RELATIVE CLAUSE

CLAUSES WITH
WHO, THAT & WHICH

SENTENCE TYPES
SIMPLE SENTENCE = ONE SUBJECT , ONE

PREDICATE
COMPOUND SENTENCE = TWO SIMPLE
SENTENCE, OR MORE. THEY ARE LINKED BY
THE CONJUNCTION AND, BUT, OR
COMPLEX SENTENCE = ONE SIMPLE
SENTENCE, ONE OR MORE SUB- CLAUSE.

COMPLEX SENTENCE
A COMPLEX SENTENCE CONTAINS AT LEAST TWO

CLAUSES; A MAIN CLAUSE AND A SUB-CLAUSE

A MAIN CLAUSE IS A SUBJECT- VERB
COMBINATION THAT CAN HAVE A FUNCTION
INDEPENDENTLY AS A SENTENCE.
A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE IS A SUBJECT VERB
COMBINATION WHICH IS DEPENDENT ON THA
MAIN CLAUSE FOR ITS MEANING, MAY FUNCTION
IN A SENTENCE AS AN ADJECTIVE, AN ADVERB
OR A NOUN.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE/ RELATIVE CLAUSE

AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE/RELATIVE CLAUSE

USUALLY BEGINS WITH A PRONOUN, SUCH AS

WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT, WHICH,WHERE,
OR WHEN, AND IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWS THE
NOUN OR PRONOUN WHICH IT DESCRIBES.

AN ADVERB CLAUSE
AN ADVERB CALUSE BEGINS WITH AN

ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTION, SUCH AS BECAUSE,

ALTHOUGH, IF OR WHILE AND IS FREQUENTLY
FOUND AT THE BEGINNING OR THE END OF A
SENTENCE.
EXAMPLE :
ALTHOUGH THEY HAVE TRIED
IF HE DIDNT HELP US

A NOUN CLAUSE
A NOUN CLAUSE BEGINS WITH WORD THAT OR

QUESTION WORD, SUCH AS WHY, WHAT, OR

HOW, AND CAN FUNCTION IN A SENTENCE IN
ANY OF THE WAYS THAT NOUN CAN.
EXAMPLE :
HOW HE GOT IT
WHY THE BABY CRIED..

SC OR MC
AFTER THEY ARRIVED SC/ SUB- CLAUSE
THEY ARRIVED MC / MAIN CLAUSE
WE HAVE BEEN STUDYING
AFTER THE TEAM PLAYED
WHICH YOU GAVE ME
THE HOUSE IS BIG
ALTHOUGH SHE IS CLEVER
BECAUSE THE BOOK IS TOO HEAVY
STUDYING ENGLISH IS IMPORTANT

WHOM YOU MET IN THE RESTAURANT

THEY RECEIVED A LETTER
WHAT YOU SAID TO ME
IF PRICES CONTINUE TO CLIMB
I HAVE READ IT
WHENEVER YOU WANT
UNLESS YOU CAME

PHRASE, SUB CLAUSE AND

MAIN CLAUSE
* M A I N C L A U S E = S U BJ E C T A N D
V ER B, IN D E P E N D EN T
* S U B C L A S E = S U B JE C T A N D
V ER B , D E P EN D E N T T O T H E
MAIN CLAUSE
* P H RA S E = W IT H O U T S U BJ E C T
N O R P RE D IC A T E , A C O L L E C T IO N
O F W O RD S

SC, MC, PHR

AN ADULT AMERICAN ALLIGATOR WILL
RANGE IN THE LENGTH FROM SIX TO
TWENTY FEET

WHOSE WHOM - WHERE

WE SAW SOME PEOPLE.
THEIR CAR HAD BROKEN DOWN.
WE SAW SOME PEOPLE WHOSE CAR HAD

BROKEN DOWN

I WANTED TO SEE A WOMAN.

SHE WAS AWAY ON HOLIDAY.
THE WOMAN WHOM I WANTED TO SEE WAS

AWAY ON HOLIDAY.
THE WOMAN I WANTED TO SEE WAS AWAY ON
HOLIDAY

WE STAYED AT A HOTEL
THE HOTEL WAS NOT VERY CLEAN.
THE HOTEL WHERE WE STAYED WAS NOT

VERY CLEAN.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

A clause is a part of a sentence. It tells us which

person or thing ( or what kind of person or thing) the

speaker means :
The woman who lives next door ( who lives next
door tells us which woman)
People who like jazz music ( who like jazz music
tells us what kind of people )
We use who in a relative clause when we are talking
about people ( not thing). We use who instead of he/
she/ they.

