o¢ddbd dbl ecde ( Grammar Booster ‘The Grammar Booster is optional. !t provides more explanation and practice, as well as additional | grammar concepts and review. Tamguage Unit 1 | Stative verbs ‘tative (non-action) verbs express mental states, emotions, parceptions, descriptions, relations, possession, sreasarements, and other conditions, rather than actions. They are not usually used in the continuous or perfect ‘continuous, even when they describe a situation that isin progress. any people believe the environment should be the government's top pricy. NOT Many peopl are-belieig the environment shoulé be the governments top prio. ‘She has always understood tha ob satisfaction was important to the employees. NOT ‘She has-alwaye-bees-undertanding that ob satisfaction was important tothe employees Some stative verbs have both non-action and action meanings, A stative verb that has an action meaning may be ‘used in the continuous. ‘Won-action meaning Action meaning That's rilcuous! (description) You're being raiculous! actin a riciculous way) ‘hg has two children, (possession) ‘She's having another baby soon act of giving birth) Do they nave any fish? (possession) What are we having for dinner? (acta eating) We think these laws are unfair. (mental stat: opinion) We're thinking of orgaizing a protest. (act of planning) ‘That porumne smell beautiful (perception) ‘The customer is smeling te pertumes. fect of smelting) How docs the soup taste? (perception) 1m tasting the soup to see iit eds salt fact of tasting) This garden looks neglected. (Gescription) ‘The child is looking atthe flowers. ict of locking) Ho's very thn, How much does he weigh? (measuroment) The nurse is weighing the patont. (act of weighing) NOTE: In informal spoken English, certain tative verbs, especially want, need, and have fo, are becoming common in the continuous: ‘tm really wanting @ cup of good coffee. Let's go into that coffee bar “ia called, He says he's needing to talk io yoU. Please ove him cal. ‘We're so busy! We're having to rewrite al these reports before tomorrow, For a complete list of stative vers, see the Appendices, page Ad, EX. Decide if each stative verb in parentheses has an action ora non-action meaning, Then complete ‘each sentence with the simple present tense or the present continuous. 1.0 @ Sara Hout (doubt) that she'll get a promotion since she's been here ess than Ms. Linder’s skills are excellent, and she (have) experience working in the field Philip in (think) about moving abroad to teach fora year. “The training she needs to achieve her goal (cost) more than she was planning to spend We (ie havin (have) dinner at 6:00 today so we can go to Jane Goodall’ lecture con changes at Gombe. Michael visemember (not remember) where the meeting, will take place: imine {include} some diagrams with my paper to explain my theory. ‘The doctor... (see) another patient now. a og go 8 Q o 6 oS 8 a a a oo048 Grammar Booster G1Unit 2 Adjective clauses: overview ‘Adjective clauses Examples: 10 identify or give additional Information about a person + relative pronoun can be subject or ‘object of clause who ‘The physicist ae made that discovery teaches at my university ka reson [Ba talmarines | sesame os wien ororeatars | [oyetating [E, eonyuren aera rate poreuncanbentieter Issue {4 rendyetedey _} wfenatns | to show possession ‘The woman whose house you admired is a famous author. Paris, whose museums hold so many treasures, is a favorite destination for tourists The precious stone, whose origin is unknown, was stolen from the gallery to modify a noun of place where they live in which they live ‘which they live in that they live in The town fhas many beautiful parks and squares. ‘to modify a noun of time (when) (in which) Karen teen {woth orth it tine THOTE: Words in parenineses may be ome LEY underline the best word or words to complete each sentence. Parents (who / which) spend time with their children give them a sense of security 2. The city (that / in which) my father grew up was destroyed during the war ‘The Miller family, (whose / who) house is for sale, hopes to find a buyer soon. . want to buy a cell phone (who / that) has a digital camera function, The star ofthe film, (whom / which) we had hoped to meet, didn’t come to the reception. will never forget the time (when / who) I told the truth and was punished for it, |. The woman (wha / which) used to teach English at my school is now the director there. about the social uses of lying, Adjective clauses with quantifiers . The Sun Times, (whose / which) is the best newspaper in town, recently published an article ‘Some expressions of ‘qusntity used with of atow ot slot Same adectv clauses may incude a uantir that erst previously mentioned noun or nun 3 rb ot ‘phrase. These clauses are constructed as follows: quantifier + of + relative pronoun (whtom, which, both of or wos cect He consulted three doctors, all of whom confirmed the original diagnosis. oad | can think of several possible explanations, none of which justifies their benavior. ane ‘Te raptor usted te present, one af whose Stents is it 0 ema calm come nae rasa meatal ajc clauses tt Include qantrs appear more often n writen than poken Eni rene ot ret sever of Sono G2 Ly Cte DECAL GAPEINIATIIVIIIILLLLVLEDh com Use each quantifier only once. yene ____ ‘allof eachof neitherof one of both of Grammar Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases. dause: plete each sentence with a quantifier from the box and the correct relative pronoun. | know many commercials make false claims because I've bought many advertised products, nly aa pte ‘works. He's upset with his three children,...eagh.of whom... always makes up a diferent excuse fo avoid sharing chores at home. ‘The teacher punished the six students, of whom... were caught cheating on the same exam. These two articles, wh deal with the issue of honesty in the workplace, should be required reading for everyone in the company. My parents, .nsihe of whom_.has ever told a lie are the most honest people I know. for Writing: adjective clauses reduced to adjective phrases cS tant gram olsen nuts comb duet ade ee ranhyndclnate, esa We bee saact andar imide of the Pace Ocean, A phrase is a group of words that doesn't tras: Nawal know forts beautiful topography and ciate, sin te mite ot fave both a subject nds vers the Pacific Ocean. ‘There are two ways to reduce an adjective clause to an adjective phrase: 1, When the adjective clause contains a form ofthe verb be drop the relative pronoun and the vera be a tus! who was the first Greek historian, wrote abou the war between ancient Greece and Persia, —* Herodotus, the first Greek historian, wrote about the was between ancient Groece and Persia. 2. When the adjective clause doesnot contain a form ofthe verb be op the relative pronaun and use the presont participle of the verb “The human skeleton, which contains 206 separate bones, is strong and flexible ructure, —> “The human skeleton, containing 206 seperate bone, Is a strong and fee stuctre ‘Those who tamper with the smoke detector wil be prosecuted. —> ‘Those tampering with the smoke detector wl be prosecuted, Adjective phrase are common in wing. They often begin with an aril or with words and xression type of the kind of. My a rosnther a very practical and hardworking woman, made clothes for the entre fly. ‘The largest eity in Turkey, Istanbul is atthe point where Europe joins Asie. “They're looking fora quiet lave to ive, preferably one in the suburbs. CGhantereles, a type of edible mushroom with a rich yellow color, are very expensive, Tove plant re nthe cactus family, the Kind of vegetation wit the mest tolerance fora Rot, dry climate Gh redu 1‘ 2 3 4a 5 ce the adjective cause in each sentence to an adjective phase, James Bond who-eone of the best-known movie character, often ses ake identity when he eae ates aie ore shor tales of animals behaving ike people, comment on human nature Peer favo acco responsibility for thelr mistakes often lose the trust of thr employers. aaa no Cried Wilh thes the moral hati are never blleved even when they tll the try ga fable by Aesop. Companion whicisblleted tobe the source of moral behav, develo in hen a2 Very you ae. Grommar Booster G3.Bona separate sheet of paper combine each par of sentences, Use the second sentence 2527 adjective phrase Aesop wrote a lot of fables using animal characters (Aesop was a Greek writer living in the sixth century BC.) hoscp, a Greek writer living in the sixth contury Bic, wrote @ lot of fables using animal characters. fy nephew Brian enjoys volunteering in a local hospital. Myr My nephew Bran isa man of great compassion and integrity) 160 3. Margo Farmer isan honest and independent legislator. Wargo tarmor 078 Rh’ iat Farmers one legislator never influenced by any special interest BTOUPS), inane «4. The morality play offers moral instructions by presenting good and evil as hema characters, Trac aewalty play isa type of play once popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries) {05% "2%" 5. Making up an excuse for being late can get a person into trouble coed {Making up an excuse for being ate is the kind of mistake most common among office workers.) A lot of money was raised at ast night's concert {Last nights concert was the biggest charity event of the year) Unit 3 Describing past actions and events: review ‘The past of be and the simple past tense Tee Prcompleted actions and states and for those that occurred ata specific time in the past He was here at 10.00 and left tis mssaoe. The past continuous Use for one ar more actions in progress at a specific timo in the past ihe baby was sleeping and te olercildren were eating cloner when we aived ‘The present perfect Use for actions completed at an unspecified time inthe past. ‘She has already informed her manager about the problem. Fue stayed at that hotel thee times. The past perfect Use for an action that occurred before another past action. ‘They hat already made a decision when we called to ciscus tho mater. ‘The past perfect continuous Use tor a continuous action that had occurred betore another past action. ‘rc had boon working inthe garden fortwo hours when the stom began. Used to / would Pa afr past situations and baits that no longer exist Use woudl or wse.2 fractions that ‘wore repeated regulary in the past ‘inven she was younger, she never used to be afraid of anything In those days we would take a long walk every evening after Supper. ‘The future as seen from the past ae wos /avereaning {oth base form of 2 ver to express future plans someone Nad in th pas. He was going to start hs own. business, but he couldn’ gt a oa en from the past, bt only after statements of Would + the base form ofthe verb can also express the future knowledge or belie ‘ie ahways thought that she would becom an acres, but she decided fo study la Exercise D, continued: "The morality pley, a once popular : pel LLL AI II IIL LLL ELLLD correct the errors with past forms. 