qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 224-235

avTandil nikoleiSvili

hazira
(ciklidan: araqarTuli warmomavlobis
qarTveli mwerlebi)

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul poeziaSi niSandoblivad gamovlenilma

da besikisa da saiaTnovas mier umaRles poetur simaRleze ayvanilma
aRmosavlurma (sparsul-arabulma) literaturulma tendenciebma
arsebiTad gansazRvres XIX saukuneSi moRvawe im poetebis Semoqmedebis
Tvisebrivi buneba da arsi, romlebic e. w. qalaquri poeziis SemoqmedTa
saxeliT arian cnobilni (ieTim-gurji, hazira, giorgi skandarnova, daviT
giviSvili, anton ganjiskareli, beCara...). miuxedavad imisa, rom
aRmosavluri poeturi tendenciebi imxanad moRvawe Cveni klasikosebis
SemoqmedebaSic gamovlindnen sakmaod mZlavrad da xelSesaxebad (a.
WavWavaZe, g. orbeliani, a. wereTeli...), maTi mwerluri individualobis
ganmsazRvrel da warmomCen umTavres mimarTulebad zemoT aRniSnuli
tendenciebi mainc ar qceulan da movlenaTa aRqma-warmosaxvis maTeuli
stili da manera upirveles yovlisa erovnuli literaturuli wiaRiT
sazrdoobs.
XIX saukunis TbilisSi moRvawe zemoT dasaxelebuli aSuRi poetebisa
da maTi Tanamesityveebis leqs-simRerebis saxiT poeturi SedevrebiT
mdidar qarTul zepirsityvierebas imxanad erTi sakmaod mZlavri nakadic
Seemata qalaquri poetur-musikaluri folkloris saxiT. marTalia,
amgvari formis nawarmoebebi arc wina saukuneebis qarTuli
literaturisTvis warmoadgendnen ucxo movlenas, magram XIX saukunis
qalaquri poetur-musikaluri folklori zemoTqmuli TvalsazrisiT mainc
gansakuTrebiT mdidaria da mravalferovani.
miuxedavad imisa, rom imdriondeli qarTuli qalaquri poeziis
farTod popularuli nimuSebis avtorTa saxelebi dainteresebul
mkiTxvelTaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rac folkloruli Janris nimuSebad am
nawarmoebTa miCnevas, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, safuZvels unda aclides.
saTqmelis gamoxatvis mxatvruli specifikiT maTi didi nawili pirvel
yovlisa mainc swored qalaquri poeturi folkloris noyieri wiaRiT
sazrdoobs. zemoTqmuli daskvnis gamotanas xels mniSvnelovan-wilad
uwyobs is faqtic, rom xsenebuli leqs-simRerebis saukeTeso nimuSebi
xalxSi imxanad udidesi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.
naTqvamis dasturad mkiTxveli bevr uaRresad saintereso masalasa da
damajerebel arguments ipovis Tbilisuri poeturi folkloris
sworupovari mkvlevris _ ioseb griSaSvilis ukvdav wignSi `Zveli
tfilisis literaturuli bohema" (i. griSaSvili, 1985).
magaliTad, i. griSaSvilis marTebuli mosazrebiT, `xalxur
mwerlobad" marto iseTi Semoqmedeba ki ar igulisxmeba, romlis avtoric
ucnobia, aramed `is Semoqmedebac, romelic xalxis Svilis gulidan laRad
momdinareobs, ukosmetikod, Tavisi primitiuli saxiT da avtoric CvenTvis,
cotad Tu bevrad, cnobilia" (gv. 138).
XIX saukunis TbilisSi moRvawe im aSuR poetTa Soris, romelTac
sagulisxmo roli Seasrules zemoT aRniSnul poetur tendenciaTa kidev
ufro metad momZlavrebis saqmeSi, hazira _ i. griSaSvilis mier `Zveli
Tbilisis axal saiaTnovad" saxeldebuli mgosani _ erT-erTi yvelaze
TvalsaCino figuraa. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis mkacri
literaturuli kanonebiT ganmsjel-Semfasebeli mkiTxveli haziras leqsebSi
bevr naklsa da xarvezs ipovis, mis poeziaSi is magiuri Sinagani energiac
vlindeba sakmaod mZlavri formiT, romelic ara marto poetis
droindeli sazogadoebis did nawilze zemoqmedebda andamaturi ZaliT,
aramed dResac gvizidavs da aRgvagznebs.
hazira faqtobrivad profesionali poeti arc ki yofila. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misi leqsebis umravlesoba samRerlad iyo
gamiznuli, ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom igi sasimRero teqstebis
avtori ufroa, vidre profesionali poetis mier dawerili leqsebisa.
