qarTveluri memkvidreoba (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi

institutis perioduli samecniero Jurnali) tomi XII, gv., 200-206

rusudan miqautaZe

quTaTuri presa da qarTuli enis

dacvisaTvis brZola XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi

XX saukunis dasawyisSi ganaTlebis mdgomareoba ruseTis imperiaSi

Semaval qveynebSi, kerZod ki saqarTveloSi, savalalo iyo. carizmis
koloniuri politikis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom am sferoSi
rusifikatoruli politikis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba, skolebSi
erovnuli enis amoZirkva ers gadaagvarebda da misi arsebobis fesvebs
gaanadgurebda. swored aqeTken iyo mimarTuli is radikaluri
RonisZiebebi, rasac kavkasiis olqis mzrunvelebi da maTi Cinovnikebi
saqarTvelos skolebsa da gimnaziebSi anxorcielebdnen.
aqtiuri Seteva mSobliuri enis winaaRmdeg me-19 s-is 70-iani wlebidan
daiwyo, roca kavkasiis mefisnacvlis gankargulebiT (1873 wlis 21
dekemberi) gimnaziebsa da realur saswavleblebSi adgilobrivi enebis da
sxva saeklesio aRmsareblobis maswavleblebi amoRebul iqnen Statidan da
mxolod saaTobrivi anazRaurebis wesiT iqnen datovebulni. brZanebis IV
punqti iTvaliswinebda adgilobrivi enebis swavlebas mxolod moswavleTa
surviliT (tr. xundaZe, 1940, gv. 19-25; qcsa, f. 94, s. 40, f. 135). me-19
saukunis 80-iani wlebidan ki ganaTlebis rusifikacias saTaveSi Caudga
kavkasiis samoswavlo olqis mzrunveli ianovski, romlis mizani iyo
qarTuli erovnuli ganaTlebis ganadgureba. am politikis Sedegad 1881
wels miRebul iqna saswavlo gegma, romelic safuZvlad daedo dawyebiTi
skolebidan mSobliuri enis gandevnas.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi kavkasiis saswavlo olqma SeimuSava axali
gegmebi, romlebSic aqcenti gadatanil iqna rusuli enis upirates
Seswavlaze mSobliur enasTan SefardebiT da mis xarjze. kerZod, rusuli
enis Seswavla iwyeboda ara pirveli wlis meore naxevridan, rogorc es
adre iyo, aramed bavSvis skolaSi SesvlisTanave, xolo mSobliuri enis
Seswavla mxolod pirveli wliT ifargleboda. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul
zewolas ganicdidnen quTaisis guberniis skolebi. saxalxo skolebis
direqtorma levitskim da dekanozma vostorgovma samonastro da samrevlo
skolebisaTvis SeimuSaves e. w. munjuri meTodi. am meTodis iZulebiTi
danergviT mTavrobam qarTuli ena ukuagdo skolebidan, mogvianebiT ki,
1912 wlis ivnisis kanoniT, mSobliuri ena saerTod amoiRo savaldebulo
saganTa ricxvidan da nebayoflobiTi gaxada. sakiTxis gadawyveta sagnis
swavlebis Sesaxeb pedagogiuri sabWos kompetencia gaxda. kanonSi
"frCxilebSi" miTiTebuli iyo, rom sagnis swavlebis dros upiratesoba
eniWeboda "bunebriv", "dedobriv" enas. carizmi am punqtiT kvlav
cdilobda ganeaxlebina me-19 saukunis bolos skolebidan qarTuli enis
swavlebis amoReba adgilobrivi dialeqtebis sasargeblod (tr. xundaZe.
1951, gv. 91). marTalia, es kanoni maswavlebelTa ZalisxmeviT nela ikidebda
fexs, magram quTaisSi am mxriv sagangaSo mdgomareoba Seiqmna. 1912
wlis 5 noembers quTaisis saxalxo skolebis I raionis inspeqtorma
grozdovma moTxova maswavleblebs, rusuli enis Seswavla moswavleebs
daewyoT pirveli klasis I semestrSi da ara meoreSi, rogorc es manamde
iyo. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis saskolo komisia daupirispirda direqciis
gadawyvetilebas da sakiTxis gadasawyvetad kavkasiis saswavlo olqis
mzrunvels n. f. rudolfs mimarTa. guberniis saxalxo skolebis direqciis
winaaRmdeg xma aimaRla qarTulma presamac. qarTul sazogadoebasTan
erTad igi win aRudga ganaTlebis sferoSi mimdinare gamarusebel
