BSNL Training Report

ABOUT BSNL
On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India

became a corporation and was christened Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).
Today, BSNL is the largest Public Sector Undertaking of India and its responsibilities
include improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services, expansion of
telecom network introduction of new telecom services in all villages and instilling
confidence among its customers.
At present the BSNL is the World's Largest Seventh and India's First Telecommunication
Company.
Responsibilities that BSNL has managed to shoulder remarkably, definitely. BSNL is the
largest telecom operator in India and is known to everybody for Basic Telephony
Services for over 100 years. Presently the plain old, countrywide telephone service is
being provided through 32,000 electronic exchanges, 326 Digital Trunk Automatic
Exchanges(TAX), Digitalized Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) all
interlinked by over 2.4 lakhs km of Optical Fiber Cable, with a host of Phone Plus value
additions to our valued Customers. BSNL's telephony network expands throughout the
vast expanses of the country reaching to the remotest part of the country.
Driven by the very best of telecom technology from chosen global leaders, it connects
each inch of the nation to the infinite corners of the globe, to enable you to step into
tomorrow.
Along with its vast customer base, BSNL's financial and asset bases too are vast and
strong.
• The telephone infrastructure along is worth about Rs. 1,00,000 crore (US $ 21.2
billion)
• Turnover of Rs. 22,000 crore (US $ 4.6 billion)
• Now from latest news BSNL records a net profit of Rs. 6,312 crore on revenues of
Rs.24,300 crore for the financial year 2001-02.
BSNL is working round the clock to take India into the future by providing world
class telecom services for the people of India.
Available at www.mindstien.net
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
HISTORY
The use of visible optical carrier waves or light for communication has been common for
many years. Simple systems such as signal fires, reflecting mirrors and, more recently
signaling lamps have provided successful, if limited, information transfer. Moreover as
early as 1880 Alexander Graham Bell reported the transmission of speech using a light
beam. The photo phone proposed by Bell just for years after the invention of the
telephone modulated sunlight with a diaphragm giving speech transmission over a
distance of 200m.
However, although some investigation of the optical communication continued in the

early part of the 20th century its use was limited to mobile, low capacity communication
links. This was due to both the lack of suitable light sources and the problem that light
transmission in the atmosphere is restricted to line of sight and severely affected by
disturbances such as rain, snow, fog dust and atmospheric turbulence.
A renewed interest in optical communication was stimulated in the early 1960s with the
invention of the laser. This device provided a coherent light source, together with the
possibility of the modulation at high frequency.
The proposals for optical communication via optical fibers fabricated from glass to avoid
degradation of the optical signal by the atmosphere were made almost simultaneously in
1966 by Kao and Hock ham and Werts. Such systems were viewed as a replacement for
coaxial cable system, initially the optical fibers exhibited very high attenuation and were
therefore not comparable with the coaxial cable they were to replace. There were also
problems involved in jointing the fiber cables in a satisfactory manner to achieve low loss
and to enable the process to be performed relatively easily and repeatedly in the field.
In coaxial system the channel capacity is 300 to 10800 and the disadvantages of the
coaxial system are digging, electrical disturbance, in winter cable contracts and breaks
mutual induction. The coaxial cable loss is 0.3db per every km.
• In microwave system if we double the distance the loss will be increased by 6db.
• For the shorter distance the loss is higher.
• In ofc system Optical wire is small size, light weight, high strength and flexibility. Its
transmission benefits includes wide band width, low loss and low cost.
• They are suitable for both analog and digital transmission.
• It is not suffered by digging, electrical interference etc. problems.
THE GENERAL SYSTEM
An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept to any type of

communication system. A block diagram of a general communication system in fig.a.
The function of which is to convey the signal from the information source over the
transmission medium to the destination. In electrical communication, the information
source provides an electrical signal, usually derived from a message signal which is not
electrical, to a transmitter comprising electrical and electronic components which
converts the signal into a suitable form for propagation over the transmission medium.
The transmission medium can consists of a pair of wires, a coaxial cable or a radio link
through free space down which the signal is transmitted to the receiver where it is
transformed into original electrical information signal before being passed to the
destination.
Information transmitter Transmission Receiver Destination

Source (modulator) medium (de
modulator)
Communication system
Information electrical optical optical fiber
Source transmit source cable
optical electrical
Detector receive
Destination
Optical fiber communication system
For optical fiber communication system shown in fig b. information source provides an
electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical
source to give modulation of the light wave carrier. The optical source which provides
the electrical, optical conversion may be either a semiconductor laser or light emitting
diode (LED). The transmission medium consist of an optical fiber and the receiver
consist of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage hence provide
demodulation of optical carrier. Photodiodes and in some instances, photransistor and
photoconductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the optical-
electrical conversion.
The optical carrier may be modulated either an analog or digital information signal. In the
system shown in fig b. analog modulation involves the variation of the light emitted from
the optical source in a continuous manner. With digital modulation, however, discrete
changes in the light intensity are obtained (on/off pulses). Although often simpler to
implement, analog modulation with an optical fiber communication system is less
efficient, requiring a far higher s/n ratio at than digital modulation. Also, the linearity
needed for analog modulation is not always provided by semiconductor optical sources,
especially at high modulation frequencies. For this reasons, analog optical fiber
communication links are generally limited to shorter distances and lower bandwidths than
digital links.
GENERAL IDEA OF OFC
The idea of fiber optics is use to light, instead of current or voltage, as the energy which
carries the signal, with the light as a carrier that is turned on and off, with binary
amplitude modulation. The problem is to direct the light from the transmitter to the
receiver. The solution is to use a hair-thin fiber of glass as a light pipe. If a light source is
put at one end, any light that enters the fiber stay in that fiber end travels through the
fiber to the other end. The light does not pass out of the walls of fiber as it travels. This is
because of a property called total internal reflection. If a light wave is traveling through a
material with a high refractive index compared to an adjacent material, and it hits the
interface between them at certain low angles, the light does not cross the boundary but
completely reflects back (Fig.1).
At the receiving end of fiber, a light detector senses the light. Thus, the
communication medium is the fiber, and the energy used is light energy. The typical fiber
communication system can be shown as in (Fig. 2).
FEATURES
The fiber optics has become a preferred medium due to its some important features like:
• The bandwidth of the fiber and light beam is extremely wide. It is possible to handle
signals which turn on and off at gigabit per second rates (1 gigabit, gbit =1000
Mbitts).
• The fiber itself is very thin and not expensive. The thinness means that it is easy to
handle, and many fibers can be put in the trenches or narrow conduits.
• The light signal is absolutely immune to electrical noise from any sources. Even if
there are sources of electrical noise directly touching the cable, the electric fields of
the noise source cannot affect the light beam in the fiber.
• The signal in the cable is secure from unauthorized listeners. It is relatively hard to
tap into the cable without being noticed, and the entire light signal is confined within
the fiber. No light escapes to the outside where someone else could see it.
• Since there is no electricity or electrical energy in the fiber, it can be run in hazardous
atmospheres where the danger of explosion from spark may exist. Also, the fiber
itself is immune to many types of poisonous gases, chemicals, and water.
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF AN OPTICAL FIBER
1. Optical fibers may be produced with good stable transmission characteristics in long
lengths at a minimum cost and with maximum reproducibility.
2. A range of optical fiber types with regard to size, refractive indices and index
profiles, operating wavelengths, materials etc. be available in order to fulfill many
different system applications.
3. The fibers may be converted into practical cables which can be handled in a similar
manner to conventional electrical transmission cables without problems associated
with the degradation of their characteristics or damage.
4. The fibers and fiber cables may be terminated and connected together without
excessive [practical difficulties and in ways which limit the effect of this process on
the fiber transmission characteristics to keep them within acceptable operating levels.
It is important that these jointing techniques may be applied with ease in the field
location where cable connection takes place.
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES
When optical fibers are to be installed in a working environment their mechanical