Tavad haziras mier Seqmnil musikalur melodiebs misadagebuli misive
sasimRero taqstebisTvis Tanamdev im naklovanebebs, riTac es teqstebi
xasiaTdebodnen, am simRerebis msmeneli naklebad grZnobda da poetis
droindel Tbilissa da mis farglebs gareTac farTod popularul am
leqs-simRerebs aRfrTovanebiT ukravda taSs.
garda mxatvruli sisadavisa da ubraloebisa, haziras amRerebuli
leqsebis popularobas isic arsebiTad gansazRvravda, rom maTSi
gamoxatuli saTqmeli msmenelTaTvis metad advili aRsaqmeli da
gasaazrebeli iyo da aTasobiT adamianis Wir-varamisa da safiqral-
sadardeblis gamomxatveli es leqs-simRerebi sazogadoebis didi
nawilisaTvis qeifisa da molxenis ganuyofel nawilad iyo qceuli.
pirvel yovlisa swored amgvari popularobiT unda aixsnas is faqti,
rom hazirasa da misi Tanamedrove aSuRi poetebis sasimRero leqsebi
patar-patara krebulebad sistematurad gamodioda XIX saukunis meore
naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis TbilisSi da maT moyvaruli
mkiTxveli sakmaod mravlad hyavda.
sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi hazirasa da misi Tanamokalme aSuRi
poetebis aseTi SemoqmedebiTi popularoba, wminda komerciuli miznebidan
gamomdinare, maTi wignebis gamomcemelTa dainteresebasac arsebiTad
uwyobda xels. swored amis naTel dadasturebas warmoadgenda is faqti,
rom XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi xsenebul
poetTa patar-patara poeturi krebulebi sakmaod xSirad miewodeboda
mkiTxvels. aRniSnul movlenas akaki wereTeli 1886 wels gazeT `iveriis"
62-e nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi Semdegnair Sefasebas aZlevda:
`ocdaSvidi weliwadia, raca vwer da jer kidev Cems nawerebs calke wignad
gamosvla ar Rirsebia, maSin, rodesac sxvebis, Cemi Tanamokalmeebis,
magaliTad, skandarnovis, riJaoRlanis da maTi damqaSebis nawerebi ki cal-
calke wignebad ganmeorebiT ibeWdebian."
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom haziras SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis
udidesi nawili dRes ara marto mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvisaa Znelad
xelmisawvdomi, aramed TviT specialistebisTvisac ki, misi poeturi
Rvawlis Sesaswavlad da imJamindel literaturul, erovnul da
socialur movlenaTa konteqstSi gasaanalizeblad Zalze cota ramaa
gakeTebuli. qvemoT Sevecdebi ramdenadme mainc warmovaCino qarTuli
aSuRuri poeziis am saintereso warmomadgenlis poeturi SemoqmedebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli umTavresi tendenciebi da konkretuli magaliTebis
moSveliebiT vcado misi mwerluri Rvawlis Sefaseba Cveni literaturis
istoriaSi (werilSi ganxiluli haziras leqsebi damowmebuli maqvs Semdegi
wignebidan: 1. axali leqsebi sxvadasxva, Sedgenili hazirasi, 1894 w. 2. ybedi
haziras rCeuli simRerebi, muxambazebi da sxvadasxva hangebi, 1903 w. 3.
beladi, sxvadasxva axali leqsebi da simRerebi haziras Txzuleba, 1904 w.
4. hazira, gamgelebuli batkani anu omi balkaneTisa, 1914 w. 5. qarTuli
poezia, t. 16, qalaquri poezia, 1985 w. 6. Sedevrebi, Seadgina da gamosca
m. lebaniZem, 1994 w.).

* * *

Tavisi drois sazogadoebaSica da literaturis istoriaSic haziras

saxeliT cnobili aSuRi poeti abram abramovi (abramiSvili), romelic
erovnuli warmomavlobiT somexi iyo, daibada 1845 wels borCalos mazris
(axlandeli marneulis raionis) sofel SulaverSi. gazeT `iveriasa" (1891
wlis IV da V nomrebSi) da Jurnal `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi" (1915 wlis
pirvel nomerSi) dabeWdil mogonebebSi hazira Tavadve yveba umTavres
epizodebs sakuTari cxovrebidan.
poetis informaciiT, papamisi, romelic yarabaReli SeZlebuli vaWari
yofila, `erTxel sagarejos wasula, iq qarTveli qali mowonebia _
garejeli yandarelis asuli Tamari da colad SeurTavs. wauyvania iqidgan
SulaverSi da iq dasaxlebula. dahbadebia iq vaJi, mounaTlavT somxurad
da daurqmeviaT daTia." haziras gadmocemiT, momavalSi swored es daTia
yofila mamamisi. erTi wlis Semdeg daTias SesZenia da, romelic ukve
qarTulad mounaTlavT da marine daurqmeviaT. Svilebis aseTi
gansxvavebuli wesiT monaTvla, poetis TqmiT, Turme maSin xdeboda, roca
qmari somexi iyo, coli ki qarTveli. ase rom, formaluri wesis mixedviT,
haziras mama somxad iTvleboda, mamida ki qarTvelad (gaz. "iveria",
1891, #4).
daTia mamamisis kvals gahyolia da SeZlebuli vaWari gamxdara. mas
colad SeurTavs Tbiliseli somxis qali, romelTanac rva Svili SesZenia
_ ori vaJi da eqvsi qali. hazira SvilebSi yvelaze umcrosi yofila.