politikas.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis quTaisis presisa da sxvadasxva
saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis muSaobis mTavari mimarTuleba qarTuli
enis uflebebis dacvisaTvis brZola gaxda. gaz. "imereTi" mouwodebda
qarTuli enis maswavleblebs, moewviaT yriloba, SeemuSavebinaT saerTo
programa rogorc dabali, aseve saSualo saswavleblebisaTvis, yoveli
Rone exmaraT, rom kanonmdeblobiT Tu umaRlesi nebarTviT qarTul enas
miniWeboda savaldebulo sagnis statusi. presa mouwodebda maswavleblebs
saxelmwifo enad rusulTan erTad gamocxadebuliyo qarTuli ena (gaz.
"imereTi", 1914, # 89). 1912 wlis 16 dekembers maswavlebelma e.
nacvliSvilma (l. bzvaneli) gaz. "imereTSi" gamoaqveyna werili, sadac
amxelda saxalxo skolebis direqciis TviTnebobas. amis gami igi daiTxoves
samsaxuridan. aman maswavlebelTa aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia da maT uari
ganacxades grozdovis gegmis Sesrulebaze. am ukanasknelma ki saswavlo
olqis inspeqtoris winaSe moiTxova pirveldawyebiTi klasebis yvela
maswavleblis samsaxuridan daTxovna. quTaisis guberniis maswavleblebma
aRniSnuli sakiTxis dasma saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi mosTxoves deputat v.
gelovans da ak. Cxenkels. sakiTxi marTlac daisva saTaTbiroSi 1913 wlis
30 seqtembers, magram, rogorc gaz. "imereTi" iuwyeboda, deputati
Cxenkeli ufro metad zogadi frazebiT Semoifargla da konkretuli
sakiTxebi ar dauyenebiao" (gaz. "imereTi", 1913, ##18, 29), incindentis
aRmosafxvrelad qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam mefisnacvals mimarTa da rva
Tvis brZolis Semdeg maswavleblebi aRadgines TavianT uflebebSi.
saskolo direqciasa da maswavleblebs Soris aseTi daZabulobis
dros quTaisis presaSi gamoqveynda quTaisis yofili gubernatoris
gerSelmanis statia, sadac avtori asabuTebda mSobliur enaze
pirveldawyebiTi swavlis aucileblobas. "sxva, ucxo enaze swavleba
gaugebari aris da skolisa da mecnierebisadmi xaliss ukargavs ymawvilebs,
ukiduresobamde arTulebs swavlis saqmes. skolebidan qarTuli enis
gandevna, adgilobrivi enisadmi upativcemuloba mxolod siZulvils iwvevs
yovelgvari rusulisadmi (gaz. "imereTi", 1913, # 111). dapirispireba
sabolood imiT damTavrda, rom 1913 wlis noemberSi quTaisis guberniis
saxalxo skolebis axalma direqtorma viSnevskim gasca brZaneba, romlis
Tanaxmadac erTklasian da orklasian saswavleblebSi rusuli enis
armcodne bavSvebisaTvis pirvel naxevar weliwadSi rusulis swavleba
arasavaldebulo gaxda. es iyo saxalxo skolebis direqciis mcire daTmoba,
magram quTaisis guberniis maswavlebelTa didi gamarjveba carizmis
rusifikatoruli politikis pirobebSi.
me-20 saukunis 10-iani wlebis meore naxevridan saxalxo ganaTlebis
saministrom SedarebiT dauTmo adgilobriv erebs. 1915 wlis 21 Tebervals
yrilobaze olqis mzrunvelebs mouwodes pirveldawyebiT saswavleblebSi
swavleba deda enaze yofiliyo, rac SemdegSi moswavleebs saxelmwifo
enis Seswavlas gauadvilebda.
1915 wlis noemberSi quTaisis klasikuri gimnaziis pedsabWom moiTxova,
gimnaziaSi qarTvelebisaTvis qarTuli ena savaldebulo sagnad
gamocxadebuliyo. es iyo pedagogiuri korporaciis didi gabeduleba,
magram saswavlo olqma imxanad es moTxovna ar daakmayofila (gaz.
"megobari", 1915, #44).
marTalia, quTaTuri presa yvelas mouwodebda, daecvaT qarTuli
enis siwminde, magram gansakuTrebiT maswavleblebs akisrebda did rols,
Tumca zogierTi maTgani "Cayolis politikas" amjobinebda da upretenziod
asrulebda skolis direqciis moTxovnebs. iyvnen iseTebic, romlebic
TanaugrZnobdnen ganaTlebis sferoSi rusifikatorul politikas. isini
dadebiTad afasebdnen ganaTlebis sferos quTaTur xelmZRvanelebs da maT
