can increase the risk to lose the call in GSM. A suitable solution could be to divide
the max. Number of cell per Report by the number of available Frequency Bands
(900/1800/2100). This would lean to a possible value of 2 or 3 depending of the area.
10.4
Idle mode results

The following parameters have been used to discover the best setting for MTN South
Africa idle mode behaviour.
VTC 3.1
VTC 3.2
VTC 3.3
sRATsearch
8
-10 dB
4
-14 dB
2
-16 dB
FDDQMIN
3
-8 dB
5
-10 dB
7
-12 dB
The basic principle of the idle mode cell reselection is to keep the end user as long as
possible in the enhanced system to give him the opportunity to used the additional
services, but on the other hand the camp too long into a system that is already degraded
increases the chance of bad end user experience.
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Reference
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6630
V800
A835
CR U2G TOT
6630
V800
A835
CR U2G on the Best GSM
VTC 3.1
VTC 3.2
6630
V800
A835
CR U2G not on the Best

GSM
VTC 3.3
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6630
V800
CR G2U TOT
A835
6630
V800
A835
CR G2U on the Best

WCDMA
VTC 3.1
VTC 3.2
6630
V800
A835
CR G2U not on the Best

WCDMA
VTC 3.3
The idea behind this settings should be the leave 3G at the same level as the event 3a and
return to 3G before it starts CM. The compromise that has to be faced is that values for
sRatSearch and FDDQMIN are only even values. This leads into the results that a possible
CR U2G is done slightly after event e3a and the return G2U at the CM start level. A wider
ranch between sRatSearch and FDDQIN decreases the UMTS footprint.
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Reference
Appendix C - General Parameters

The following tables include the list of all parameters involved in the IRAT HO (UMTS to
GSM and vice versa).
11.1
3G to 2G HO parameters
Parameter
utranThresh3aEcno
utranThresh3aRscp
gsmThresh3a
fddGsmHoSupp
hysteresis2d
hysteresis2f
hysteresis3a
measQuant2
Description
Threshold for event 3a (the
estimated quality of the
currently used WCDMA RAN
frequency is below a certain
threshold and the estimated
quality of the GSM system is
above a certain threshold in
the same time interval) for
WCDMA RAN
above a certain threshold in
the same time interval) for
WCDMA RAN
currently used UTRAN RAN
above a certain threshold) for
GSM.
Indicates if the RNC supports
Inter-RAT Handover
Hysteresis used for event 2d
Range
CPICH Ec/No. 24
0 dB
Default/Resolution
-13 dB/1dB
CPICH Rscp. 115

to -25 dB
-105 dBm/1 dB
GSM carrier RSSI.

-115 0 dBm
-104 dBm / 1 dBm
0 = off, 1 = on
0/1
0 14.5 dB
0 / 0.5 dB
Hysteresis used for event 2f

Hysteresis used for event 3a
Measurement quantity for
connection quality monitoring
and reporting evaluation
0 14.5 dB
0 7.5 dB
Enum {CPICH
Ec/No, CPICH
RSCP}
0 / 0.5 dB
0 / 0.5 dB
CPICH Ec/No / N/A
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Parameter
usedFreqThresh2dE
cno
usedFreqThresh2dR
scp
usedFreqRelThresh2
fEcno
usedFreqRelThresh2
fRscp
utranMeasQuant3
Date
Rev
2006-03-28
PA1
Description
Threshold for event 2d (the
currently used UTRAN
threshold). Used if
measurement quantity is
configured to be Ec/No
Threshold for event 2d (the
estimated power level of the
currently used UTRAN
threshold). Used if
measurement quantity is
configured to be Rscp
Relative threshold for event 2f
versus event 2d. The
frequency is above a certain
threshold
+usedFreqThresh2dEcno.
Relative threshold for event 2f
versus event 2d. The
frequency is above a certain
threshold
+usedFreqThresh2dRscp.
Defines the measurement
quantity of the UTRAN quality
for inter-RAT Handover
evaluation
66 (73)
Reference
Range
CPICH Ec/No. -24
0 dB
Default/Resolution
-11 dB / 1 dB
CPICH Rscp. -115