bavSvebis aRzrdis saqmeSi daTiasa da misi meuRlisaTvis udidesi daxmareba
gauwevia daTias dedas _ Tamars, romelic, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli qali
iyo. mas bavSvebi `suliTa da guliT iseT qarTvelebad" aRuzrdia, rom
`arc ki vicodiT, Tu somxebi viyaviTo", _ wers zemoT damowmebul
mogonebaSi poeti. misi TqmiT, maT ojaxSi `somxuris laparakis WaWanebac ki
ar iyo, vidre maTTan somexi stumari ar mividoda."
haziras mamas, rogorc SeZlebul vaWars, Turme `mTeli Sulaveri
xelSi Weria" da iseTi didi saxli dgmia, rom msgavsi sacxovrebeli
`qalaqSi TviT mirzoevsac ara hqonia." miuxedavad cxovrebis amgvari
pirobebisa, haziras Sesaferisi ganaTleba ar miuRia. poetis TqmiT,
swavlis nacvlad, `ymawvilobidan misi saqme venaxSi muSaoba, tyeSi siaruli
da guTanze mexreoba" yofila. wignis kiTxva ki Turme Zalze ejavreboda da
`ar swavlobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli Sulaveris ymawvilebi mis
saxlSi swavlobdnen wigns, radgan misi ufrosi Zma maswavlebeli iyo"
(`Teatri da cxovreba", 1915, #1).
rogorc haziras erT-erTi leqsidan vgebulobT, poetis ojaxs misi
bavSvobis periodSi didi tragedia datydomia Tavs. ai, ras wers amasTan
dakavSirebiT Tavad igi:
mama mogvikvda, davrCiT oblada,
deda sxvas gahyva puris mcxoblada,
Cveni saqme veRar midis mwyobrada.
bedi gagveqca, saxli dagveqca,
cxeni wagveqca, veRar adgeba...
ax, rodis iqneba dagvidges dari,
gveRirsos Cveni saxli da kari.
15 wlis asakSi myofi hazira dedas Sulaveridan TbilisSi Cauyvania
da Tavisi dis meuRlisaTvis, romelsac samikitno duqani hqonia gaxsnili,
mojamagired miubarebia, risTvisac weliwadSi Turme 25 maneTs uxdidnen
gasamrjelod. imave duqanSi erTi xnieri kacic muSaobda Turme, haziras
msgavsad, isic `qonebidgan dacemuli kacis Svili" da poetis dedis
Soreuli naTesavi. haziras dedis TxovniT, swored mas uswavlebia
poetisTvis wera-kiTxva. `sami wlis Semdeg, _ ganagrZobs poeti Tavisi
Tavgadasavlis Txrobas, _ Camovida dedaCemi da im drosve Cems
deidaSvilis mixakas `fermaSi" gaiRo duqani. gamomiyvana iqidgan da mimca
mojamagired weliwadSi aT Tumnad" (gaz. `iveria", 1891, #5).
xsenebul adgilze hazira sami wlis ganmavlobaSi darCenila. iq
yofnis periodi mis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani imiT gamodga,
rom pirvelad swored maSin gamovlinda misi poetur-musikaluri
SemoqmedebiTi niWi. am niWis gaRvivebisaTvis xelisSemwyob umTavres
faqtorad poeti maSindel Tbilisur yofas miiCnevs. kerZod, misi
monaTxrobis mixedviT, `am dros qalaqSi aSuRebs Cveulebad hqondaT
yovel kviras maraqas gamarTva. mec xSirad mivdiodi sayureblad. ai,
swored aq Camenerga gulSi simReris siyvaruli. am simRerebma Semayvara
SeZulebuli wignis kiTxva. radganac simRerebi unda damewera aSuRebisagan
da Semeswavla, wera viswavle, magram vai im swavlasa: Cems nawers me TviTon
unda gavyolodi, rom wamekiTxa, Torem sxva veras gaigebda (TiTqmis
dResac asea)."
simReriT haziras gatacebas sul male imdenad didi warmatebebi
mohyolia, rom misi deidaSvilis duqans, sadac igi mReroda, uamravi
muStari mowydomia. poetis TqmiT, maTi didi nawili duqanSi Turme ufro
metad misi simReris mosasmenad dadioda. Tavad hazira mis cxovrebaSi
momxdar am gardatexas aseT Sefasebas aZlevs: `iqidgan daiwyo Cemi
siyvaruli simRerebisa da saca aSuRebsa vxedavdi, Wkua imaTzed mimdioda.
sul Cemi natvra da Txovna uflis mimarT is iyo, rom aSuRebisaTvis
simRerebis amomRebi da mTqmeli vyofiliyavi" (gaz. `iveria", 1891, #5).