1. Florence fas been alking for several hours before she realized that her wallet was missing. 3. Asa child, he 42 penceing the pian for hours every day. Then he stopped taking lessons. a aeyvs neighbor was here at noon and had eft some flower oF het 2 armen that movie ast yar and T tought it was grea.” Frankeceimed. When te power went of uad'ah article in this moming’s PaPe. 6 Before this moming Tnever took a yous cass + Te going to vel to Venice this summer but at take time off fom wor aera ng onthe problem all morning when he fall ound the soluon /¢ and gerund phrases in place of the subjunctive itis often posibeto use an infnitive phrase after asectves of urgency, obigation of advisability with ‘almost the same meaning as the subjunctive. is nora hate nd me ech ey tei = 1 ose ohn to fing the time each day to eax itis alas ain posse to se a gerund phrase after ver of urgency, obligation or aisahliy with almost the same ‘meaning as the subjunctive. acing a8 the soln ta ou spend 2 ow ments lng, = Dr Shape recommen sponaind feu moments rex, soe that nn an nine or gerund pase i sed without 2 proncun, It usually refers 9 PanPle general. tis essential to find the te each day to relax. Dr Snape recommends spending @ few moments relaxing EY. ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each sentence with an infinitive of agerund phrase, Make any necessary changes, tee crucial hat you pactce feng aul (suc pace. OR Hw ee yOu 1 rae 2 2 Theat sagas you or sever Yusky charms. The are suggests carving ...OR The at 3. Hadmaniger cond that hey inh he poet ele the holiday, The manager roommence 4, itis important 1 hake get enough sleep every might. isi On Kis us to oe + Tecictana avin ia ou don slots yur sole. T tos o. FESS han pte tb ie £8 Unit 5 More phrases that make non-count nouns countable [Natural phenomena | Foods rinks and liquids | Household products Taba ofighring —[abarofaocoae | abot ch ater bar of soap | abreath of air a clove of garlic acarton of milk a tube of toothpaste | acap of thunder acup of sugar acup of cofee box of detergent | a eloud of smoke Mteaspoon of ait [aglassofjuice acan of cleanser | drop ofan loaf of bead alter of gasoline a gust of wind aay of un Grammar Booster G5ere are four common phrases that are used to make a number of non-count nouns countable, advice achievement anger confusion equipment ‘community insanity disrepatr furniture confidence justice ‘emergency apiece of { gossip asense of { control anactof { defiance astateof { war information humor kindness mind news Identity generosity I paper heroism GS tase ast Rate ot rebel sen Z nei ation wat & eta gee be 2 Nay not a i ae bo 3. The room was filled with a... $10Ud.__ of smoke. piece ea yan EE ee ses 5 ata Rea ede On ss 6. The park just installed a new .. P22... of equipment in the playground, 7. Lasked the waitress for a....888._. of orange juice. More non-count nouns with both a countable and an uncountable sense ‘With some non-count nouns, the change in moaning is subtle: the countable meaning refers to something specific and the uncountable meaning refers to something general. 2 fear = the anticipation ofa speci dangr; a phobia fear = 2 general anticipation of danger He had a fear of heights. _____ rational far can ee to any, a vitory = a specie event in which mastery or success is achieved wetoy =the phenomenon of winning Tie bate of Waeroo was a oeat victory forte English She led her party to victory ‘atime = @ spect moment nthe past or fete pect oecasion time = the general concep; cock ime There was a te won food was much cheapo Time passes 50 quickly! How many times aa you raat? Wat time ol you arange to meet? 4 superstition = & specific belt or practice superstition = a general atitudo ‘A.common American superstition that Friday the 130 brings The prevalence of superstition amang educated people ed ck ‘5 suprising TD complete each pair of sentences. Write a before a noun where necessary. Write X ifa noun should not have an article. 1. a Will people ever lear to control their phobias? Only. X...time can tell B. There has never been .®.. time when people did't ty to interpret their dreams, 2. a Ifyouhave ..a.. fear of flying, you shouldn't take a job that requires overseas travel B. Psychologists agree that ..X. fear i a universal emotion, 3. a. Ignorance and fear may sometimes lead to _X.. superstition. b. There is @. widely held superstition that knocking on wood brings good luck. ‘The coach's tactics helped the team win a... major victory in last night’s game. Everyone cannot always experience the joy of ..X _ victory; someone has to lose. ve 66 anguage AlTITrTrrcrrTrTrTrrrrcCTTTCTICCCTCCCCTCPC FCCCPoy hada ) 2 if Tddadvaddads d: Article usage: overview Note where indefinite or definite articles are used or omitted, Freud called attention to the Indefinite article Definite article No article General statement | Use with singular count | Use with singular count nouns: With plural count nouns: rnouns: The cat may symbolize good or bad Cats may symbolize good Acat may symbolize fortune. or bad fortune. good or bad{fortune. | The telephone was invented by Bell. _| with non-count nouns: The guitars a string instrument. ‘Misfortune