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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PRE-LAB
1. Differentiate the following types of functional
groups
a. Principal groups play a key role in the
determination of structure and reactivity.
Subordinate groups come into play once the
confirmation for principal groups has been
reached.
2. Enumerate the different interactive forces
involved during a solution process
Hydrogen Bonding - is the electrostatic
attraction between polar molecules that
occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a
highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen
(N), oxygen (O) or fluorine (F) experiences
attraction to some other nearby highly
electronegative atom.
Dipole-Dipole - Dipole-Dipole interactions
result when two dipolar molecules interact
with each other through space. When this
occurs, the partially negative portion of one of
the polar molecules is attracted to the partially
positive portion of the second polar molecule.
This type of interaction between molecules
accounts for many physically and biologically
significant phenomena such as the elevated
boiling point of water.
London Dispersion Forces - (LDF, also known as
dispersion
forces,
London
forces,
instantaneous dipoleinduced dipole forces,
or loosely van der Waals forces) are a type of
force acting between atoms and molecules.
They are part of the van der Waals forces.
Vander Waals Forces - is the sum of the
attractive or repulsive forces between
molecules (or between parts of the same
molecule) other than those due to covalent
bonds, or the electrostatic interaction of ions
with one another, with neutral molecules, or
with charged molecules.[1] The resulting van
der Waals forces can be attractive or repulsive
A. Observation of Physical State at Room
Temperature, Color and Odor of Samples
Table 1. Intrinsic properties of samples
CLASSIFICATION
HYDROCARBONS
TESTS
FOR
1. Differentiate:
a. Acyclic and cyclic
Cyclic hydrocarbons are molecules that have
carbon atoms that are combined to form one or
more rings. Acyclic hydrocarbons are carbons
that are combined to form straight or branched
chains.
Cyclic Hydrocarbons are those whose molecules
have carbon atoms that are combined to form
one or more rings or various other structures.
Aliphatic (non-cyclic or Acyclic) Hydrocarbons
are those whose molecules have carbon atoms
that are combined to form straight or branched
chains. Aliphatic compounds burn readily and are
toxic.
b. Saturated,
unsaturated,
unsaturated
and
actively
A Saturated compound contain only one carboncarbon signle bond. all the four bonds of carbon
are fully utilised and no more hydrogen or other
atoms can attach to it. Thus, they can undergo
only substitution reactions. (aka ALKANES)
An Unsaturated Compound contain one double
covalent bond between carbon atoms or a triple
covalent bond between carbon atoms. the bonds
of carbon are not fully utilised by hydrogen atoms,
more of these can be attached to them. Thus,
they undergo addition reactions as they have two
or more hydrogen atoms less than the saturated
hydrocarbons.
c. Aliphatic and aromatic
Complete Combustion
CxHY + O2 CO2 + H2O
Incomplete Combustion
CxHY + O2 CO2 + H2O + C(soot) + CO
other
other
other
other