properties are of prime importance. In this respect the unprotected optical fiber has
several disadvantages with regard to its strength and durability. Bare glass fibers are
brittle and have small cross sectional areas which make them very susceptible to damage
when employing normal transmission line handling procedures. It is therefore necessary
to cover the fibers to improve their tensile strength and to protect them against external
influences.
The functions of the optical cable may be summarized into four main areas.
These are as follows:-
1. Fiber protection. The major function of the optical cable is to protect against fiber
damage and breakage both during installation and throughout the life of the fiber.
2. Stability of the fiber transmission characteristics. The cabled fiber must have good
stable transmission characteristics which are comparable with the uncabled fiber.
Increases in optical attenuation due to cabling are quite usual and must be minimized
within the cable design.
3. Cable strength. Optical cables must have similar mechanical properties to electrical
transmission cables in order that they may be handled in the same manner. These
mechanical properties include tension, torsion, compression, bending, squeezing and
vibration. Hence the cable strength may be improved by incorporating a suitable
strength member and by giving the cable a properly designed thick outer sheath.
4. Identification and jointing of the fibers within the cable. This is especially important
for cables including a large number of optical fibers. If the fibers are arranged in a
suitable geometry it may be possible to use multiple jointing techniques rather than
jointing each fiber individually.
JOINT OF FIBER
Optical fiber links, in common with any line communication system, have a requirement
for both jointing and termination of the transmission medium. The number of
intermediate fiber connections or joints is dependent upon the link length, the continuous
length of the fiber cable that may be produced by the preparation methods and the length
of the fiber cable that may be practically installed as a continuous section on the link.
It is therefore apparent that fiber to fiber connection with low loss and minimum
distortion (i.e. modal noise) remains an important aspect of optical fiber communication
system.
Before optical fibers splicing and joining are done certain preparations are made with
fiber or fiber cables as case may be to achieve best results at the end surface. First of all
the protective plastic that covers the glass cladding is stripped from each fiber end, which
is then cleaved with a special tool, producing a smooth and flat end.
1. Fiber splices: these are semipermanent or permanent joints which find major use in
most optical fiber telecommunication system (analogous to electrical soldered joints).
2. Demountable fiber connectors or simple connectors: these are removable joints which
allow easy, fast, manual coupling and uncoupling of fibers (analogous to electrical
plugs and sockets).
The above fiber to fiber joints are designed ideally to couple all the light propagating in
one fiber into the adjoining fiber. By contrast fiber couplers are branching devices that
split all the light from main fiber into two or more fibers or, alternatively, couple a
proportion of the light propagating in the main fiber into main fiber.
FIBER SPLICES
A permanent joint formed between two individual optical fibers in the field or factory is
known as a fiber splice. Fiber splicing is frequently used to establish long haul optical
fiber links where smaller fiber lengths need to be joined, and there is no requirement for
repeated connection and disconnection. Splices may be divided into two broad categories
depending upon the splicing technique utilized. These are fusion splicing or welding and
mechanical splicing.
Fusion splicing is accomplished by applying localized heating(e.g. by a flame or an

electric are ) at the interface between two butted, prealigned fiber ends causing them to
soften and fuse. Mechanical splicing, in which the fibers are held in alignment by some
mechanical means, may be achieved by various methods including the use of tubes
around the fiber ends (groove splices).
A requirement with fibers intended for splicing is that they have smooth and square end
faces. In general this end preparation may be achieved using a suitable tool which cleaves
the fiber as illustrated.
FUSION SPLICES
The fusion splicing – of single fibers involves the heating of the two prepared fiber ends
to their fusing point with the application of sufficient axial pressure between the two
optical fibers. It is therefore essential that the stripped (of cabling and buffer coating)
fiber ends are adequately positioned and aligned in order to achieve good continuity of
the transmission medium at the junction point. Hence the fiber are usually positioned and
clamped with the aid of an inspection microscope.
Flame heating sources such as micro plasma torches (argon and hydrogen) and oxhydric
microburners (oxygen, hydrogen and alcohol vapour) have been utilized with some
success. However, the most widely used heating source is an electric arc. This technique
offers advantages of consistent, easily controlled heat with adaptability for use under
field conditions. A schematic diagram of the basic two fibers are welded together. Shows
a development of the basic are fusion process which involves the rounding of the fiber
ends with a low energy discharge before pressing the fibers together and fusing with a
stronger arc. This technique, known as perfusion, removes the requirement for fiber end
preparation which has a distinct advantage in the field environment.
A possible drawback with fusion splicing is that the heat necessary to fuse the fibers may
weaken the fiber in the vicinity of the splice. It has been found that even with careful
handling; the tensile strength of the fused fiber may be as low as 30 % of that of the
uncoated fiber before fusion.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRE FOR OFC JOINT
1) Optical fiber fusion splicer specification ( spicer machine )

• AC input – 100 to 240v, frequency – 50/60Hz
• DC input 12v/aA
2) Fiber cutter
• It converts irregular shaped fiber end into smooth & flat end.
3) Chemicals used in OFC joint

• HAXENE : To remove jelly from the fiber
• ACETONE : For cleaning the OFC
• ISO PROPENOT: For smoothness of optical glass.
4) Sleeve: - To enclose fiber joint.
5) Tool Kit
6) Joint kit.
• Joint encloser
• Buffer
• Adhesive tap.
7) Generator /12V Battery
8) Cotton clothes for fiber cleaning.
OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY (OTDR)
A measurement technique which is far more sophisticated and which finds wide
application in both the laboratory and the field is the of optical time domain reflectometry
(OTDR). This technique is often called the backscatter measurement method. It provides
measurement of the attenuation on an optical link down its entire length giving
information on the length dependence of the link loss.
OTDR also allows splice and connector losses to be evaluated as well as the rotation of
any faults on the link. It relies upon the measurement and analysis of the fraction of light
which is reflected back within the fiber’s numerical aperture due to Rayleigh scattering.
Coupler fiber
Pulsed
Laser
Photo detector
APD
Box car log chart