may strike at Use with non-count nouns: any time, importance of dreams. First mention Use with singular count ‘With plural count nouns: ‘nouns: I have (some) lucky ound a lucky charm. charms. With non-count nouns: I bought (some) shampoo. ‘Second mention Use with singular count nouns: The lucky charm vas in a box. Use with plural count nouns: The lucky charms were in a box. Use with non-count nouns: The shampoos in the closet. Gg Read the paragraph. Then correct eleven errorsin article usage. Make any necessary changes ‘Fre omes are expensive these days, but Peter got lucky and boughtjsmall house last week * houso figs two bedrooms and one bathroom, It also haslarge kitchen af wl wee ving room as hishome ofed help painting them. Defi The living room. Peter fedrooms are‘in bad condition, and Peter will need x. Then he wants to have te party so his friends can admire'house. Later PES pens ohare arena eee fe article: additional uses Definite article When a noun represents @ unique thing Use with singular count nouns: The sun rises in the east With a comparative or superlative adjective to make a noun unique (of with right, wrong, frst, oly, same) Use with singular count nouns Teling the ruth s the best course of action. Its aways the The robinis the frst sign of ring, Use with plural count nouns: People in diferent places often have the same superstitions. Use with non-count nouns: That’ the only information | was cble to find on the Intemet. When context makes a noun specific Use with singular count nouns: The hospital in this town has an excellent emergency room. Use with plural count nouns: The buildings inthis own are no higher than ten stores. Use with non-count nouns: paairisbbcetsecie ight thing todo. Grammar Booster G7‘When an adjective dause _ | Use with singular count nouns: makes a noun specific ‘The mirror that you broke wil bring you bad luck. Use with plural count nouns: The mirrors that you broke will bring you bac luck Use with non-count nouns: The progress that she made was due not to good luck but to hard work. When an adjective Use with a noun derived from an adjective, such asthe blind / the deaf / the dead / the living / represents a certain group _| the young//the old /the poor / the rich / the unemployed / the privileged / the underprivileged: of people The unemployed must often learn new job sil In the past several years, the first men... to travel around the world problems with weather and equipment. DD complete the paragraphs with words from the box. Use a definite article when appropriate, tourists gasoline view world wealthy sky ballooning first men (On March 20, 1999, Bertrand Piccard of Switzerland and Brian Jones of Britain were ina balloon. The numerous 0 0) balloonists who had been attempting this journey for decades beforehand ran into various batlooning has become a popular adventure sport @ Due to the high cost of balloons and sling A can geta taste of ballooning during their travels. however, itis a sport reserved for ‘the wealthy, Tourists 6) The View... ofa city or landscape from the sky, is always breathtaking, a @ Unit 6 The conditional: overview Type Use Ifclause (states the | Result clause (states | Examples condition) the result) Factual “Toexpressageneral | simple present | simple present ifitrains, the gardens close eary. conditional | orscientific fact | Note: inthis type of Water freezes ifthe temperature conditional fan be falls below zero degrees Celis. replaced by when oF wheneve Totalkaboutwhat | simple present | will/begoingto+ | Ifyou plan your tip carefully, will happen in the base form of the verb | things will go smoothly. future under certain | yote; Donrtuse a future | Note: Use can, may | Ife arve late, they're going to conditions formin the fcisuse. | might shouldifthe | start without us. result isnotcerain. | Hfwe hurry, wemay be able to catch the tain. Present unreal | To talk about present simple past or were | would +base form | if/had the time, | would explain conditional | unreal or untrue ofthe verb the problem to you. conditions Note: Dont use would in | Note: Use could or might | Ihe were here, he might make a theif clause ifthe resultisnot certain, | fot oF changes. “TTT IFITTITTOTIITIIPPPPPPPPPPPIPTT[Type Use | clause (states the | Result clause (states | Examples condition) the result) Past unreal |Totalkabout past _| past perfect ‘would have + past | ifthey had known about the conditional | unreal or untrue participle storm, they would have taken a ‘Sonditions Note: Don'tuse would | Note: Use could have or | _ diferent flight. haveinthe fcause, | mighthave ifthe resuit_| {you had told us about the delay, = shot cert, we could have made other arrangements Mixed Totalk about past | past perfect would +baseform | if had prepared for the interview, conditional | unreal or untrue of the verb | wouldn't beso nervous. conditions in relation | note: Dont use would | Nete: Use could or might |IfWe had left eater, we might be tothe present inthe ifclause iftheresultisnoteertain, | on timenow. Totalk about present | simple past or wete | would have past | Ifshe were honest, she would have unreal or untrue participle told us the truth, conditions in relation | Note: Dont use would | Note: Use could have or | spoke Russian, might have tothe past hhaveinthe cause, | might haveiftheresut | understood the guide 7 Z isnot certain Special cases 1. Use should, happen to, or should happen to in the if clause in factual conditionals when the condition is less likely | should hhappen to should happen to | ert ioc 2 Use It it weran't for... / Itt adn’t been for... inthe if clause in unreal condltionals to express regret or rlit, Hit weren't forthe trafic, we would be atthe cifport by now. thou the tric, we vould be atthe airport by now.) {Withadn’t been for your help this morning, wo wouldn't have been able to meet the deadline, (Without your elp this morning, we wouldnt have been able o mee! the deadline.) 