to -25 dBm
-103 dBm / 1dBm
0 - 20 dB
2dB / 1dB
0 - 20 dB
2dB / 1dB
Enum {CPICH
Ec/No, CPICH
RSCP}
CPICH Ec/No / N/A
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Reference
2G to 3G HO parameters
Parameter
SPRIO
Description
Search Priority
Range
Yes/no
Default / Resolution
Yes
On/Off
1(on)
Indicates if 3G cells may be

searched when BSIC
decoding is required.
NO = Multi-RAT MS may not
use the search frames
required for BSIC decoding,
for UTRAN FDD
measurements.
YES = Multi-RAT MS may
use up to 25 search frames
per 13 seconds without
considering the need for
BSIC decoding in these
frames.
A setting of No would not
affect measurements of GSM
cells.
Yes needed for Nokia 6650
COEXUMTS
Defined per cell.

BSC exchange property.
Determine if cell reselection
and handover from GSM
UMTS is allowed or not.
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Parameter
MFDDARFCN (idle
mode)
Date
Rev
2006-03-28
PA1
Description
Indicates the absolute RF
channel number of the
neighbouring UTRAN cell
measured on by the MultiRAT MSs
MFDDARFCN, the absolute
RF channel number of the
neighbouring UTRAN cell to
be measured by a multi-RAT
mobile in GSM idle mode.
According to the 3GPP
Recommendations, the
channels are numbered as
follows:
MSCRCODE (idle
mode)
UMFI (idle mode)
f (n) = 5/n in MHz, where n

(MFDDARFCN) goes from 0
to
16383 and f is a frequency of
the carrier, downlink. There
are 12 frequencies
(bandwidth 5MHz) in the
UMTS spectrum (21102170MHz), with values of
MFDDARFCN from 10550 to
10850.
Indicates the scrambling
code for the UTRAN
neighbouring cell
MFDDARFCN-MSCRCODEDIVERSITY
Up to 64 UMFIs can be
defined in a cell.
Range
68 (73)
Reference
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Parameter
FDDQMIN
Date
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2006-03-28
PA1
Description
Defines the minimum
threshold for the quality
measure Ec/No for cell
reselection to UTRAN.
Range
69 (73)
Reference
7(-13dB)
The available settings are

from 0 7 which represents
20 to 13 dB.
FDDQOFF
Per cell parameter and

applies to all its UTRAN
neighbours.
Defines cell reselection offset
to UTRAN cells.
Available settings are from 0
15 which represented
infinity (0) , -28dB (1) to
+28dB (15) in steps of 4 dB.
A setting of 0 is meant to
select UTRAN whenever
possible.
Per cell parameter and
applies to all its UTRAN
neighbours
0 (-inf)
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Parameter
QSI
Date
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PA1
Description
GSM-UMTS cell reselection
quality search indicator.
Range
70 (73)
Reference
7(always)
Indicates the threshold to

start UTRAN FDD
measurements in (a) Idle
1
mode and (b) Stand-by and
Ready states
Defines if the monitoring of
UMTS cells will be performed
if the signal is below (0-6) or
above the threshold (8-14),
always (7) or never (15).
0 -98 dBm
1 -94 dBm
6 -74 dBm
7 always
8 -78 dBm
9 -74 dBm
14 -54 dBm
15 never
COEXUMTSINT
FDDARFCN (active
mode)
During packet data usage
Per cell parameter