deidaSvilis duqanSi amnairad gatarebuli sami wlis Semdeg haziras
gadauwyvetia simRera xelobad gaexada da Semosavlis wyarod eqcia. am
ocnebiT gatacebulma, man deidaSvilTan muSaobas Tavi daaneba, aSuRi
amxanagebi gaiCina da sufridan sufraze dadioda da mReroda. haziras
popularobas arsebiTad ganapirobebda is faqti, rom igi Tbiliseli
aSuRebis mier damkvidrebuli tradiciebis uniWieresi gamgrZelebeli
gamodga.
kerZod, igi ara marto saukeTeso momReral-Semsrulebeli yofila,
aramed Tavadac werda simRerebsac da maT teqstebsac. garda qarTuli
enisa, is leqsebs Turme somxuradac werda. ase rom, deidaSvilidan
wasvlis Semdeg, `oriode weliwadSi, rogorc Tavad ambobs, iseTi aSuRi
Seqmnila, rom sanaqebod dayavda xalxs."
yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, haziras popularoba im faqtmac
ganapiroba mniSvnelovanwilad, rom TavianTi simRerebiT is da misi
TanamomRerlebi xalxis Wir-varamsac gamoxatavdnen Seulamazeblad da
emociuri simZafriT. ase rom, poetis TqmiT, isini mudam iq imyofebodnen,
`saca cxovrebas xalxisTvis kiseri moegrixa, tvini da guli gaeciebina."
haziras momRerlobaze saubris dros aq erT arsebiTad mniSvnelovan
garemoebasac minda mivaqcio yuradReba: mis mier Sedgenil momReralTa
dasSi, rogorc wesi, Turme brma aSuRebi iyvnen gaerTianebulni.
miuxedavad bevri adamianis rCevisa, brma aSuRebs CamoSoreboda da mis
irgvliv Tvalxiluli momRerlebi Semoekriba, riTac gacilebiT met fuls
iSovida, hazira maT am rCevas principulad ar eTanxmeboda.
haziras sayvareli sakravi daira yofila. dReniadag duqnebsa da
samikitnoebSi mosiarule, Turme namdvili bohemuri cxovrebiT cxovrobda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli warmomavlobiT somexi iyo,
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli mainc qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelosadmi hqonia,
rac gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aris gamoxatuli mis SemoqmedebaSi.
haziras leqs-simRerebi ara marto mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi yofila
popularuli, aramed sazogadoebis maRalganviTarebul wreebSic ki. amis
dasturad aq Tundac im pativismcemluri damokidebulebis gaxsenebac
iqneba sakmarisi, rasac ilia iCenda mis mimarT. kerZod, man haziras vrceli
biografiuli monaTxrobi da ramdenime werili misi redaqtorobiT
gamomaval gazeT `iveriaSi" gamoaqveyna. Tavis mxriv, hazirac xSirad
gamodioda xolme Cveni klasikosi poetebis Semoqmedebis popularizatoris
rolSi da simRerebs maT leqsebzec hqmnida.
aqve ramdenime sityva im saganmanaTleblo rolis Sesaxebac unda
iTqvas xazgasmiT, rasac hazirasa da misi drois sxva aSuRi poetebis
leqsebi asrulebdnen imJamindel saqarTveloSi. ai, ras wers Tavad poeti
am faqtTan dakavSirebiT erTgan: `romel erT mwerals, romel erT
moZRvars, romel erT leqcias, romel erT moqadages SeeZlo Caegonebina
xalxisTvis is, rasac Cven vagonebdiT Cveni tkbili dakvriT da simReriT."
ase rom, rogorc i. griSaSvili aRniSnavs savsebiT marTebulad,
`haziras Tavisi Sinaarsiani leqsebiT metad didi Rvawli miuZRvis xalxis
gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi. vin mosTvlis misi tkbili simRerebis
wyalobiT ramdeni daewafa kiTxvas!" (i. griSaSvili, 1985, gv. 322).
haziras leqs-simRerebis saerTo-saxalxo popularobam arsebiTad
ganapiroba is faqti, rom Tavis momRerlebTan erTad igi garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi qarTul TeatrSic hyoliaT miwveuli antraqtebis
dros mayureblis gasarTobad. Tavad poeti am ambavs aseT Sefasebas
aZlevs: `jer exla ra aris Teatris saqme, rom maSin ra unda yofiliyo;
magram mainc, gadametebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityvi, rom dabali xalxi
TeatrSi Cemi simRerebis gulisTvis dadioda. erTi sityviT, Teatrs
imnairi xalxiT vavsebdi, romelmac ar icoda, ra iyo Teatri. amave dros
me myvanda samocdaTxuTmeti Segirdi _ qarTveli, somexi, TaTari, berZeni;
saqarTvelos sxva-da-sxva mcxovrebni _ guruli, TuSi, qisti, qurTi da
sxva. yvelam qarTuli wmindaT icoda. SevWurve eseni sasargeblo da
gamaRviZebeli leqsebiT da mTels saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis yovel kuTxeSi
davfante" (`Teatri da cxovreba", 1915, #1).
Teatrisadmi haziras siyvaruli imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom mas
ramdenime piesac hqonia dawerili (`Cveuleba", `jibgiri", `aSuRi", `yaCaRi"
da sxv.). erT-erTi maTgani _ `jibgiri" 1880 wels Tbilisis saxalxo
Teatris scenazec yofila warmodgenili.