83, To express inferences in conditional sentences, di If Jule went tothe party lastnight, she definitely saw what happened, It you don’t know the answer to this question, you didn't do your homework i he results didn’t come out yesterday, they'Nl definitly come out today. 't you stil havent finished packing by now, you're nat going to catch your fight. EY Undertine the correct word oF words to complete each sentence. 1. IfSam (does / will do) well this year, he wi 2 apply to medical school Water (boils / is going to boil) when the temperature reaches 100° Celsius. 3. Ifyou (will / should) find my scarf, please hold it for me, ferent combinations of tenses can be used. 4. IFit (wouldn’t have been / hadn't been) for her savings, Anna wouldn’t have been able to attend university 5. Ifwe (would have known / had known) that car insurance was 50 expensive, we would not have bought a car. 6. If you didn’t get a reply today, you (would definitely hear / will definitely hear) from 1s tomorrow 7. IF (had / would have) a garden, I would grow several types of flowers. 8. TFT (would have practiced / had practiced) my speech a bit more, I might not be so worried now. Grammar Booster G9EX ona separate sheet of paper. + Have students scan the connecting words in the exercise and identify which are subordinating Sonjunctions and which ae transitions. (1. eile: SC, ineontrast 2 although: SC, despite thai: T, 3. in addition to: SC furthenor:T; 4 unless: SC, otherwise! 1; 5 now that SC, asa osu T) “Toreview, ak What pnctntion swath subortinating conjnctions? (When a subordinating conjunction thttoduces 9 dependent csuse that torts a Sentence, te cause is followed by a comma) Wat punctuation sed th reson? transition i followed by a comma. It can be preceded by 2 semicolen) + Have students rewrite the sentences individually. ‘Then have them compare answers with a partner, Exercise A 4a. While the ability to think logically is essential for making plans, the ably to think creatively is important for brainstorming new ideas. OR While the abt to think Creatively Is Important for brainstorming new Ideas, the billy o think logically is essential for making plans, 8. The abity to nk logealy s essential for making plans in contrast, the ability to think creatively is important for brainstorming new ideas. OR The abiliy to think creatively is important for brainstorming new ideas; in contrast, the abilly 10 think logically is essential for making plans. 2a. Although Nicole has been under a lot of pressure lately, she stl manages to stay calm and pleasant. OR Although Nicole stil manages to stay calm and pleasant, she has been under a lot of pressure lately. b. Nicole has been under a lot of pressure lately; despite that, sho stil, ‘manages to stay calm and pleasant. 83.2. In addtion to needing to know the products very wal, ‘salespeople need to have strong interpersonal skis, OF in addition fo needing to have strong interpersonal sks, Salespeople need to know the products very well 'b Salespeople need to know the products very wel furthermore, they need to have strong interpersonal skis, ‘OR Salespeople need to have strong interpersonal ski furthermore, they need to know the products very well. 4a. Uniess we stay focused on the roots of the problems, ‘we can’ come up with effective solutions. OR We can't ‘come up with effective solutions unless we stay focused on the roots ofthe problems. b, We have to stay focused on the roots of the problems; ottenwise, we can't come up with effective eolutions. 5.2. Now that Charlie realizes that he is mechanically inclined, he wants to become a mechanical engineer. . Charlie realized that ne is mechanically inclined; as a result, ne wants to become a mechanical engineer. Unit 8 Indirect speech: review Optional tense changes + Read aloud the statement about backshifting, the first numbered explanation, and the example sentences. Have pairs take turns creating statements such as I know a great joke. Then bring the class together and have students tell what thelr partner just said: Hama said that she knows a great joke + Aska student to read the second numbered. explanation and the example sentences. Again, have pairs take turns creating statements that are still true, Such as I need a new jacket. Then bring the class together and have students tell what their partner just said: Jolin said that he needs a mew jacket. Te11 + Finally, ask a volunteer to read the third numbered explanation and the example sentences, Elicit additional factual statements such as There are 24 Ihowrs in a day, After each statement, call on another stuclent to retell the fact: Wendy said that there are 24 hours in a day. “Then read the Be careful! note to the class. Changes in pronouns and possessives + Have students read the explanation and then study. the pairs of sentences, focusing