When we are talking about things, we use that or

which
Where is the cheese ? it was in the fridge
Where is the cheese that ( which) was in the fridge?

an architect, a burglar, a customer, a shoplifter,

a coward, a pensioner, an atheist, a tenant.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

is someone who steals from a shop

is someone who designs buildings
is someone who is not brave
is someone who buys something from a shop
is some one who pays rent to live in a house or flat
is some one who breaks into a house to steal things
is some one who no longer works and gets money from the
office the had work.
is someone who doesnt believe in God.

 A GIRL WAS INJURED IN THE ACCIDENT. SHE IS NOW IN

HOSPITAL.
A MAN ANSWERED THE PHONE. HE TOLD YOU WERE
AWAY.
A WAITRESS SREVED US. SHE WAS VERY IMPOLITE AND
IMPATIENT.
A BUILDING WAS DESTROYED IN THE FIRE. IT HAS NOW
BEEN REBUILT.
SOME PEOPLE WERE ARRESTED. THEY HAVE NOW BEEN
RELEASED.
A BUS GOES TO THE AIRPORT. IT RUNS EVERY HALF
HOUR.

HE INVENTED THE

IT MAKES WASHING

TELEPHONE
SHE RUNS AWAY
FROM HOME
THEY ARE NEVER ON
TIME
THEY STOLE MY CAR
THEY WERE ON THE
WALL

MACHINES
IT GIVES YOU THE
MEANING OF WORDS
IT WON THE RACE
IT CAN SUPPORT LIFE
IT CAN NOT BE
EXPLAINED.

BARBARA WORKS FOR A COMPANY..

THE BOOK IS ABOUT A GIRL
WHAT WAS THE NAME OF THE HORSE.
THE POLICE HAHVE CAUGHT THE MEN
ALEXANDER BELL WAS THE MAN .

WHATS HAPPENED TO THE PICTURES.

A MYSTERY IS SOMETHING.
A DICTIONARY IS A BOOK.
I DONT LIKE PEOPLE
IT SEEMS THAT EARTH IS THE ONLY

PLANET

RELATIVE CLAUSE II

SUBJECT
PERSON

THINGS

THE WOMAN WHO LIVES NEXT DOOR IS

A DOCTOR.
THE WOMAN IS A DOCTOR
THE WOMAN = SUBJECT.
WHERE IS THE CHEESE THAT WAS

IN THE FRIDGE ?
THE CHEESE WAS IN THE FRIDGE
THE CHEESE = SUBJECT.

JIKA RELATIVE CLAUSE

MENERANGKAN TENTANG
SUBJECT, MAKA WHO ATAU
WHICH HARUS DI
NYATAKAN/ DI TULIS.
.

OBJECT

PERSON

THINGS
Tom wanted to see a woman.
She was away on holiday.

The woman (who) Tom wanted to see was

away on holiday
The woman = object
Have you found the keys that you lost?
You lost the key
The key = object

JIKA RELATIVE CLAUSE

MENERANGKAN TENTANG
OBJECT, MAKA WHO ATAU
WHICH TIDAK
HARUS DI
.
NYATAKAN/ DI TULIS.
( BOLEH DIHILANGKAN)

IN SOME SENTENCES, YOU DO NOT NEED

WHO/WHICH.
THE PEOPLE WHO WE MET AT THE PARTY
WERE VERY FRIENDLY.
2. THE PEOPLE WHO WORK IN THE OFFICE ARE
VEY FRIENDLY
3. THE PEOPLE WHO I TALKED TO WERE VERY
FRIENDLY
1.

THE POSITION OF PREPOSITION

DO YOU KNOW THE WOMAN? TOM IS

TALKING TO HER.
DO YOU KNOW THE WOMAN TOM IS TALKING
TO? ( NOT TO HER)
I SLEPT IN THE BED LAST NIGHT.
THE BED WAS NOT VERY COMFORTABLE.
THE BED I SLEPT IN LAST NIGHT WASNT VERY
COMFORTABLE.