1920 wels Tbiliselebma sayvarel aSuRs didi zar-zeimiT gadauxades
moRvaweobis naxevarsaukunovani iubile. garda qarTveli sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebisa (ioseb imedaSvili, giorgi quCiSvili...), saiubileo
saRamoSi cnobilma somexma poetma ovanes Tumanianmac da mxatvarma gevorq
baSinjaRianmac miiRes monawileoba.
hazira gardaicvala 1922 wels. poetis megobrebma misadmi pativiscema
uCveulo formiT gamoxates. ai, ras gviambobs amasTan dakavSirebiT i.
griSaSvili: `mokvda hazira da mis saflavze ar ismoda TiTbris
instrumentebis samgloviaro himni, _ Wianurs Seswira Tavisi jeeloba da
Wianurebma daitires ukanasknelad. misma Segirdebma gansvenebulis saflavze
gamarTes lxini _ diaR, lxini da ara qelexi! da, rogorc yaraCoReli
nefe midis xolme Tavisi mamis saflavze da zurnaze cekviT gamosTxovs
dalocvas, isec haziras mowafeebma mis saflavze daukres haziras
sayvareli hangebi, rom maTi ostatis madliani niWi mis SegirdebSi
gadasuliyo da hazirasebur hangebs kvlav didxans ecocxla. daukres
`masrafi", warmosTqves leqsebi, Semdeg, Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, mis
saflavze daawyes sakravebi, usityvod Sehfices misi anderZis dacva da
sanTelanTebulni dabrundnen haziras binaze, TiTqos es xalxi haziras
qorwilSi yofiliyo da ara mis dasflavebaze.
haziras oTaxSi, sadac dalia mgosanma suli, ormoci dRis
ganmavlobaSi misi Segirdebi morigeobiT aTevdnen Rames, rom
gardacvalebulis kera ar gacivebuliyo da mis daudgromel suls
Segirdebis SemoqmedebaSic emarada" (i. griSaSvili, 1985, gv. 329).
hazira dasaflavebulia TbilisSi, xojevanqis sasaflaoze.

* * *
rogorc ukve iTqva, hazira ise ganuyofelad iyo Sezrdil-
Sesisxlxorcebuli saqarTvelosa da qarTul yofas, pirvel yovlisa ki
Tbilisur yoveldRiur sinamdviles, rom sxvagan cxovreba mas verc ki
warmoedgina. marTalia, erovnebiT somexi iyo, magram saqarTvelo misTvis
umTavres xatsa da saficars warmoadgenda. ivane gomarTelis SefasebiT,
`hazira saqarTvelos tarielia. mas imdenad uyvars saqarTvelo, rom
sxvagan Zvirfas sasaxles saqarTveloSi saflavi urCevnia. amitomac imis
poezias axasiaTebs patriotizmi."
saqarTvelosadmi haziras siyvarulis amgvar SefasebaSi gadaWarbebuli
rom araferia, amis dasturad misi Semoqmedebidan mravali STambeWdavi
magaliTis motana SeiZleba. igi Tavisi leqs-simRerebiT yvelafers akeTebda
saimisod, Cveni qveynisadmi siyvarulis es wminda grZnoba misi mkiTxvelebisa
da msmenelebis gulSic rom ganemtkicebina kidev ufro metad. saqarTvelo
mas imdenad Zlier uyvarda, rom, rogorc erT-erT leqsSi wers, sxvagan
Zvirfas sasaxleSi cxovrebas Cvens qveyanaSi dasaflaveba erCivna:
hazir, kai azrebi airCie,
Sens megobars, Zmas, mezobels misdie,
sxvagan Zvirfas sasaxleze irCie _
saqarTveloSi saflavi, sulojan!
haziras poeziaSi mkveTri kontrastulobiTaa erTmaneTisagan
gamijnuli romantikulad gandidebuli warsuli da poetis droindeli
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebani. magaliTad,
leqsSi `aRsdeq, Tamar dedofalo!" Tavisi drois qarTuli yofis
degradaciis efeqturi formiT warmosaCenad hazira am periodis Cvens
sinamdviles kontrastuli saxiT udarebs da upirispirebs Tamar mefis
xanis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv Zlierebas da nawarmoebis laitmotivad
qceuli sityvebis (`aRsdeq, Tamar dedofalo, SenTvis stiris
saqarTvelo!") mizanmimarTuli ganmeorebiT yoveli strofis bolos
saTqmels kidev ufro met STambeWdaobasa da azrobriv simZafres sZens.
haziras SefasebiT, Cveni qveynis dacemisa da dakninebis
ganmapirobebeli umTavresi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Tamar mefis
droindeli qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, misi drois qarTvelebi `diacni,
mabezRarni da zarmacni" iyvnen, `borotiTa da WiriT savseni." ase rom,
poetis TqmiT, Tu Tamaris dros `ze viyaviT, aw varT Zirsa, veRar vxedavT
Cvensa gmirsa."