on the pronouns. + Write the following chart and sentences on the board: Direct speech Indirect speech 1. Maney sid "Tn never oa busy 40 complain to you bout how busy | am" 2 He said he hoped | understood and that he didnt want to repeat the cessignment, Have students change the first sentence from direct to indiet spech and the econ fom indirect fo dret speech. (I. Nancy said she’s never too busy to complain to me about how busy she is, 2, He sa ‘hope you understand, I don’t want to repeat the assignment.”) " Questions in indirect speech epee a oe oa a oe oe seen Casale ainats a ett eh aie Thad read Cousins’s book.) Then write on the board Fanatic ew eer Tyee /sciemetah ate eerie bo Sst ieeres el? sate a eee Imperatives in indirect speech + Have a volunteer read the explanation. Then have pairs take turns reading each example, fist in direct speech and then in indirect speech. ~~ “- ~ “ — - ~ < + e ai - - « “ « ae e “ 2 e + e ~ ~ eo ec e(On a separate sheet of paper, write the sentences in indirect speech. Ifa sentence can be written both with and without backshifing, wrt it both ways 1. Zachary mentioned, “ned anew aut seally want a new jacket” Zachery mertonad al re aed | oad seul ave rts NCAP Har ey ht one sera oe 2 Rate nS She gsc ar’ haere eye had ekg ou vce 3. fellas, Be plata ihe Eaves anand the sua °° ed 1, Jevior Stated (ihal) the Earth rotates / rotated around the sun. Satyr enh ain pring & ‘ied never Soon such sxctng bantrgs Store 5, He Me ekplained “want you to Aish your essays forthe next class.” “The feoaseorexpamed thal) he/she waned us to ish our es5ays fr the next cass. El ona separate sheet of paper, write these conversations in indirect speech, using correct pronouns and possessives. See answers below, 11. MARIA: Your cartoon is really good. Your drawving of the penguin is a hoot, JACK: Yours s hilarious, too! It really cracked me up! 2, RICHARD: My paperon the health benefits of humor has just been published in a medical journal. ME: I'm happy for you! fd appreciate it if you could give me a copy. 3. KIM: | bought a new MP3 player last week. BEN: | know. I saw iton your desk. Itlooks much better than your old one. Th ona separate sheet of paper, rewrite each of the following in indirect speech. Wwe an inn a A et + Pass aie ste gma Mot a nece ayaa meme we 2. Bans sree vaudte se OSE Eon 3 PERE Rane An eae arate et RE hn, gy neh” ied eg ey Salou lant a a 4 Bah Ss nde Hw eld Ut sagan ds sigue 8 5. Guvscamcteea anger bagel cnt ies le Fiche ender "When eb el LX ona separate sheet of paper, write the conversation in ine asked me... See page TG12 for answers ct speech. Begin like this: Harry HARRY: Can | borrow your car on Saturday? ME: Yes, you can. But youll have to return itto me by 7:00 rx. HARRY: Do you really need your car by 7:00? Could | bring it back by 9:00 ex instead? ME: I'm sorry, but | promised to take my nephew to the movies, HARRY: Oh, lunderstand. Il return itto you by 7:00. Ed ona separate sheet of paper, write each sentence in indirect speech. See page TG12 for answers. 4. The patient asked the nurse, “Could you please bring me a funny movie?” 2. Dr. Baker advised, “Don't let emotional tension make you sick.” 3. She told me, “Be a good sport and laugh about i.” 4, “Dor’t laugh at that joke,” Fred instructed his son, “I's disgusting,” he said. 5. “Laugh first, cry later” an old saying advises ws. 6. Lucas told us, “Never touch the green button on the printer” 7. “Take the penguin to the 200 tomorrow,” Mr. Franklin's neighbor told him. 8, Nick said, “Please don’t ask how the meeting went.” Exercise B. ‘ta ad Jack that is cartoon was rely good nd (had his caving of ne penguin was aoa Jack sai / answered (hat) hrs ‘was hilarous too, and (hat) ft realy cracked him Up, aaa teme that fle paper onthe heath bonelits of humor had just been pubished in @ medical joumal.| said / answered (ha) | ‘was nappy for fim and (Male appreciate fe could glve mo a copy 2. eae Rake Ott) sho ad bought'a new MPS player last week / the weck before. Ben said / answered (that) he knew. Ho sad (that) he fad seen flor her desk and (ha) I looked much Better than her od one Nota studonte use that ln Reme 12, hey should delete commas Belore and, G12 PR a 2 2 2 oo i i i a clEX ona separate sheet of paper... + Alter students do the exercise individually, have them compare answers with a partner, + Then bring the class together and discuss which fences can be written without backshifting, and why. (I. The direct speech refers ta something that is still true. 2. The statement refers to something just said. 3. The direct speech refers to a scientific truth, 4. The reporting verb isin the present tense.) + Point out that answers written without that generally Use a comma before but and art: Zachary mentioned ke reeds a new suit, but he really wants a new jacket ‘Answers written with that should not have a comma before but or and: Zachary mentioned that he needs a new suit but Hat he really wants « new jacket. EX ona separate sheet of paper . + Have volunteers read the conversations. Ask What ‘haiges will you need to make zoen you torte these ‘conversations fn indirect speech? (There will be changes in verb forms, pronouns, and possessives.) + Have students rewrite the conversations individually. ‘Then have students compare answers with a partner. + Bring the class together and go aver any questions. Challenge: Have