Integrator amplifier recorder
A block schematic of the backscatter measurement method. A light pulse is launched into
the fiber in the forward direction from an injection laser using either a directional coupler
or a system of external lenses with a beam splitter (usually only in the laboratory). The
backscattered light is detected using an avalanche photodiode receiver which drives an
integrator in order to improve the received signal to noise ratio by giving an arithmetic
average over a number of measurements taken at one point within the fiber.
This provides location – dependent attenuation values which give an overall picture of
the optical loss down the link.
ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
• Enormous Potential Bandwidth: - The optical carrier frequency in the range 1013 to
1016 Hz (generally in the near infrared around 1014 Hz or 105 GHz) yields a far grater
potential transmission bandwidth than metallic cable systems. (i.e. coaxial cable
bandwidth up to around 500 MHz) or even millimetre wave radio systems (i.e.
systems currently operating with modulation bandwidths of 700 MHz ). At present,
the bandwidth available to fiber systems is not fully utilized but modulation at several
gigahertz over a hundred kilometers and hundreds of megahertz over three hundred
kilometers without intervening electronics (repeaters) is possible. Therefore, the
information – carrying capacity of optical fiber systems has proved far superior to the
best copper cable systems. By comparison the losses in wideband coaxial cable
systems restrict the transmission distance to only a few kilometers at bandwidths over
one hundred megahertz.
Although the usable fiber bandwidth will be extended further towards the optical
carrier frequency, it is clear that this parameter is limited by the use of a signal optical
carrier signal. Hence a much enhanced bandwidth utilization for an optical fiber can
be achieved by transmitting several optical signals, each at different centre
wavelengths, in parallel on the same fiber. This wavelength division multiplexed
operation, particularly with dense packing of the optical wavelengths ( or, essentially,
fine frequency spacing ), offers the potential for a fiber information carrying capacity
which is many orders of magnitude in excess of that obtained using copper cables or a
wideband radio system.
• Small Size and Weight: - Optical fibers have very small diameters which are often
no grater than the diameter of a human hair. Hence, even when such fibers are
covered with protective coatings they are far smaller and much lighter than
corresponding copper cables. This is a tremendous boon towards the alleviation of
duct congestion in cities, as well as allowing for an expansion of signal transmission
within mobiles such as aircraft, satellites and even ships.
• Electrical Isolation: - Optical fibers which are fabricated from glass, or sometimes a
plastic polymer, are electrical insulators and therefore, unlike their metallic
counterparts, they do not exhibit earth loop and interface problems. Furthermore, this
property makes optical fiber transmission ideally suited for communication in
electrically hazardous environments as the fibers create no arching or spark hazard at
abrasions or short circuits.
• Immunity To Interference And Crosstalk :- Optical fibers form a dielectric

waveguide and are therefore free from electromagnetic interference (EMI),
radiofrequency interference (RFI), or switching transients giving electromagnetic
pulses (EMP). Hence the operation of an optical fiber communication system is
unaffected by transmission through an electrically noisy environment and the fiber
cable requires no shielding from EMI. The fiber cable is also not susceptible to
lightning strikes if used overhead rather than underground. Moreover, it is fairly easy
to ensure that there is no optical interference between fibers and hence, unlike
communication using electrical conductors, crosstalk is negligible, even when many
fibers are cabled together.
• Signal Security: - The light from optical fibers does not radiate significantly and
therefore they provide a high degree of signal security. Unlike the situation with
copper cables, a transmitted optical signal cannot be obtained from a fiber in a
noninvasive manner (i.e. without drawing optical power from the fiber). Therefore, in
theory, any attempt to acquire a message signal transmitted optically may be detected.
This feature is obviously attractive for military, banking and general data
transmission (i.e. computer network) application.
• Low Transmission Loss :- The development of optical fibers over the last twenty
years has resulted in the production of optical fiber cables which exhibit very low
attenuation or transmission loss in comparison with the best copper conductors.
Fibers have been fabricated with losses as low as 0.2 dB km-1 (see Section 3.3.2) and
this feature has become a major advantage of optical fiber communications. It
facilitates the implementation of communication links with extremely wide repeater
spacing ( long transmission distances without intermediate electronics), thus reducing
both system cost and complexity. Together with the already proven modulation
bandwidth capability of fiber cable this property provides a totally compelling case
for the adoption of optical fiber communication in the majority of long-haul
telecommunication applications.
• Ruggedness and Flexibility :- Although protective coatings are essential, optical

fibers may be manufactured with very high tensile strengths. Perhaps surprisingly for
a glassy substance, the fibers may also be bent to quite small radii or twisted without
damage. Furthermore cable structures have been developed which have proved
flexible, compact and extremely rugged. Taking the size and weight advantage into
account, these optical fiber cables are generally superior in terms of storage,
transportation, handling and installation to corresponding copper cables, whilst
exhibiting at least comparable strength and durability.
• System Reliability And Ease Of Maintenance :- These features primarily stem

from the low loss property of optical fiber cables which reduces the requirement for
intermediate repeaters or line amplifiers to boost the transmitted signal strength.
Hence with fewer repeaters, system furthermore, the reliability of the optical
components is no longer a problem with predicted lifetimes of 20 to 30 years now
quite common. Both these factors also tend to reduce maintenance time and costs.
• Potential Low Cost :- The glass which generally provides the optical fiber
transmission medium is made from sand – not a scarce resource. So, in comparison
with copper conductors, optical fibers offer the potential for low cost line
communication. Although over recent years this potential has largely been realized in
the costs of the optical fiber transmission medium which for bulk purchases is now
becoming competitive with copper wires (i.e. twisted pairs), it has not yet been
achieved in all the other component areas associated with optical fiber
communication. For example, the costs of high performance semiconductor lasers and
detector photodiodes are still relatively high, as well as some of those concerned with
the connection technology ( demountable connectors, couplers, etc. ).
DRAWBACKS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
The use of fibers for optical communication does have some drawbacks in practice.
Hence to provide a balance picture these disadvantages must be considered. They are
• The fragility of the bare fibers;

