‘ty 2 usually found swith bs (e.g. Barivers and ished from the ners, e 215 5, oF pl Unless N 1c-D 23-24 Grammar for Section 1E-F 19 Grammar for Section 1E=F In this section you cover © “Contract verbs (du, - Rules of ‘contract # Adverbs (ly) , Sua): present indicative and imperative VOCABULARY CHECK Ensure you know the meaning of: pv. BE ofyor emerdy WOCABULARY NEEDED FOR THE EXERCISES dapTP-iic accurately, closely ath fnety, beautify flaBZing deeply dpc see Bondéw help, run to help roiw make, do SnAéu show, reveal mpg clearly veanadg badly, evilly Verbs ending in -w like Baiveo arc the ‘normal’ Greek verbs which we met in the Grammar for 1C-D. Verbs whose stem (the part that daes not change) ends ina vowel, like bpd-u, “Isee’, have slightly different endings, These are called CONTRACTED or CONTRACT verbs, There are three types, named after the vowels in which their eriginal stem ended, These are: contracts (63. bp8-t0); e-contiaets (e.g. nod, “Tdo/make") and o-contracts (ex Br show’) ‘They will be shown wicontracted (thot is, with that vowel still present} in the vocabularies, Note that contraction is confined to verbs whose stem ends in a, =r o-. $0 verbs like Kedai-o or xhaf-w are NOT contract verbs, but take endings like Baiv-w. Forming contract verbs 24, Note that the uncontracred forms aré given fist in each of the three columns vis, of cours, the comvaced forms you will be using to read and write),A_Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One-Twenty 24-25 Sedu 9-0 “T see", moxd-s—smo 1 I make, do’, Shs Br 'T show? sconiract ‘ccomtract Ix Sphame Op obw—y mord 2x Spee Bpr8emmiene—+toreig ee a Bek Sph-ayev + bp-Gey naib oyev— mo1-oDpev Bp Sphere + Bp-ate — xaulete + nos-ctte Gp phous. 6p-Ger Rules of contract 25. In early Greek, sueh verbs were wnconiracted, But over time the contract ‘vowel began to blend with the endings to produce « new-look ending, whit you can see above, It is rather like English 'T've", “he's, "they're", The patter of the contractions is entirely predictable, according to the following table, Ts st_vowel in the left-hand column and the second in the top raw — where they intersect is the contraction which you get when these two use it, find the roid-ovat—+ moL-obot Baka Saher + Shia SnAd-opey + Sn-ssje Sqdere + Sn\oore Eqhd-oum—» Sq-ooer Sha Snh-og Snot vowels come together in shat order. Forexample, a +=, whilee + a=, « vfalnlelw|a Zl afelelelele efajefel[elaln | av | o1 ol} w ov | ot a] o a | ow av | ot 1 A fearing strategy far contracts elelele ‘On the grounds that learning the whole chart off by heart could well induce eon- tractions, two options ure available: (a) Leam just the contractions relevant to this tense, ie Le+olow Letw=u, Ro+w wo, at elet wa (1 g0e8 subscript) g+eei=a, £+o/ov=00 oF ojo = ov, anything with fota= ox (b} Leam the contract verbs as mere variations on verbs ending in like- Gav. (Compare their endings in the present indicative active below with those of Bava ERERER FEGrammar for Section 1E-F ve Twenty Aso» fin "T show? Uncontracted — a-contract —_e-contract o-contract Baiv- pu noxt- ini Is, Balvews bp otets inh Grhow Bye 2. Bales opis novels InA-otg Srkéeeg > Eno 3 Balv.et opt nov-et inhot Sa+ Snot pl, farlv-ouev p-ey To1-o}ev SnA-odyev BAS ey — Sndetne pl Baiv-ece bp-ae nov-oiee Sn-oore Snad-ere + Snhobre Spl Baiv-ovewy) —ap-tie(y) —RovoSau(v) —_BA-ollaty) SyAs-cver—+ Broder © Again, the golden tule applies: when you have leami the contracted forins ‘of pda, moré- and &qAd-., you Will be able to recognise and form the ‘present indicative active of all contract-verbs, But over time the contract a new-look ending, which he's’. ‘they're’. The pattem g 10 the following table, To : and the second in the top ch you get when these two (EXERCISES: 1E-F: 1. Transtate into English: a+e=a, while e+a =n, 6. fonder a 1. Briole J 8. noteic : ° 9, Brdodee elele 5. Bogan 10. ondet o|o |e TE-P; 2, Translate into Greek (nub, one-sword answers throughout): @ | a | 1. They see 6. He makes : 2. She makes 1. They do — ! 