 warsulisa da awmyos amgvari kontrastuli gamijvna erTmaneTisagan
haziras poeturi Semoqmedebis erT-erT mTavar Temad romaa
damkvidrebuli, amas misi sxva leqsebic naTlad adastureben. magaliTad,
leqsSi `saqarTvelos gzaze damidga cxeni" poeti gulmduRare cremlebiT
godebda imis gamo, rom misi drois saqarTvelos ukve aRar hyavdnen
mtrisTvis Tavzaris damcemi iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic Tamar mefe da
daviT aRmaSenebeli iyvnen:
saqarTvelos gzaze damidga cxeni,
ar vici, rad gamiwyra Cemi gamCeni,
maSin vTqvi Tu, saqme wamxdara Cveni.
mas Semdeg TvalTagan mdis cremlis Rvari,
viRa gvyavs, vin dasces mtersa Tavzari,
sadRa gvyavs daviTi, didi Tamari!..
miuxedavad Tavisi erovnuli warmomavlobisa, hazira imdenad
ganuyofelad iyo Sezrdil-Sesisxlxorcebuli qarTul yofasa da garemos,
rom misi patriotuli Tvalsawieri faqtobrivad mxolod saqarTveloTi
da qarTveli xalxisadmi siyvarulis grZnobis gamoxatviTaa Semofargluli.
es naTlad da araorazrovnad Cans ara marto saqarTvelosadmi miZRvnili
misi leqs-simRerebidan, aramed im nawarmoebebidanac, romlebSic avtori
sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis formiT gamoxatavs xolme Tavisi
moqalaqeobrivi TvalTaxedvis ama Tu im mxares.
magaliTad, leqsSi `qarTveli xar, marTali qarTvelTagan" poeti mis
RviZl TanamoZmed qceul qarTvel kacs Txovs, rom misi qarTveloba
araferSi gacvalos, `qarTvelTagan gzakvali ar ibrunos" da Tavis
umTavres moqalaqeobriv movaleobad gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili `sawyali
qarTvelis gakiTxva" da misTvis Tanadgomis aRmoCena daisaxos. rogorc
nawarmoebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, haziras amgvari didaqtika pirvel yovlisa
imis rwmenas emyareba, rom qarTveli kacisaTvis Tanamdgom da saimedod
damxmare pirovneba uwinaresad swored misi TanamoZme SeiZleba iyos da
ara `ucxo gvaris" mqone gadamTieli.
haziras `qarTuli cnobierebis" gamovlinebis TvalsazrisiT aseve erT-
erTi metad saintereso leqsia `Cemo ivero". masSi poetma kidev erTxel
gamoxata uRrmesi gulistkivili imis gamo, rom misi drois saqarTvelos
ukve dakarguli hqonda warsuli dideba. kerZod, Tu adre igi imdenad
mZlavr saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, rom masze xelis aRmarTvas veravin
bedavda da misi Svilebi sakuTari samSoblos dasacavad daufiqreblad
Rvridnen sisxls, poetis TqmiT, misi drois saqarTveloSi sul sxva
mdgomareoba iyo da igi Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis
ganmamtkicebel ers ukve `veRar xedavda".
yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi aqve isicaa, rom
Cveni qveynisadmi amgvari siyvarulisa da erTgulebisken hazira mis kolega
aSuR-mestvireebsac xSirad mouwodebda xolme. magaliTad, xalxuri
poeturi stiliT daweril erT-erT leqsSi (`darigeba", 1892) igi megobar
mestvires urCevs, `ubralo yvirils" Tavi daanebos da misi simRerebiT
xalxs `qarTvelTa lxena da Wiri asminos":
 imRere, Zmao mestvirev, ubralod rasa yvirio,
Cahbere gudas Ronivrad, grZnobiT aavse stvirio,
cnobismoyvares asmine qarTvelTa lxena-Wirio.
...acnobe ucnob qarTvelsa, raca gvaqvs gasaWirio,
rom qarTvlis erma dalocos Seni ena da pirio.
qarTlis bediTa da Wir-varamiT haziras aseTi daintereseba pirvel
yovlisa im didi siyvaruliT iyo ganpirobebuli, riTac igi
saqarTvelosTan iyo Sesisxlxorcebuli. swored am siyvarulis
gamovlinebad unda miviCnioT is Sefasebebi, romelTac igi Cvens qveyanasTan
misi pirovnuli damokidebulebis warmosaCenad akeTebda. magaliTad,
samSoblosadmi mimarTul erT-erT leqsSi hazira wers:
sul tyuili, magram Sen namdvili xar,
Cemi sicocxlis didi nawili xar,
dedaSvilur siyvarulze tkbili xar,
Cemo kargo, sayvarelo mamulo!
me xom CemTvis ara vCivi, magrama
man inaRvlos, visac qveynad aqvs rama,
Tund ar iyos hazira da abrama,
genacvalos saZirkvelo qarTulo!