• The small size of fibers and cables which creates some difficulties with splicing and
forming connectors;
• Some problems involved with forming low loss T- couplers;
• Some doubts in relations to the long term reliability of optical fibers in the presence
of moisture;
• An independent electrical power feed is required for any electronic repeaters;
• New equipment and field practice are required;
• Testing procedures tend to be more complex.
APPLICATION OF THE OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
TRUNK NETWORK
The trunk or toll network is used for carrying telephone traffic between major
conurbations. Hence there is generally a requirement for the use of transmission systems
which have a high capacity in order to minimize costs per circuit. The transmission
distance for trunk systems can very enormously from under 20 km to over 300 km, and
occasionally to as much as 1000 km. Therefore transmission systems which exhibit low
attenuation and hence give a maximum distance of unrepeatered operation are the most
economically viable. In this context optical fiber systems with their increased bandwidth
and repeater spacing offer a distinct advantage.
JUNCTION NETWORK
The junction or interoffice network usually consists of routes within major conurbations
over distances of typically 5 to 20 km. However, the distribution of distances between
switching centers (telephone exchanges ) or offices in the junction network of large urban
areas varies considerably for various countries.
MILITARY APPLICATION
In these applications, although economics are important, there are usually other, possibly
overriding, considerations such as size, weight, deployability, survivability (in both
conventional and nuclear attack and security. The special attributes of optical fiber
communication system therefore often lend themselves to military use.
• MOBILES
One of the most promising areas of milita5ry application for optical fiber communication
is within military mobiles such as aircraft, ships and tanks. The small size and weight of
optical fibers provide and attractive solution to space problems in these mobiles which
are increasingly equipped with sophisticated electronics. Also the wideband nature of
optical fiber transmission will allow the multiplexing of a number of signals on to a
common bus. Furthermore, the immunity of optical transmission to electromagnetic
interference (EMI) in the often noisy environment of military mobiles is a tremendous
advantage. This also applies to the immunity of optical fiber to lighting and
electromagnetic pulses (EMP) especially within avionics. The electrical isolation, and
therefore safety, aspect of optical fiber communication also proves invaluable in these
applications, allowing routing through both fuel tanks and magazines.
• COMMUNICATION LINKS
The other major area for the application of optical fiber communication in the military
sphere includes both short and long distance communication links. Short distance optical
fiber systems may be utilized to connect closely spaced items of electronics equipment in
such areas as operations rooms and computer installations. A large number of this system
have already been installed in military installations in the united kingdom. These operate
over distances from several centimeters to a few hundred meters at transmission rates
between 50 bauds and 4.8 kbits-1. In addition a small number of 7 MHz video links
operating over distances of up to 10 m are in operation. There is also a requirement for
long distance communication between military installations which could benefit from the
use of optical fibers. In both these advantages may be gained in terms of bandwidth,
security and immunity to electrical interference and earth loop problems over
conventional copper systems.
CIVIL APPLICATION
The introduction of optical fiber communication systems into the public network has
stimulated investigation and application of these transmission techniques by public utility
organizations which provide their own communication facilities over moderately long
distances. For example these transmission techniques may be utilized on the railways and
along pipe and electrical power lines. In these applications, although high capacity
transmission is not usually required, optical fibers may provide a relatively low cost
solution, also giving enhanced protection in harsh environment, especially in relation to
EMI and EMP. Experimental optical fiber communication systems have been
investigated within a number of organizations in Europe, North America and Japan. For
instance, British Rail has successfully demonstrated a 2 Mbits-1 system suspended
between the electrical power line gantries over a 6 km route in Cheshire. Also, the major
electric power companies have shown a great deal of interest with regard to the
incorporation of optical fibers within the metallic earth of overhead electric power lines.
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION
The main function of an exchange is to process call from a calling subscriber and make
the connection to the called subscriber. This connection can be direct or via another
exchange. This requires all parts of the exchange to work as a unit to ensure the call is
properly handled.
CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE
The main function of the exchange is to process subscriber calls. The exchange does this
by connecting an incoming line or trunk to another line or trunk.
However call processing involves much more than simply connecting subscribers. In
order to process the calls the exchange must perform four basic switching function.
• Supervision:
• Detects and reports service requests, acknowledgements and requests to terminate
service.
• Signaling:
• Transmits information about lines and trunks and information about other aspects of
call handling to control switching equipment.
• Routing:
• Converts address information to the location of the corresponding call line or to the
location of a trunk on the way to that line.
• Alerting.
• Notifies a subscriber of incoming calls.
BASIC CALL TYPES
Subscriber calls are grouped in to categories that distinguish one call from another. These
categories are referred to as call types. The basic call types are
• Intra exchange calls: - these are calls between two subscribers served by the same
exchange. These calls are normally line to line calls.
• Inter exchange calls: - these are calls that involve two or more exchanges. Within a
given exchange there are different types of inter exchange calls.
An outgoing call is a call that goes out of the exchange via a trunk. If the call originated
in the same exchange, it is called an originating outgoing call.
An incoming call is a call that comes into the exchange via a trunk.
A tandem call is a call that comes into the exchange on one trunk and leaves the
exchange on another trunk. Thus a tandem call is both incoming and out going.
CALL PROCESSING STAGES
An intra exchange call which is the simplest of the call types mentioned above,
progresses through four basic stages :
DIGIT
RECEPTION
SEIZURE ADDRESS
SIGNAL RECEIVED
IDLE RINGING
DISCONNECT ANSWER
SIGNAL SIGNAL
TALKING
FIG: BASIC CALL SAGES INTRA EXCHANGE CALL
• Idle
• Digit reception and analysis
• Ringing talking
• Inter exchange calls are more complex, and their call processing stages are somewhat
different.
DIGIT
RECEPTION
Establish Dialing Establish Ringing

Connection Connection
IDLE RINGING
TAKE DOWN ESTABLISH TALKING

CONNECTION CONNECTION
TALKING
SERVICE CATEGORY
• Residence and business subscriber services: - Example of this category are individual,
2-party and multiparty lines, abbreviated dialing, call waiting, 3-way calling all
diversion, call barring and multi line hunting.
• Extended business services: - Examples of these services are PBX, indirect inward
dialing and toll diversion.
• Public safety services: - Examples of this category are basic emergency service, out
going call trace, and in-progress call trace and in progress call trace.
• Miscellaneous local system services: - it like loop-range services, integrated and
universal pair gain interface and line signaling.
• Inter exchange services: - Various inter exchange signaling types.
• Call processing services: - Generalized screening, digit interpretation timing, routing
and remote switching modules.
• Toll services: - Toll exchange trunks, auxiliary service trunks, and operator trunks. Of
termination: trunk and line. The trunk termination involves selecting an idle member
in the trunk group and out pulsing the received digits. For a trunk, the particular
selected trunk group, the no. of members in the trunk group and the digits to be out
pulsed and the way the trunk group is selected, are of utmost importance.
• The line termination involves checking to find whether the line is busy and applying
rin2ging to the line.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS BLOCKS
• DP (Distribution Panel)
Distribution point box commonly know as D.P. box is a terminal arrangement where
under ground cable pairs are connected to overhead wires or drop wires for providing
connections at subscribers premises.
It is a cast iron box with a facility for termination of distribution cable on pins fitted on an
insulating plate. The distribution cable pairs can be connected to these pins by soldering
at the rear. The overhead wires are connected by means of screwing nuts provided on the
front side of insulating plate.
Types of D.Ps.
There are two types of D.Ps. suitable for external/internal use. These are called internal
D.P. and external D.Ps. and are generally available in 10 or 20 pair sizes.
Location of D.Ps.
External D.Ps. are fitted on posts by means of suitable size of U backs. Internal D.Ps. are
fitted in side buildings on the wall at suitable location. In case of multi storied buildings
where the telephone demand is very high, the distribution cables or some times even the
primary cabled are terminated on distribution frames at suitable location, from where the
distribution cables of 20 pairs or 10 pairs sizes are taken to different floors or block and
terminated on 10 or 20 pair subs D.Ps. Individual wire are further provided from the subs
D.Ps. to the location of the telephone.
• Pillar
Pillar is fabricated from steel or cast from casings enclosing a frame-work on which cable
terminal boxes are mounted. The term "pillar" is used with reference to a flexibility point
where MDF's cables and DP's cables are interconnected.
• MDF (Main Distribution frame)
The Subscriber's lines enter an exchange through a number of large capacity U/G cables,
each of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The numbers given to the
subscriber's lines do not bear any relationship to the geographical location of the
subscriber. Hence, the exchange numbers included in any one cable are entirely
haphazard. Moreover, as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are
connected, the exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing. On
the other hand, all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is, therefore,
necessary that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two.
This conversion from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order
within the exchange is carried out on a main distribution frame. MDF is separately
explained in another section.
• Exchange
Card is a basic functional unit of the exchange. Various cards are utilized for various
purposes e.g. Subscriber cards are utilized for termination of subscriber's cables coming
from MDF.
• PCM
Various subscriber's cables coming out from the subscriber's cards (After processing) are
terminated into the DDF (Digital Distribution Frame) located inside PCM in between
these two PCM tag block is there, which provide connectivity between these two.
Various DDF's cables combine together and terminated into the OFC module (which is
combination of electrical to light converter (Multiplexer and Demultiplexer). PCM is
separately explained in another section.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME
INTRODUCTION
To obtain flexibility in interconnecting, external line plants and the exchange equipment
and between different circuits in the exchange itself, certain arrangements is made by the
use of iron frames. These iron frames are called main distribution frames, intermediate
distributions frames or combined main and intermediate distribution frames, depending
upon their functions.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (M.D.F.)