pairs write their own short conversations. Then combine pairs into groups of four and have each pair read their conversation, Have the Pair that is listening restate what the other pait said to each other, Option: Have students write five questions in direct speech on a piece of paper. Then have students exchange papers with a partner and rewrite the {questions in indirect speech. (Possible answer: Ingrid asked, “Where did you put the computer paper?” Ingrid asked where I had put the computer paper) ‘On a separate sheet of paper... + Have students scan the questions in quotes. Ask: Which questions are yes / no questions? (1 and 2) ‘Which questions are information questions? (3, 4, and 5) + After stucents rewrite the questions in indirect speech, bring the class together and go aver the DI ona separate sheet of paper + Ask two volunteers to read the conversation. Ask What charges wl you need to make when you write this conversation in indirect speech? (There will be changes, in verb forms, pronouns, and possessives.) + Working in pairs, have students rewrite every other line in the conversation. Then have them work with new partners and rewrite the remaining lines. + Bring the class together and go over any questions. wane Challenge: Have students change mein the conversation to Carol. In addition, tell students to play the role of Harry and to rewrite the conversation from his spective. (Lasked Carol if I could borrow her car on sturdy. She said that I could but that I would have to return if to her by 7:00 rat. I asked if she really needed her car by 7:00 and ifI could bring it back by 900 ras. instead. She said that she was sorry but that she had promised to take her nephew to the movies. [said that I lunderstood and would return it to her by 7:00.) Exercise D Harry asked me if/ whether / whether or not he could borrow my car on Saturday. ' said / answered (that) he could, but (that) he'd have to Feturn it to me by 7:00 Pw. He asked me if/ whether / whether or not | really needed ‘my car by 7:00 and if/ whether / whether or not he could bring it back by 9:00 Px instead. | said / answered (that) | was sorry, but (hal) | had romised to take my nephew to the movies. ry said / answered that he understood, and (that) he would return itto me by 7:00. Note: If students use that, they should delete the comma belore but and and: i ona separate sheet of paper... + Remind students to make any necessary changes in pronouns when they rewrite the sentences in indirect speech. + After students complete the exercise individually, have them compare answers with a partner. Then bring the class together and go over any questions. Exercise & ‘The patient asked the nurse it/ whether / whether or not he / she could bring him /her a funny movie, 2 Dr Baker acvised (me) not oll emotoral tension make me si {3 She told me to be a good sport and (to) laugh about i. 4, Fred inetructd nis son nt to laugh a tat ok. He sald at) twas disgusting. 5. An old saying advises us to laugh frst and to cry later. 6, Lucas told us never to touch the green button on the printer. 77. Me. Franklin's neighbor told him to take the penguin to the 200 tomorrow / the next day. 8. Nick said not o ask how the meeting went / had gone.Tre Unit 9 Grammar for Writing: when to use the passive voice Sentences in the passive voice can have the same meaning as those in the active voice. Howover, th word order in passive sentences gives a diferent emphasis to the information. Passive sentences focus th readers (or istener's) attention onthe su ofthe actin rather than on the performer of the action the agen). Writers prefer the passive ‘oe in the falling situations: 1. To emphasize the result ofan action, oi the agent is unimportant or unknown, This use is common in academic wating, scientific articles, and news reports. ‘numberof sophisticated eaten for heart disease have been develope inthe lat decade, (The wie emphasizes the trestmens rahe than he people wha developed them ) unas of peosle were made homeless by esterday’ floods. The writer emphasizes the resut ofthe ods rather than he foods ‘hamsaves ‘The Fartheno was but in he ith century BC. (The buler is unknown or unimportant) 2 To describe a process. This use i found in technical andsciemfc writing ‘Toe are four base step inthe production ote. ist the oranges are unloaded rm the trucks and placed ona conveyor belt. Then thoy are washed and sorted. Not they are put into machines thal remove te jue and put kina carne Final te cei distributed al oe the word 3. Tose an impersonal o intirect tno, which suggests formality, impartiality, or objectivity. This use i favored in official documents formal announcements, and signs, orto avoid placing blame. Ther weding wil be celebrated in June. Walking one grass prohibited A mistake has been made in your account, wil be eorected on nxt month's statement. The wer ais mestining who made ‘ho mistke and emphasizes th fac tet vl be comecte, rater tan who wild the cocting) 4 To keep the reader's attention focused ona previously mentioned noun, becausa iis the central ope ofthe paragraph They cag te thet ter tat evening. He was placed in jai and was allowed to calla awyor. (Te topic of he paragraph is the thet, By slg te passive vice in the second sentence, th miter Kees the radars ston focused onthe thet) 5. To avoid using a general subect, whichis considered weak. Genera subjects