3. You (pl) do 8. You (s,) show 4. show 9. Wesee 5. They ae helping 10, He is doing IB-F: 3. Write the contracted form of the following verbs (you do not need to know what the verbs mean): * 1nd 6. Bevé-e1 = 2. yapdeeng 7. DaevBeps-opev 3.aixé-ovor 8. 8Euaricet 4. oryd-ouev 9. voud-u Es 5. defie-ere 10. rysd-ere feats 246, Contract verbs slo have imperatives, You will be able to predict what those Forms will be by using the chart at 25 above, But consult the following chart, bs ending in -w like Bavw, Shelow with those of fwa ‘A Grammar, Vocabularies and Exercises for Sections One-Twenty ‘again comparing contracts with Baivex Spa‘see!", —-zoiei‘dol/make!’, —_Sf{Aou ‘shaw! eo ae Sc hae uncontracted c-contracts—_e-contraets ‘o-contracts onl Batic “ee sate Bpavsee! moles “dot/mal Sifh-ou “show tobice pi. Balv-ere pire “see!” —mov-elre “dolmake!” —SnA-o0re “show!” 1 Accent on e-controct imperatives 27. Pay pantcular attention vo the aecent on imperative s, active wafer (‘do!), This distinguishes it from the third person s, indicative active monet (“he/shevit does’). EXERCISES TE-F: 4, Translate into Engli 1. 8pa 6.uéve drole 7. Baivere (two translations) 3. nist 8. noizic 4. pa 9. uh Siow 5. wh Smdodre 10, BqAoT LE-F: 5, Translate into Greek: 1. Do not wait! (pl) 6. He makes 2, Chase! (5.9 7. Do not do! 3. Show! (pl.) 8. He sees 4, Do not hear! {s.) Y. See! fs.) $. Help! (s.) 10. Bo not gots.) es TAKING S 28, ln English, adverbs usually end in “-1y' — actually, normally, beautifully, 1. Cano quickly, slowly, They tefl you herr or in what way the action of a verb is done, g a or modify (i.c. make a difference: adjective, For ample: : they if (i to) an adjective, For examp! 3 Doyee © “He played beautifully’ tells you how someone played (verb); © “Extremiely cold” tells you how cold (adjective) iti, Forming adverbs 29. Adverbs in Greek do nor change form. Observe how these adverbs are formed from adjeetives and deduce the nut:Grammar for Section 1E-F Adjective Gen, mase, pl. ype “show! a5 ‘fine/beautiful’ — Rah-@y inely beautifully" vane “bade” wari waxed badlyevily" orconryen eag-g cleat™ oug-diy on, ‘leaty' Buc ‘deep Blane Bifh-o0 “show SnA-obre “show!” active naiet (‘dal RoUet(‘he/shevit does" tions) y, normally, beautifully, ion of a verb is done, = For example: ayed (verb) is, hese adverbs are formed, txpip-tig ‘accurate? pt8-0s Botiug BonQéea seaurby axpipeay > Therule, then, js that adverbs (which do-not change their forms) are mostly formed by substituting ¢ for the V at the end of the m. gen. pl. form of the adjective, So most adverbs end with -dg oF Ea. SUMMARY LEARNING VOCARULARY FOR SECTION 1F-F Bag “accurately” accuraiely, closely deeply help. run to belp show, reveal bau, evilly finely, beautiful fon the one hand alas! Oh dear! see to where? make, do where (at)? clearly yourself (.) on the other TAKING STOCK imperative forms? |. Gan yeu conjugete Spas in its cantracted forms inthe present, with the 2. Can you repeat the exercise with rota? 3. Doyou knove what an adverb is, and how to form one?