saqarTvelosadmi haziras siyvarulze saubris dros aq xazi im
garemoebasac minda gavusva, rom igi am siyvarulis grZnobisadmi uRalato
erTgulebas Tavis Svilsac utovebda anderZad da leqsSi `modi, Svilo,
CemTana" dabejiTebiT Txovda, Cveni qveynisadmi Tavdadebuli samsaxuri
masac daesaxa misi cxovrebis uzenaes idealad. xsenebuli leqsi metad
sayuradRebo imiTacaa, rom hazira ara marto zogadad mouwodebs mis
memkvidres yovelive zemoTqmulisadmi uRalato erTgulebisaken, aramed
saxeldebuladac usaxelebda mas am siyvarulis ganmapirobebel umTavres
faqtorebs: qarTul enas, rogorc adamianur samyarosTan damakavSirebel
umTavres saSualebas da Cveni didi mamuliSvilebis (Tamar mefe, daviT
aRmaSenebeli, giorgi brwyinvale...) saflavebis miCnevas uwmindes salocav
adgilebad. hazira Tavis memkvidres dabejiTebiT Txovda, saqarTvelosadmi
misi amgvari siyvaruli mas ara marto sityviT gamoexata, aramed, Tu
saWiro gaxdeboda, misTvis Tavis gawirvazec ki ar eTqva uari.
haziras poeziis lirikuli gmiri samSoblosadmi mis siyvaruls ara
marto sityvierad gamoxatavs, aramed imisTvisac aris mzad, realuradac
rom Cadges saqveyno interesebis damcvelTa rigebSi. magaliTad, leqsSi
`aha, dedav, me movdivar" (1904 w.) poetis mier gandidebuli lirikuli
gmiri dedas Semdegi sityvebiT auwyebs Tavis gadawyvetilebas _
msxverplad Seewiros sakuTari qveynis dacvas mravalricxovani mtris
agresiisagan:
aha, dedav, me mivdivar mamulisTvis msxverplada,
rom ar darCes momavalSi upatronod, oblada,
dedav, RmerTsa Seavedre Cemi Tavi locviTa,
ar gavZRebi mtrisa sisxliT, arc Tu imaT xocviTa.
 vfiqrob, mkiTxveli dameTanxmeba imaSi, rom samSoblos
TavisuflebisaTvis TviTSesawirad gamzadebuli am idealizebuli gmiris
patriotuli TvalTaxedva bevri ramiT poulobs saerTos XIX saukunis
meore naxevris didi qarTveli poetebis mier gandidebul im pirovnebaTa
erovnul idealebTan, romlebic TavianTi cxovrebis umTavresi
mizanswrafvis sagnad samSoblosTvis Tavganwirvas isaxavdnen. am
TvalsazrisiT haziras leqsis lirikuli gmiris erovnul-moqalaqeobrivi
mrwamsi araerTi niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba SevudaroT Tundac i. WavWavaZis
dramatuli poemis _ `qarTvlis dedis" personaJTa romantikul
patriotul TviTSegnebas.
haziras patriotul leqsebSi gmobisa da kicxvis sagnad zogjer is
qarTvelebic iyvnen qceulni, romlebic TavianT qarTvelobaze win `ucxo
garegans" ayenebdnen. aseT adamians hazira briyvulad Tavmomwone kacs
uwodebda da am sibriyvidan Tavis daRwevis erTaderT gzad ganaTlebasa da
qarTul mwignobrobas miiCnevda.
haziras leqs-simRerebSi xSirad esmeba xazi im garemoebas, rom
saqarTvelos msgavsi qveyana mas msoflioSi sxvagan arsad eguleboda.
saqarTvelosadmi mis amgvar damokidebulebas poeti xalxur-aSuRuri
poeziisadmi damaxasiaTebeli poeturi simartiviTa da uSualobiT
gamoxatavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am siyvarulis gamoxatvas, arcTu
iSviaTad saTanado poeturi garandvac aklia da sityvieri
CuqurTmovnebac, avtoriseuli grZnobebi da emociebi imdenad gulwrfelia
da uSualo, rom maTi andamati mainc sakmaod Zalumad zemoqmedebs
mkiTxvelze.
1914 wels gamocemul Tavis erT-erT poetur krebuls _ `gamgelebuli
batkani anu omi balkaneTisa" haziram ydaze aseTi epigrafi warumZRvara:
Cveni lamazi qveyana gaafuWes, gaaveles,
CemTvis mkvidri saxli mqonda, daaqcies, daaneles.
cxvari viyav mSvidi, wynari, sul yvelasTvis uwyinari,
ar mindoda gamgeleba, magram ZaliT gamamgeles.
rogorc vxedavT, damowmebul leqsSi poetma ganzogadebuli saxiT
gausva xazi misi SemoqmedebisaTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebel protestantul
suliskveTebas. Zalmomreobis, adamianis mier adamianis usamarTlod
daCagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestanti haziras leqs-simRerebSi
ideologiuri sworxazovnebiTaa gamoxatuli, rac cxovrebiT dabeCavebuli
adamianebis interess misi poeziisadmi kidev ufro aZlierebda.
mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli haziras ramdenime leqs-simRera dRemde inarCunebs
popularobas. magaliTad, bevrma SeiZleba arc ki icodes, rom farTod
cnobil sasimRero melodiad qceuli qvemoT damowmebuli leqsis avtori
swored haziraa:
ar miyvars, ara, ar miyvars, kaci orpiri, cbieri,
ar SevWam imis purs, ara, Tu gind vkvdebode mSieri!..
igive unda iTqva simRerazec `sadac aris, gaTendeba, aRsdeq, muSav,
Sen!" socialurad daCagruli moqalaqeebis guls malamod edeboda
avtoriseuli mowodeba imisken, rom adamianis umTavres amqveyniur
movaleobad gasaWirSi Cavardnili moyvasisTvis uangarod daxmareba unda
qceuliyo:
gana kaci ibadeba marto Tavis TavisTvisa?
movalea, rom izrunos moZmis kargis, avisTvisa...
gazafxuli uxarian, imisTvis galobs mercxali,
Tuki moZmes aras vargeb, rad minda Tavi cocxali!
hazira cdilobs, socialur Temebze daweril Tavis leqs-simRerebSi
saTqmeli xSirad didaqtikur-damoZRvriTi formiT gamoxatos. poetis
mizani iyo, socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestis
grZnoba am gziT mas ara marto im adamianebis gulSi gaemZafrebina kidev
ufro metad, vinc am usamarTlobis msxverplad iyo qceuli, aramed isinic
daefiqrebina yovelive amaze, vinc Tavadac iyo am borotebis nebsiTi Tu
uneblie Tanamonawile.
haziras muxambazebSi kidev ufro metad Rrmavdeba da Zlierdeba
socialuri usamarTlobis mxilebis is tendencia, romelic XIX saukunis
meore naxevris qarTul mwerlobaSi daamkvidres `Tergdaleulebma". am
TvalsazrisiT igi bevri ramiTaa davalebuli maTi, pirvel yovlisa ki
akakis, poeziiT. Tumca aqve xazi im garemoebasac unda gaesvas, rom haziras
poeziaSi revoluciur-demokratiuli ideebis damamkvidrel erT-erT
umTavres faqtorad XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTveloSi farTod
aRzevebuli revoluciuri movlenebic iqcnen.
rogorc haziras Semoqmedebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, igi qveynad
damkvidrebuli socialuri usamarTlobis mxolod ubralod mamxileblis
rolSi ki ar gamodis, aramed am usamarTlobis ganmapirobebeli
faqtorebis warmoCenasac cdilobs da aqtiurad eZebs gzebs maT
dasaZlevad. bevri misi Tanamedrovis msgavsad, hazirac Rrmad iyo
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom qveynad damkvidrebuli socialuri borotebis
daZleva realurad mxolod brZolis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am tendenciam gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabebi 1905 wlis
revoluciis periodSi daweril leqsebSi SeiZina, amgvari suliskveTebis
gamomxatveli nawarmoebebi mas manamdec sakmaod mravlad aqvs dawerili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo, haziras SemoqmedebiTi
memkvidreobis srulyofilad moZieba ver moxerxda, vfiqrob, werilSi
gaanalizebuli nawarmoebebic savsebiT sakmarisia im poeturi Rvawlis
warmosaCenad da Sesafaseblad, riTac qarTuli aSuRuri poeziis am
saintereso warmomadgenlma daimkvidra Tavisi mokrZalebuli adgili XIX
saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi.

damowmebuli literatura

beladi, sxvadasxva axali leqsebi da simRerebi, haziras Txzuleba,

1904.
 i. griSaSvili, 1985 - i. griSaSvili, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. III,
1985.
gaz. `Teatri da cxovreba", 1915, #1.
gaz. `iveria", 1886, #62; 1891, #4, 5.
qarTuli poezia, t. 16, qalaquri poezia, 1985.
ybedi haziras rCeuli simRerebi, muxambazebi da sxvadasxva hangebi,
1903.
Sedevrebi, Seadgina da gamosca m. lebaniZem, 1994 w.
hazira, 1894 - axali leqsebi sxvadasxva, Sedgenili hazirasi, 1894.
hazira, 1914 - hazira, gamgelebuli batkani anu omi balkaneTisa, 1914.

AVTANDIL NIKOLEISHVILI

HAZIRA
(From the series: Georgian writers of non-ethnic Georgian origin)

Among ashug poets of the 19th century Tbilisi who had substantially contributed to
the strengthening of the Georgian language ashug poetry Hazira was one of the most
prominent figures.
Considering the fact that most of his poems were written for singing purposes it
would be more correct to say that he is rather an author of song texts than of poems
composed by a professional poet.
In addition to the artistic simplicity the popularity of Hazira’s sung poems was
determined essentially by the contents of the lyrics that were easy for comprehension and
expressed the concerns and troubles plaguing to the thousands of his listeners.
The fact that the great part of Hazira’s poems is inaccessible for not only the
general public but for the specialists as well my paper offers the discussion of his poems
in the context of events of social and national importance and analyzes main tendencies
characterizing to this prominent representative of the Georgian ashug poetry.