The subscriber’s line enter an exchange through a number of large capacity cables, each
of which serves a different part of the exchange area. The numbers given to the
subscriber’s lines do not bear any relationship to the geographical location of the
subscriber. Hence the exchange numbers include in any one cable are entirely haphazard.
Moreover, as subscribers cease to have telephones and new subscribers are connected, the
exchange numbering of the external cable pairs is constantly changing. On the other
hand, all lines within the exchange are in strict numerical order. It is, therefore, necessary
that some means must be provided for temporary connection between the two. This
conversion from the geographical order of the external pairs to the numerical order within
the exchange is carried out on a main distribution frame.
FACILITIES PROVIDED BY M.D.F.

The M.D.F. provides for the following requirements:
• A means for permanently terminating the external cables.

• For mounting the protective devices connected to the incoming circuits.
• Providing the connection between the exchange side and the line side by the jumpers.
• An interception point for use in connection with fault locating tests.
EXCHANGE
LEN CABINET PILLAR DP BOX
MDF
VERTICAL
SUBSCRIBER
CONSTRUCTION OF M.D.F.
Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts.
(1) Vertical Side or Line side

(2) LEN side or Exchange side
VERTICAL SIDE
VERTICAL VERTICAL
NO. 1
TAG
BLOCK
1 2 23 24
t All the part from vertical side to the subscriber are generally called outdoor section.
t 1 vertical has 10 tag block.
t Each tag block has 10 rows and each row has 10 tags. So each tag block has 100 tags.
t Connection between vertical side & subscribers are provided by jelly filled cables.
t This wires are first terminated in cabinet box, then according to requirements the
group of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) are terminated in pillar box & from
here connections are given to the subscribers via DP box.
LEN SIDE
0 COPY 1 COPY 0 COPY 1COPY
10TH TAG BLOCK
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
1STTAG BLOCK
1 2 14 15
• All the parts from LEN to the exchange is called indoor section.
• The connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.
• In 1 tag block there are 128 tags. Each tag block is divided in 4 segments. That is 0, 1,
2 & 3 and in each segments. There are sixteen tags.
• On the vertical side there is 100 tag in one vertical tag block where as on the LEN
side there is 128 tags on each LEN block. The reason for this difference is that there
is always a reserve of spare capacity in the external cables to cover fluctuations in the
distribution of the subscribers lines as between the different localities served by the
cables.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULTS
The faults are given below which are established in communication of subscriber with
exchange.
LOOP FAULT:-If two wires are joined together because of improper connection,
storming air etc. then this type of fault occur.
EARTH FAULT:-If two wires get scrape at some places and if this wire comes in
contact with tree, pillar or any metal objects then this type of fault occurs.
CABLE FAULT:-For outdoor connections, jelly filled wires are used which are affected
by natural causes such as rain, earthquake etc. At such time this fault occurs.
DISCONNECT FAULT:-This type of fault occurs due to the breaking of wires between
the vertical side & LEN side.
LOCATION OF FAULTS
This can be determined by putting pack up.
If pack up is put in one of the tag of LEN side and if dial tone is received only upto the
LEN side then fault is in the outdoor side and if tone is received from the subscriber only
upto the vertical side then fault is in the indoor side.
This faults are also identify by either subscriber line tester or by using the computerized
programme.
PROTECTIVE DEVICE USED ON M.D.F.
• Fuses
These are the devices used to protect apparatus and wiring from excessive currents.
A fuse is a small length of thin wire which melts if there is an excess of current and
disconnect the equipment before possible damage.
The rated current of fuse is the maximum current which it can carry without melting or
fusing.
The types of fuses used for connecting line to equipment are:
(1) Glass type
(2) Gate type
GAS DISCHARGE TUBE (GD TUBE)
In case of heavy lighting discharges or induction of high voltages, gas discharge

protectors are used as protective device to protect the communication lines and
equipments from damages due to high voltages. The gas discharge protector essentially
consists of two of three tungsten electrodes sealed in a special glass envelope or ceramic
envelop[e containing a mixure of inert gases , mainly neon. In case of three pin G.D.
tube, Two of the electrodes are for connections to the lines and third is the earth electrode
and in case of two pin device, one electrode is connected to a limb of a line and other
electrode is connected to earth. If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a
certain critical value, the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will
continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinction voltage
value.
For voltages less than striking value, it will not conduct. For normal operating voltages
on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus does not introduce any
transmission loss.
APPLICATIONS
• MDF mainly provide connection between outdoor and indoor.