includ the imporsonal you, we, and ‘hey: people on; someone / somebody anyone / anybody. This Use is common informal documents, in ofa signs, din newspaper etrals and other texts that express an opinion. Peoole must sho ther Ds hore boring, PREFERRED: IDs must be shown bear baring. We have ct pices onal merchandise, PREFERRED: Prices on all merchandiso hae Been cut Someone should inform vols of her eight. PREFERRED: Voters should be informed of eights 6: To avoid clumsy sentence constructions. Ths isa common solution when the agent has a ong or complex maf Te Tigers, whose new srategy offense and defense seemed tobe working, defeated th Lon PREFERRED: The Lions were defeated by in Tigers, whose new satay of olnse and defense seomed to be working, EY ona separate sheet of paper, write each sentence in the passive voice. 1. Construction workers built the museum in less than six months, 2. People must present their passports at the border. 3. The company hired Ben Jones to replace the executive director, They gave Jones the comer office and offered him a very generous salary. 4, First engineers perfect the design for the new product. Then workers build a prototype. Next engineers test the prototype. Avter engineers approve the design, the factory begins production. 5. We have credited the sum of eighty-five dollars to your VISTA account. 6. The reporter, whose investigation uncovered many shocking facts and a pattern of corrupt behavior, exposed the olficial for taking bribes. 1.The museum was built in less than six months. 2. Passports must be presented at the border. 3. Ben Jones was hired to replace the executive director. Jones was given the comer office and offered a very generous salary 4 Fist the design for {now product is perfected. Then a prototype is built. Next the prototype is tested, After the design is approved, production 's begun. 5. The sum of eighty-five dollars has been credited to your VISTA account. 6. The official was exposed for taking bribes by the reporter, whose investigation uncovered many shocking facts and a pattern of corrupt behavior. Grammar Booster G13é S expan insive phrasal verbs are always Phrasal verbs: expansion naman ‘The passive form of phrasal verbs passive voice since they don't have ‘Transitive phrasal verbs are always inseparable in the passive voice, even when ‘vec ebjecta. ‘they are separable or always separate inthe active voice. The TV couldn't be furmed on this morning. ( couldn't tur the TV on his morning.) ‘The empty lot hasbeen turned into beautful garden. (They turned the emoty lot into a boautitul garden) ‘Transitive and intransitive meanings ‘Some phrasal verbs have both a transitive and an intransitive meaning, He went to bed! witnout taking of his clothes. (ransitive meaning: remove) \What time does your plane take off? intransitive meaning: leave) ‘Thieves broke in and stole her jewelry. (ranstve meaning enter by force) ‘She broke in the new employees by showing them the procedures. intransitive meaning: train someone) For a complete ist of transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs, see the Appendices, pages Ad-AS, Three-word phrasal verbs A throe-word phrasal verb consists of a verb, a particle, anda preposition that together havea specitic meaning, ‘The verb and the particle in three-word phrasal verbs are inseparable. ‘AS a result of his controversial ideas, the senator came up against members of his own party, who opposed him vigorously, Does society have an obligation to look out fr people who are disadvantaged? Temper tantrums are not uncommon in young chilien, As they mature, they grow out of his behavior "Tm going to close my door and not take any calls today; Ive just got to catch up on my work. For a complete list of three-word phrasal verbs, see the Appendices, page AB. EY ona separate sheet of paper, write each sentence inthe passive voice. Use aby phrase, if necessary. 1. We have to call the meeting off. The meeting has to be called off 2. He talked the client into a better deal. The client was talked into @ better deal 3. The president covered the mistake up. The mistake was covered up by the president, 4. She dropped the children off in front of the school. The chikiren were dropped off infront of the school 5. One of the applicants filed the form out incorrectly. The form was filed out incorrecty by one of the applicants. 6. I paid the balance off last month. The balance was paid off last month, 7. Someone threw the document away by mistake. The document was thrown away by mistake, ‘8 The speaker handed pamphlets out at the end of the presentation, Pamphiets were handed out by the speaker at the ond of the presentation. ED Undetine the phrasl verb in each sentence, Then decide iit has a raniveo an intransitive meaning 1% 11 The photographer blew up the photo 200 percent so we could use it for the poster 2.0 @_ The plane blew up shortly before it was supposed to land. 3.0 _ The workers won't give up until they're paid fair wages. 4.2 C1 She has tried to give up smoking several times, without success 50 Philhas to wake up at 5:00 aw every morning to get to work on time, 6 The children played quietly in order not to wake up their parents, 7. Rf He works out three or four times a week in order to keep in shape. 8% ZC) World leaders are meeting to work outa plan to eradicate poverty oi anguage “COP PPITITTITTTITITTTT TTT TTT TTT