ARE THESE THE KEYS YOU WERE LOOKING

FOR?
YOU WERE LOOKING FOR THE KEYS.
THE WOMAN HE FELL IN LOVE WITH LEFT HIM
AFTER A FEW WEEKS?
HE FELL IN LOVE WITH THE WOMAN.

WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH THE MONEY

THAT I GAVE YOU?
2. WHAT HAPPENED TO THE MONEY THAT WAS
ON THE TABLE?DID YOU TAKE IT?
1.

1. IT WAS AN AWFUL FILM. IT WAS THE WORST

FILM THAT I HAVE EVER SEEN
2. IT WAS AN AWFUL EXPERIENCE. IT WAS THE
WORST THING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED TO
ME.

THE WOMAN WHO LIVES NEXT DOOR IS A

DOCTOR.
HAVE YOU FOUND THE KEYS THAT YOU LOST?
THE PEOPLE WHO WE MET AT THE PARTY
WERE VERY FRIENDLY.
THE PEOPLE WHO I TALKED TO WERE VERY
FRIENDLY
THE PEOPLE WHO WORK IN THE OFFICE ARE
VERY FRIENDLY.

WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH THE MONEY I

GAVE YOU?
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE MONEY THAT WAS
ON THE TABLE? DID YOU TAKE IT?
IT WAS AN AWFUL FILM. IT WAS THE WORST
FILM THAT I VE EVER SEEN.
IT WAS AN AWFUL EXPERIENCE. IT WAS THE
WORST THING THAT HAS EVER HAPPENED TO
ME.

EXERCISE
WE HIRED A CAR

WE WANTED TO VISIT

ANN IS WEARING A

A MUSEUM
I INVITED SOME
PEOPLE TO THE PARTY
TOM RECOMMENDED
A HOTEL TO US.

DRESS
YOU LOST SOME KEYS
YOU ARE GOING TO
SEE AFILM
YOU HAD TO DO SOME
WORK

HAVE YOU FOUND THE KEYS you lost?

I LIKE THE DRESS Ann is wearing
THE MUSEUM we wanted to visit.. WAS SHUT

WHEN WE GOT THERE

WHATS THE NAME OF THE FILMwe are going
to see?

SOME OF THE PEOPLE we were invited.

COULD NOT COME.

HAVE YOU FINISHED THE WORK you had to do
?
THE CAR we hired . BROKE DOWN AFTER A
FEW MILES.
WE STAYED AT A HOTEL Tom recommended
to..

EXERCISE II
WE WENT TO A PARTY

IAPPLIED FOR A JOB

LAST NIGHT
I WORK WITH A
NUMBER OF PEOPLE
YOU WERE LOOKING
FOR SOME KEYS.
YOU CAN RELY ON
GEORGE

I SAW YOU WITH A

MAN
WE WERE INVITED TO
A WEDDING
YOU TOLD ME ABOUT
A HOTEL

ARE THESE THE KEYyou were looking for.?

UNFORTUNATELY WE COULD NOT GO TO THE

WEDDING..we were invited to

I ENJOY MY JOB. I LIKE THE PEOPLEI work
with
WHATS THE NAME OF THAT HOTEL.you told
me about

u
THE PARTY we went to WASNT VERY

ENJOYABLE.
I DIDNT GET THE JOBI applied for..
GEORGE IS A GOOD PERSON TO KNOW. HES
SOMEBODYyou can rely on..
WHO WAS THAT MAN ..I saw you with.. IN THE
RESTAURANT?

PUT IN THAT OR WHAT

I GAVE HER ALL THE MONEY . I HAD.
THEY GIVE THE CHILDREN

EVERYTHING.THEY WANT.
TELL ME .. YOU WANT AND ILL TRY TO GET IT
FOR YOU.
WHY DO YOU BLAME ME FOR EVERYTHING
GOES WRONG?

I WONT BE ABLE TO DO MUCH BUT ILL DO THE

BEST ..I CAN.

