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Reading Instruction
Major Theories
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Constructivism
Transactionalism
These theories have neither been proven nor unproven.
They are simply alternative ways of explaining the process
of learning to read.
These theories have led teachers to a variety of beliefs about
instructional choices to help children develop successful
reading strategies.
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Meaning
Text
Behaviorist or
Bottom-up model
Of the reading process
Paragraphs
Sentences
Words
Letters
3
Meaning
Words
Sound/symbol relationships
Cognitivism: an Hybrid
Cognitivism is a combination of
Gestaltist thinking and
Behaviorism
Knowledge
Experiences
Emotions
Gestaltist or top-down
theory reflected in a
model of the reading
process.
Readers Intentions
Meaning
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Cognitive or Interactive
model of the reading process
Experiences
Knowledge
Emotions
Readers intentions
Meaning
Strengths of both Gestalt and
behaviorist theories were combined
while at the same time minimizing
weaknesses associated with either
theory.
Select
unit of print
Text
Paragraphs
Sentences
Words
Letters
Vocabulary
Decoding
Comprehension
Social and
situational
context and
stance
MEANING
Learner constructs
a mental version of
the text by using
theses cues.
Graphophonics
Letters and letter sounds
Views of Literacy
Traditional
(Reading Readiness)
Learning to read and write begins at
6.5 years of age.
Reading develops first, and then
writing.
Literacy develops through learning
isolated skills, such as phonics and
writing the alphabet.
Experiences of the child before
schooling are considered irrelevant.
Children all pass through a
predetermined scope and sequence
of readiness and reading skills and
their progress should be monitored
by periodic formal testing.
Constructivist
(Emergent Literacy)
Reading Aloud
Shared Reading and Writing
Pragmatics
- Social
and
situational
context and
stance
Semantics
comprehension
/ meaning
Transactional Literacy
MEANING
Event
Graphophonics
Letters and letter sounds
Transactionalism
Transactionalism is based on the notion that
all literacy events are a transaction between
the sender and the receiver in which both
are changed by the event.
The stance taken by each is key to the
transaction. (Efferent and Aesthetic)
(Rosenblatt)
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Stance
Efferent The readers expectation is that
the reading will be one that informs, gives
details, and is usually expository.
Aesthetic The readers expectsation is tht
the reading will deal with feelings,
emotions and is usually narrative.
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