• MDF is basically the protection system for exchange.
• It uses Fuse as a protection device which prevents to reach the high current from
outside to exchange.
• It uses Gas Discharge Tube (GD Tube) which provide protection against high
excessive voltage.
C-DOT EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION
Center development of telematics was formed in year 1985 by an act of parliament under
ministry of telecommunication with prime objective to develop indigenous state of art
electronics switch suitable for indian network condition. Various products proposed to
be developed by C-DOT include small RAX exchange of 128 ports for rural network to
big C-DOT MAX-XL exchange for metropolitan applications.
C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal switch and can be used as local, transmit or integrated
local and transmit switch. It can have minimum capacity of 512 ports. And can grow upto
16000 ports without concentration. It has digital switching based on basic 64kpbs basic
rate and 2mbps primary rate multiplexing structure.
The development of C-DOT DSS MAX has taken place in family concept. It is fully
integrated switch starting from smaller switches, bigger switches and can be built in a
modular fashion by configuring hardware and software modules in variety of ways.
The C-DOT DSS system can be used in telecommunication network at the various
switching nodes for different type of services. Some of them are
C-DOT DSS as MAX
This can be used as main automatic exchange which is expandable to large capacity of
order of 2000 lines or beyond. The MAX may be here remote module(RM) and remote
line concentrators(RLC) connected to it.
C-DOT DSS as RAX
This can be used as rural automatic exchange and is expandable upto 2000 lines capacity.
Single base module configuration comes under the RAX category. Thus it is universal
switch which can be configured as local, transit and integrated local and transit switch. It
provides both local and centralized operation and maintenance.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
It can serve metropolitan, urban, rural environments. Its architecture is such that it is
possible to upgrade a working C-DOT SBM( single base module) or MBM ( multi base
module) exchange to provide ISDN service through RSU ( remote switching unit). RSU
can provide switching facility locally even in case of failure of communication path to
parent exchange. In uses TST(time space switching).
C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured from the following basic modules:
1. Base Module (BM)

2. Central Module (CM)
3. Administrative Module (AM)
4. Input Output Processor (IOP)
5. Alarm Display Panel (ADP)
• BASE MODULE (BM)
Depending upon the capacity of the exchange either single BM or more BMs are used. In
case of 512 ports, only one BM is used. However under low traffic condition, the
capacity of the ports can be increased up to 2048 ports by using two line modules and
adopting concentration mode. In multi module working of BMs will range from 2 to 32.
Frames of BM
One BM consists of 6frames inside it. The top four frames are called terminal units (TU).
TU houses various types of cards in them e.g. Power Supply Card (PSU), Subscriber Line
Card (SLC), Trunk Cards (TWT), Announcement Card (ANNC), Conference Card
(CONF), Terminal Test Controller Card (TTC).The fifth frame of BM is called Base
Processor Unit (BPU) which is the heart of the system. It consists controller and memory
cards. The sixth frame of the BM is called Time Switch Unit (TSU).
Power Supply
To energize various cards in the BM, different DC Voltages are required. They are –48V,
+5V, +12V, -12V and –9V.for this purpose two types of power supply cards are
employed:
a) PSU-1: It caters various supplies to the four terminal units of the BM.In each TU, two
PSU-1cards are there which work in load sharing mode i.e. in case of PSU-1card goes
faulty, the other is capable of taking the full load of the terminal unit.
b) PSU-2: Two cards are used each in BPU and TSU.
PSU-1differs from PSU-2 in one respect i.e. PSU-1besides supplying various D.C.
supplies, generates 75V AC ringing current.
• CENTRAL MODULE (CM)
When in the system the number of BMs exceeds one ,the CM is used. The purpose of CM
is to provide setting up of calls between a subscriber of one BM and a subscriber of the
other BM. For this purpose one CM is sufficient up to 32 BMs.
• ADMINISTRATIVE MOFULE (AM)
Like CM, AM also used when the number of BMs in the system exceeds one. The AM is
housed along with CM in one cabinet called CM.AM performs administrative and
maintenance function.
INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSOR (IOP)
The IOP performs following function:

1) Serves as a media for man machine communication.
2) Keeps the data concerning system.
3) Does system initialization.
IOP is connected to the following peripheral units for the purpose noted against each,
⇒ Visual Display Unit: This is used for giving command to establish

communication with the system. VDU gives the display of the reports as a result
of the command execution.
⇒ Printer: For the printed reports.
• ALARM DISPLAY UNIT (ADP)
This is basically used for displaying the alarms raised in the system. The alarm gives both
audio and visual indication. However, the audio alarm can be stopped by pressing
acknowledge button on the ADP. The alarms raised are of three types,
⇒ Critical: indicated by red LED.
⇒ Urgent: indicated by orange LED.
⇒ Non-urgent: indicated by green LED.
SYSTEM FEATURES
• The C-DOT is a fully digital system with stored program control.

• In non-concentration mode of working, the switch is non-blocking i.e. calling party
gets the called party if it is free.
• System environment
• a) Temperature = 17C to 27C
• Relative Humidity = 45% to 65%
• The application of C-DOT can be either new exchange or a replacement of the
existing exchange.
• The C-DOT can be used as a local or transmit exchange.
• The system has a modular growth i.e. for expanding the capacity of the exchange
additional modules are to be installed.
• The system provides for detailed billing in case of STD and ISD calls. However
billing for local calls can also be arranged.
• The C-DOT employs distributed control system.
SUBSCRIBER FEATURES
• The subscriber can make local, national and international calls.

• The system provides for automatic selection of a free line from a group of lines
serving a subscriber i.e. PBX hunting.
• The system enables the subscriber to make a call to a fixed destination just by lifting
his hand set.
• When a subscriber is busy, there is a possibility of losing incoming calls. With the
queue service system such call are not lost and on the contrary these calls are placed
in the queue with appropriate announcement to the caller.
• The subscriber can lock his outgoing calls.
• The subscriber can divert his calls.
• The trunk offer service enables the operator to interrupt a call in progress so that
another incoming call could be offered to the concerned subscriber if he agrees to
accept the call.
• The Coin Collection Box (CCB) allows installation of a special telephone permitting
outgoing calls after insertion of adequate coins.
BASIC SERVICES
• SUBSCRIBER DIALED CALLS
A subscriber can make local, national and international calls. These calls can be made
using push button telephone sets employing dual-tone multi-frequency ( DTMF ) signals
or dial pulses.
PBX facilities :
⇒ Facilities available on PBX lines include

⇒ Direct inward dialing (DID) :
⇒ Calls can be dialed from a telephone line connected to the public network directly
to extensions of a PBX using the CDOT exchange
Line hunting
The CDOT exchage provides for automatic selection of a free line from a group of line
serving a subscriber on receipt of a call to that subscriders general directory number.
• RAPID CALL SET-SERVICES
Hot line
The system provides the possibility for a subscriber to make a call to a fixed destination
by just lifting his handset.
CALL BOOKING SERVICES
Alarm call
The possibility for a subscriber to cause an alarm call or calls to be made to his line at a
time or times specified in advance by him and to hear APPROPRIATRE announvement
when the call answered.
The alarm call service may be offered on a manual, semi-automatic or automatic basis.
CALL RESTRICTION SERVICE

A subscriber can have his incoming/outgoing calls barred. These includes denying all
calls to a line, While allowing it to originate call denying various category of originations
from a line while allowing incoming calls to terminate normally on it.
CALL COMPLETION SERVICES
• AUTOMATIC CALL BACK
It provides the the subscriber to be rung and get connected to the wanted subscriber if an
earlier attempt was not successful on account of called subscriber being busy. Automatic
call back is possible for
⇒ An intra exchange call and
⇒ An inter exchange call
• DIVERSION ON BUSY
It provides the po0ssibility for a subscriber, who cannot receive a call because he is busy,
to have the call diverted to another subscribers’ number.
• CALL WAITING
A subscriber engaged on an existing call is given an indication that a caller is that a

caller is attempting to obtain connection to his number. When the warning tone is fed to
the engaged subscriber, he must respond either by flashing the hook switch or by
terminating the call within t seconds. Otherwise the calling party is fed busy tone.
• PRIORITY LINES
It provides the possibility of having some line in the exchange which get preference in
being served in case abnormal condition like, overload or route congestion developed in
the exchange.
• TRUNK OFFER
It makes it possible for the operator to interrupt a call in progress, in order to allow
another incoming call to be offered.
• CALL CHARGE SERVICES
These facilities can be grouped into two charging information services
⇒ Charging debiting services