I CAN ONLY LEND YOU TEN POUNDS. ITS ALL

CHOICES
I CAN BUY SOME POSTCARD THERE
ANN BOUGHT A DRESS THERE
JOHN IS STAYING THERE
I WAS BORN THERE
WE CAN HAVE A REALLY GOOD MEAL THERE
WE HAD THE CAR REPAIRED THERE

I RECENTLY WENT BACK TO THE TOWN where I was

born.
DO YOU KNOW THE RESTAURANT where we can have
good meal. ?
IS THERE A SHOP NEAR HEREwhere I can buy some
postcard.?
I CANT REMEMBER THE NAME OF THE GARAGEwhere
we had the car repaired
DO YOU KNOW THE NAME OF THE HOTELwhere John
is staying.. ?
ANN BOUGHT A DRESS WHICH DID NOT FIT HER, SO SHE
TOOK IT TO THE SHOPwhere she bought

SOME ONE SAID : MY WIFE IS AN ENGLISH TEACHER.

1. ( WOMAN) MY MOTHER WRITES DETECTIVE

STORIES..
2. MY AMBITION IS TO CLIMB EVEREST.
3. MY WIFE IS AN ENGLISH TEACHER
4. WE HAVE JUST GOT MARRIED
5. (WOMAN ) I OWN A RESTAURANT
6. MY PARENTS USED TO WORK IN A CIRCUS

WHOSE, WHO
I MET SOMEBODY
I MET A MAN .
I MET A WOMAN
I MET SOMEBODY ..
I MET A COUPLE
I MET SOMEBODY ..

WHO/WHOM/WHOSE/WHERE
WHATS THE NAME OF THE MAN ..CAR YOU

BORROWED?
A CEMETERY IS A PLACE DEAD PEOPLE ARE BURIED.
A PACIFIST IS A PERSON BELIEVES THAT ALL
WARS ARE WRONG.
AN ORPHAN IS A CHILD . PARENTS ARE DEAD.
THE PLACE .WE SPENT OUR HOLIDAYS WAS REALLY
BEAUTIFUL.
THIS SCHOOL IS ONLY FOR CHILDREN ..FIRST
LANGUAGE IS NOT ENGLISH
I DONT KNOW THE NAME OF THE WOMAN TO I
SPOKE ON THE PHONE.

RELATIVE CLAUSE 3

RELATIVE CLAUSE 3
Without comma, it tells
whichj person or thing the
speaker means.

Plus comma= we already

know which things or
person.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

We stayed at the hotel ( that) Ann

recommend to us.

My brother Jim, who lives in London, is

a doctor.
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which
Ann recommended to us.

You can use 'that' for 'who'

or ' which'

You may not use that

Do you know anyone who/ that speaks

French and Italian?

Barbara works for a company ( which/ that)
makes washing machines.

John, who speaks French and Italian,

works as a tourist guide.

We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which
Ann recommended to us.

whom
Who/THAT

WHOM

This morning I met somebody ( that/who) I

had not seen for ages.

This morning I met Diane, whom I had

not seen for ages.

Whose, where
ok

ok

We met some people whose car had broken

down. ( we met some people. Their car had

broken down)
What s the name of the place where you
spent your holiday?

Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a

very bad mood.
Mrs. Bond is going to spend a few weeks in
Sweden, where her daughter lives.

EXERCISES
WE WENT TO

WE WENT TO SANDRAS

SANDRAS PARTY. ( WE
ENJOYED IT VERY
MUCH)
I WENT TO SEE A
DOCTOR. ( HE TOLD ME
TO REST FOR A FEW
DAYS)
JOH IS ONE OF MY
CLOSEST FRIENDS . ( I
HAVE KNOWN FOR A
VERY LONG TIME)

PARTY, WHICH WE
ENJOYED VERY MUCH.
I WENT TO SEE A
DOCTOR ( WHO/THAT)
TOLD ME TO REST FOR
A FEW DAYS.
JOHN IS ONE OF MY
CLOSEST FRIENDS,
WHO I HAVE KNOWN
FOR A VERY LONG TIME.

WHETHER THE SENTENCE NEEDS A

COMMA OR NOT
I WAS LOOOKING FOR

I WAS LOOKING A

A BOOK THIS
MORNING. I HAVE
FOUND IT NOW.
I HAVE GOT A
BROTHER CALLED
JIM. HE LIVES IN
LONDON. HE IS A
POLICEMAN.

BOOK (WHICH/THAT) I
HAVE FOUND IT NOW.
MY BROTHER JIM,
WHO LIVES IN
LONDON, IS A
POLICEMAN.