Used to control the time
interval between traffic load
checking.
BSC exchange property
Indicates the absolute RF
channel number of the
neighbouring UTRAN cell in
the GSM active mode.
1000ms
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Parameter
SCRCODE
UTRANID
FDDMRR
QSC
Date
Rev
2006-03-28
PA1
Description
Defines the scrambling code
for the neighbouring UTRAN
cell in active mode.
Consists of RNC identity
(RNCID), Cell Identity within
RNC (CI), MCC, MNC and
LAC
RNCID-CI-MCC-MNC-LAC
Defines how many measured
neighbouring UTRAN cells
should be included in
measurement reports. The
remaining positions in
measurement reports will be
used for reporting GSM cells
according to the parameter
MBCR
GSM-UMTS handover
quality search indicator.
Indicates the threshold to
start UTRAN FDD
measurements in Active
mode.
Defines if monitoring of
UMTS cells will be performed
if the signal level is below
(0-6) or above the threshold
(8-14), always (7) or never
(15).
0 -98 dBm
1 -94 dBm
6 -74 dBm
7 always
8 -78 dBm
9 -74 dBm
14 -54 dBm
15 never
Defined per GSM cell
71 (73)
Reference
Range
1-3
7 (always)
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Parameter
ISHOLEV
Description
Defines the traffic load
threshold of the serving GSM
cell that needs to be
exceeded in order to
evaluate UMTS
measurements for handover.
MRSL
Minimum Reported Signal

Level for CPICH Ec/No
UTRAN cell quality criteria.
Within the locating algorithm,
the measured energy per
chip on the Common Pilot
Channel (CPICH Ec/No) a
UTRAN cell is compared with
the minimum quality
threshold defined by MRSL.
Only if these criteria are
fulfilled, handovers to the
UTRAN cell are possible.
The values are:
MRSL < -24 dB
1 -24 dB <= MRSL < -23.5
dB
...
48 -0.5 dB <= MRSL < 0 dB
49 0 <= MRSL
Defies a minimum threshold
for the
qualitymeasureEc/No for
handovers to UTRAN.
To be set the same value as
the UTRAN parameter
usedFreqRelThresh2fEcno.
The value of MRSL shall be
set so that a handover to
UTRAN is not immediately
followed by a ping-pong
handover back to GSM. This
is achieved if the MRSL
parameter has the relation as
follows:
MRSL >
usedFreqThreshold2dEcno +
a hysteresis
A suitable hysteresis is
achieved if MRSL =
usedFreqThreshold2fEcno
Defined per UTRAN cell
Range
72 (73)
Reference
99 (always)
-9 dB
Ericsson Internal
TECHNICAL REPORT
No.

Approved
Checked
ESA/SK 05:0144
Parameter
SCRCODE
UTRANID
QSCI
Date
Rev
2006-03-28
PA1
Description
Defines the scrambling code
for the neighbouring UTRAN
cell in active mode.
Consists of RNC identity
(RNCID), Cell Identity within
RNC (CI), MCC, MNC and
LAC
Initial Quality search
indicator.
QSCI defines the control of
UTRAN measurements after
entering active mode, before
reading the first QSC.
0 = UTRAN measurements
are performed according to
QSI until the first QSC is
read.
1 = UTRAN measurements
are always performed until
the first QSC is read
CELL
UTRANID
Cell Designation
Consists of RNCID, CI, MCC,
MNC and LAC
73 (73)
Reference
Range
0/1
1 (always)

Sqi Vs Rxqual

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Technical report - GPI IRAT HO

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PROPOSED PARAMETER SETTINGS.................................................................. 42

APPENDIX A - INITIAL PHASE RESULTS ............................................................ 46

APPENDIX B - VALIDATION PHASE RESULTS ................................................... 56

Senior Engineer Emerson Eduardo Rodrigues

APPENDIX C - GENERAL PARAMETERS ............................................................ 65

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Provide final recommendation(s) on parameter settings

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MTNs IRAT mobility strategy

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time for measurements

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U2G: Compressed mode measurements

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G2U: Triggering of 3G measurements

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% idle TS: 1/6

Add WCDMA cell

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Organizing the list

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IRAT Handover strategy and possible parameter settings

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IRAT Cell Reselection

U2G: Triggering of measurements

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The blank dotted line

U2G: Cell ranking

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G2U: Cell Ranking

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IRAT cell reselection strategy and possible parameter settings

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IRAT HO Success Rate (U2G)

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