⇒ Charging information services
⇒ Subscriber’s home meter or check meter
⇒ Printed record on duration
⇒ Coin collection boxes non metered lines
DIGITAL SWICHING
In Digital switching system signals are switched in digital form. These signals can be
speech or data. For this Time Division multiplexing and pulse code modulation (PCM)
techniques are used.
Time Division multiplexer involves sharing of same transmission medium by a number
of circuits or channels during a sequence of time periods. Thus the medium is
periodically available to each channel.
Gate Trans Receive

CH. 1 1111
1 ( ) ( )
Medium Gate
CH. 2 2 ( ) ( )
CH. 3 3 ( ) ( )
CH. 4 4 ( ) ( )
Fig.1
The principle of T.D.M is illustrated in fig.1. The channels are connected to individual
gates which are opened one by one in fixed sequence. At the receiving end also. Similar
gates are opened in unison with the transmitting g end. Before transmitting these
samples of individual channel signals are coded in binary form and pulses corresponding
to the digits are transmitted. This is called pulse code modulation. These pulses are
decoded at receiving end and combines to reproduce the original signal.
In Digital switching the digital signals of several speech signals are multiplexed on
common media. Therefore same path is shared by different calls for fraction of time. This
process is repeated periodically at a suitably high rate. This type of path is called PCM
highway.
To connect any two subscriber, it is necessary to interconnect the time slots of the two
speech samples which may be same or different PCM highway. For e.g. PCM samples
appearing in TS3 of incoming PCM Highway 1 are transferred to TS6 0f outgoing PCM
Highway 2 via a digital switch as shown in fig.2
PCM HIGHWAYS PCM HIGHWAYS
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
The in connection of time slots i.e. switching of digital signal is normally achieved using
a combination of two different modes of operation. These modes are
(1) Space switching

(2) Time switching
In space switching mode, corresponding time slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways are
interconnected. A sample in given time slot in an incoming highway is connected
(switched) to same time slot of an outgoing highway. For e.g. in fig.2 the time slot 5 of
incoming highway 2 is switched to time slot 5 of outgoing highway say highway 3. In
this case there is no delay in switching of the sample from one highway to another
highway. Since the sample transfer takes place in the same time slot of the PCM frame.
In Time switching different time slots on the incoming and outgoing highways are
interconnected by re-assigning the channel sequence. For e.g in fig,2 the time slot TS5 of
incoming Highway2 can be connected to a different time slot TS6 of the O/G Highway2.
In other words, a time switch is basically a time slot changer.
TWO DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING
Using one type of switch for large network is uneconomical. Hence to build a large
network a number of stages are employed using small switches as building blocks. Such a
network requires changing both the time slot and highway. Therefore the switching
network usually employs both types of switches. Viz.space and time switch. This type of
network is known as two dimensional networks. These networks can have various
combinations of the two types of switches and denoted as TS. TST. TSST etc.
TST Network
As the name suggests .in a TST network there are two time stages separated by a space
stage. The function of time slot changing where as the latter performs highway jumping.
Let us consider a network having 4 input and 4 output highways. Each of the input and
output time stages will have n time switches and the space stage will consist of an nxn
crospoint matrix. Thus it is possible to connect any time slot in incoming PCM to any
time slot in outgoing PCM.
For example let us take only four I/C and outgoing PCM highways as shown below.
There will be four time switches in each T-stages and space switch will consist of 4x4
matrix. let us consider connecting two subscribers through this network. Let us assume
central processor assigns TS4 on Hwy0 to the calling party and TS6 on Hwy3 to the
called party. The central controller establishes the paths in 3 steps. To introduce greater
flexibility it uses an intermediate time slot. TSX which is also known as internal time-
slot. The three switching steps for transfer of speech sample of the calling party to the
called party are as under:-
Step1 Input Time Stage(IT) TS4 Hwy0 to TSx Hwy0
Step2 Space Stage(S) TSx Hwy0 to TSx Hwy3
Step3 Output Time Stage(OT) TSx Hwy3 to TS6 Hwy3
TIME SPACE TIME

SWITCH SWITCH SWITCH
TSX TSY
HIGHWAYS
HWY 0
TS4
HWY 1
HWY 2
TS6 TSY TSX TS6

HWY 3
As the message can be conveyed only in one direction through this path another
independent path to carry the message in other direction is also established as shown in
fig.3. The internal time slot for other direction is Tsy.
CONCLUSION
Digital switching has become a synonym for time division multiplex digital switching
system. Digital signals are switched in two modes. Viz. time switching and space
switching. In a practical digital switch a combination of both is employed to increase the
traffic handling capacity of the switch at minimum cost. Among the various possible
combinations TST structure is most commonly used.
SERVICES
INTELLIGENT NETWORK (IN) SERVICES
What is "IN" Services?

Bhavnagar Telecom network includes "Intelligent Network" or "IN" SERVICES
for its valued subscribers.
This services is so intelligent in giving instant solutions to the needs of the
customers, that it is called "INTELLIGENT NETWORK"
(a) Free Phone Service (FPH)
(b) India Telecom Card (ITC)
(c) Account Card Calling (ACC)
(d) Premium Rate Service (PRM)
(e) Virtual Private Number (VPN)
• Free Phone Service (FPH)

As the name suggests, the caller can make toll free calls by dialing and advertised Free
phone Number. The called number pays full cost of the call. Variously known as "Green
Number Services" and "Toll Free Service", it is probably the most popular IN service. It
is widely used by business enterprises around the world for providing free product
information and help lines. This service becomes all the more powerful when features
such as Origin Dependent Routing and Time Dependent Routing are utilized. This means
that the calls can be routed to different numbers depending upon the caller's location,
calling time.
Free phone service is provided to the IN subscriber on existing telephone connection.
• India Telephone Card (ITC)

The service allows the subscriber to place calls from any DTMF telephone (presently) to
any destination number. Local / STD / ISD calls be made from a STD barred telephone
also. The cost of these calls is charged to the account specified by ITC number. The
telephone number from which the call originated is not charge. The user invokes the
service by dialling Account Number after authentication, the allows to dial any
destination local or national or international.
• Account Card Calling (ACC)

The customer, who may be a normal telephone subscriber, is given an account number to
which all the calls made are credited to a pre determined "credit limit". Call can be made
from any telephone after passing the authentication check. The caller is warned of the
impending expiry of the credit limit. As opposed to the India Telephone Card Calling
Service, which is a debit :Card: service, this is a "Credit" service.
• Premium Rate Service (PRM)