There was a strike at the

The strike at the car

car factory. It lasted ten

days. It is now over.
London was once the
largest city in the world,
but the population is now
falling.

company that/ which

lasted for ten days is now
over.
The population of
London, which was once
the largest city in the
world, is now falling

Who/whom/where/whose/which
The new stadium will be

opened next month. It can

hold 90.000 people
We often go to visit our
friends in Bristol. It is only
about 30 miles away.
Glasgow is the largest city
in Scotland. My brother
lives there
Sheila is away from home
a lot. Her job involves a lot
of travelling

THE NEW STADIUM, WHICH

CAN HOLD 90.000 PEOPLE,

WILL BE OPENED NEXT
MONTH.
WE OFTEN GO TO VISIT OUR
FRIENDS IN BRISTOL, WHICH
IS ONLY ABOUT 30 MILES
AWAY.
GLASGOW, WHERE MY
BROTHER LIVES, IS THE
LARGEST CITY IN SCOTLAND.
SHEILA, WHOSE JOB
INVOLVES A LOT OF
TRAVELLING, IS AWAY FROM
HOME A LOT.

ALL OF

MOST OF

MARY HAS THREE BROTHERS. ALL OF

THEM ARE MARRIED.

MARRY HAS THREE BROTHERS, ALL OF
WHOM ARE MARRIED.
THEY ASKED ME A LOT OF

QUESTIONS. I COULDNT ANSWER

MOST OF THEM.
THEY ASKED ME A LOT OF
QUESTIONS,MOST OF WHICH I
COULDNT ANSWER.

 THERE WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE AT THE

PARTY. I HAD MET ONLY A FEW OF

THESE PEOPLE BEFORE.

THERE WERE A LOT OF PEOPLE AT

THE PARTY, ONLY A FEW OF WHOM

I HAD MET BEFORE.

 WE WERE GIVEN A LOT OF

INFORMATION. MOST OF THE

INFORMATION WAS USELESS.

WE WERE GIVEN A LOT OF

INFORMATION, MOST OF WHICH

WAS USELESS.

 I HAVE SENT HER TWO LETTERS. SHE

HAS RECEIVED NEITHER OF THESE

LETTERS.

I HAVE SENT HER TWO LETTERS,

NEITHER OF WHICH SHE HAS

RECEIVED.

 JULIA HAS TWO SISTERS. BOTH OF HER

SISTERS ARE TEACHERS.

JULIA HAS TWO SISTERS, BOTH OF

WHOM ARE TEACHERS.

 THE LADY WHOSE HUSBAND IS THE DIRECTOR

OF THE CORPORATION PLEADED WITH HER

SON TO COME BACK HOME.
WHO SUBJECT ( PERSON)
WHOM OBJECT (PERSON)
WHOSE POSSESION
WHERE PLACE
WHICH THING
WHEN TIME

THE FOLKTALE WHICH ITS HISTORY GOES

BACK THOUSAND OF YEARS ORIGINATES FROM

AN ASIAN COUNTRY.
DO YOU HAPPEN TO KNOW THE GIRL WHOSE
NATIVE LANGUAGE IS NOT INDONESIAN?
THE PEOPLE WHOM I VISITED WERE VERY
SMART.
HER FATHER HAS A PAINTING WHICH ITS
VALUE IS MORE THAN USD 10,000

THE AREA WHERE THE GREAT WALL LIES IS

MAGNIFICENT.
IS THAT THE CITY WHERE YOU SPENT YOUR
VACATION LAST YEAR ?
I AM SURE EVERYBODY KNOWS THE
RESTAURANT WHERE THE PRESIDENT USED
TO HAVE DINNER THERE.
THE HOUSE WHERE HE LIVES WITH HIS
FAMILY HAS A SPANISH STYLE.

I KNOW THE PARKING LOT WHERE HE USUALLY

PARKS HIS CAR.

DO YOU KNOW THE TIME WHEN WE ARE SUPPOSED
TO MEET HIM.
AUGUST IS THE MONTH WHEN INDONESIAN
CELEBRATE THEIR INDEPENDENCE.
I REMEMBER THE DAY WHEN I WON THE
FOLKTALE-READING CONTEST
THE YEAR WHEN I WAS BORN WAS FULL OF PEACE
ID LIKE TO ASK THE TIME WHEN OURPLANE IS
LANDING.

PROMISE

KEEP YOUR PROMISE

NEVER DENY /FAIL YOUR

PROMISE
WHOEVER SPREAD THE
SEED ,HE WILL GET THE CROPS.