Value added professional information or advice can be accessed by any telephone
subscriber but the calls are charged according to a pre determined premium rate. This
service can be used by stock analysts, doctors, astrologers, NGO's help lines and certain
government agencies in Jamnagar Telecom District. This number can be accessed from
any point in the network. For the same PRM service, the subscriber can opt for multiple
destination numbers.
• Virtual Private Network (VPN)

This service allows the subscriber to have his own private network by utilizing the pubic
network resources. It is like having PABX with Closed Groups (CUG) and class of
service restrictions. A VPN subscriber can define his own dialling and routing plan
between all his destination locations and configure them as if they were on a PABX,
using the PSTN resources. The VPN locations (PSTN Numbers) can be a part of a CUG
or outside it. The CUG members call each other by short codes which are defined in the
VPN's Private Numbering Plan.
VPN user can originate calls to other members of their own group (On net to On net) and
calls to external public numbers (On net to Off net). They can also make calls into the
VPN from external public numbers (Off net to On net) and also use VPN resources from
any external public number in the network to call any other external public number (Off
net to Off net). Authorization when be required for all the above cases except on net to on
net calls. The service allows online modification of authorization code by the user.
PHONE PLUS FACILITIES
Phone Plus Facilities are the value added conveniences that electronic exchange offer
over and above plain vanilla telephone service. No more unaccounted calls at your
expense.
Prevent misuse and excess billing by locking the STD / ISD / Local facility in yo8ur
phone through a number code of choice. Steps for registering the code, opening and
closing the STD / ISD local are given below.
Use Dynamic Lock to Avoid Misuse of Your Telephone

e.g. : For an E-10B Exchange at Ahmedabad ;
Purpose Dial as under (ABCD as password)
To Register the Password 120 ABCD ABCD
To Open NSD, RSD And ISD Calls 121 ABCD O
To bar ISD, NSD, RSD calls 121 ABCD 1
To bar ISD, NSD, RSD 95 Lev. and 121 ABCD 2
Manual trunk Services calls
To bar ISD Calls 121 ABCD 3
To bar outgoing Calls including Local 131 ABCD 4
except emergency service (10x) calla
To bar ISD and NSD calls 121 ABCD 5
To change the Password 120 ABCD WXYZ (WXYZ is new
password)
HOT LINE
This facility provides instant calling, especially for the aged, young, or infirm. Call a
preset number without dialling. Just lifting the handset and waiting for 5 seconds gets you
automatically connected to the number. Within those 5 seconds, you can dial any number
of choice. Hot Line calls are charged at local call rates only. You can choose to have
either a one way or both ways Hot Line between any to numbers.
Short cut to important Numbers

Now, upto 16 digit numbers can be dialled using just 2 digits. Assign 2 digit short codes
for frequently called numbers, and then get connected by dialing just these. Upto 20
numbers can be called this way. Activate and use the facility in the following manner:-
• To enter a phone number in the short code list, dial 110 xx – yyyy (xx is the 2
digit numeric of choice for phone number yyyyy).
• To call the phone number using your short code, dial 111-xx.
• To delete a phone number and enter a new one in the list, dial 110-xx-zzzzz
(zzzzz is the new number in place of the old yyyyy).
Be away from your phone, not from your calls

While away from your phone, all incoming calls on it can be directed to another local
phone where you can be reached. Bring this facility into operation by dialing 114-yyyyy
(yyyyy : phone number where you wish to divert your calls). Dialing 115 cancels the
facility.
Handle upto two calls at a time

If another call happens to come through while you are already busy with a call, a typical
pip-pip tone will alert you to it. You can then choose to put the first caller on hold by
lightly tapping the phone hook switch or pressing flash button. This brings on the dial
tone, whereupon you have to dial 2 to connect the second caller. Switching back to the
first caller requires you to dial 1. This facility is activated by dialling 118, and
deactivated by 119.
Make sure you don't forget important moments

This service helps you wake up at down, or at any other time, and remember important
schedules, appointments, engagements, etc. Dial 116, and subsequently, the hours and
minutes of the desired time. E.g. 116-0417 for 4:17 a. m. or 116-2115 for 9:15 p.m. at the
time entered by you, the phone rings and delivers a recorded message of the time on
being lifted. If there is no reply, the phone rings again after 5 minutes, and if no one picks
it up the second time, the entry gets automatically cancelled. Dialling 117 also cancels the
entry. Each activation of his facility is charged at the rate of two local calls.

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ABOUT BSNL

On October 1, 2000 the Department of Telecom Operations, Government of India

However, although some investigation of the optical communication continued in the

An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept to any type of

Information transmitter Transmission Receiver Destination

Optical fiber communication system

When optical fibers are to be installed in a working environment their mechanical

Fusion splicing is accomplished by applying localized heating(e.g. by a flame or an

1) Optical fiber fusion splicer specification ( spicer machine )

3) Chemicals used in OFC joint

4) Sleeve: - To enclose fiber joint.

7) Generator /12V Battery

8) Cotton clothes for fiber cleaning.

Box car log chart

• Immunity To Interference And Crosstalk :- Optical fibers form a dielectric

• Ruggedness and Flexibility :- Although protective coatings are essential, optical

• System Reliability And Ease Of Maintenance :- These features primarily stem

DRAWBACKS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

• The fragility of the bare fibers;

CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE

BASIC CALL TYPES

CALL PROCESSING STAGES

FIG: BASIC CALL SAGES INTRA EXCHANGE CALL

Establish Dialing Establish Ringing

TAKE DOWN ESTABLISH TALKING

• MDF (Main Distribution frame)

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME (M.D.F.)

FACILITIES PROVIDED BY M.D.F.

• A means for permanently terminating the external cables.

LEN CABINET PILLAR DP BOX

(1) Vertical Side or Line side

t 1 vertical has 10 tag block.

0 COPY 1 COPY 0 COPY 1COPY

10TH TAG BLOCK

• The connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.

This can be determined by putting pack up.

PROTECTIVE DEVICE USED ON M.D.F.

GAS DISCHARGE TUBE (GD TUBE)

In case of heavy lighting discharges or induction of high voltages, gas discharge

• MDF mainly provide connection between outdoor and indoor.

C-DOT DSS as MAX

C-DOT DSS as RAX

1. Base Module (BM)

• BASE MODULE (BM)

• CENTRAL MODULE (CM)

INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSOR (IOP)

The IOP performs following function:

⇒ Visual Display Unit: This is used for giving command to establish

• ALARM DISPLAY UNIT (ADP)

• The C-DOT is a fully digital system with stored program control.

• The subscriber can make local, national and international calls.

• SUBSCRIBER DIALED CALLS

⇒ Facilities available on PBX lines include

• RAPID CALL SET-SERVICES

CALL RESTRICTION SERVICE

CALL COMPLETION SERVICES

• AUTOMATIC CALL BACK

A subscriber engaged on an existing call is given an indication that a caller is that a

These facilities can be grouped into two charging information services

⇒ Charging debiting services

Gate Trans Receive

PCM HIGHWAYS PCM HIGHWAYS

(1) Space switching