TanamSromlebs, romlebic "gamsWvalulni arian miswrafebiT, rom
gaaumjobeson adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mdgomareoba da Seitanon maT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ufro fxizeli da gonieri urTierTobebio" (T.
saRaraZe, 1909, gv. 109).
saswavlo dawesebulebebSi aseTi daZabuli atmosferos arsebobis
miuxedavad, qarTveli maswavleblebi mainc axerxebdnen moswavleebTan
daaxloebas, maTSi qveynisa da samSoblo enisadmi siyvarulis gaRvivebas.
klasikur gimnaziaSi am saqmes emsaxurebodnen petre mirianaSvili, meliton
CogovaZe, parmen TvalWreliZe (caxeli). gansakuTrebiT didia am
ukanasknelis wvlili klasikuri gimnaziis moswavleTa erovnuli
suliskveTebiT aRzrdis saqmeSi. igi moswavleebs Tavs uyrida xan gimnaziis
darbazSi, xan Tavis saxlSi da esaubreboda eris warsulze, awmyosa da
momavalze. mis gakveTils "aRdgomis kvercxiviT vucdidiTo" _ wers erT-
erTi moswavle (gaz. "samSoblo", 1915, #205). didi roli Seasrula p.
TvalWreliZem Savrazmeli kustinoviCis klasikuri gimnaziidan gaZevebis
saqmeSi, roca man qarTul enas "ZaRlis ena" uwoda.
klasikur gimnaziaSi qarTul enas sxvebic eqomagebodnen. gimnaziis
direqtorma kotilevskim igi savaldebulod gamoacxada da SemoiRo
rogorc me-8 klasSi, ise mosamzadebel klasebSi. roca pedagogiuri sabWos
sxdomaze erT-erTma pedagogma ganacxada, rom klasidan klasSi gadayvanis
dros qarTulSi miRebuli 2 arafers niSnavso, direqtorma pedsabWos
sxdomaze aRniSna: "ras niSnavs savaldebulo ar aris? Tu franguli,
nemecuri, laTinuri da sxva enebi savaldebuloa qarTvelTaTvis, qarTuli
ena savaldebulo ar aris? me ver dageTanxmebiT da amitom xelmeored
vuniSnav gamocdebs agvistoSio" (gaz. "samSoblo", 1915, #169). swored mis
dros Seivso klasikuri da qalTa gimnaziebi qarTveli maswavleblebiT
imgvarad, rom klasikurSi 2/3, xolo qalTaSi ki yvelani qarTvelebi iyvnen.
qarTvelebTan kargi damokidebuleba gaxda mizezi quTaisidan misi
gadayvanisa.
qarTuli enis swavlebis mxriv uaresi mdgomareoba iyo wm. ninos
qalTa saswavlebelSi. erTi sawinaaRmdego sityva kmaroda, rom
saswavleblis mmarTvels daeTxova maswavlebeli. cnobili beletristi i.
cincaZe, romelic 1913-1917 wlebSi aswavlida aq, SeniSnavda: "Cems
sicocxleSi bevrjer ar ganmicdia iseTi tanjva, rogor zneobriv tanjvasac
aq ganvicdidio". saswavleblis direqtori iaxnenko da misi moadgile
bibikovi didad moZuleni iyvnen qarTveli erisa. aq gamefebuli iyo
enatanioba, mabezRaroba, morCileba, qarTuli ena saerTod gandevnili iyo
saswavleblidan. sul sxva mdgomareoba iyo saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi. aq
swavla qarTul enaze mimdinareobda. qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa mZlavri
birTvi ara marto ganaTlebis saqmes, aramed yovelgvar mamuliSvilur
wamowyebas edga saTaveSi. petre da ioseb ocxelebi, Toma mTavriSvili,
gerasime cagareiSvili, silovan xundaZe, iakob nikolaiSvili, simon
qvariani, domenti oyreSiZe, iakob cincaZe, vasil wereTeli, akaki faRava,
dimitri uznaZe da sxvebi cdilobdnen saskolo direqciasTan frTxili,
awondawonili moqmedebebiT aRezardaT momavali Taoba samSoblos
gulmxurvale patriotebad.
quTaisis saswavleblebis qarTuli enisa da literaturis
maswavleblebi presis saSualebiT aqtiurad ilaSqrebdnen mTavrobis
samoswavlo politikis winaaRmdeg, Tumca qarTuli enis abuCad agdebis
saqmeSi brals, upirveles yovlisa, TviT adgilobriv inteligencias da
maT ojaxebs debdnen. swored isini, visac pirvel rigSi unda daecva
qarTuli ena, sircxvilad miiCnevdnen qarTulad saubars. quTaTuri presis
furclebze araerTi statia eZRvneba qarTveli inteligenciis "uniadago"
cxovrebas, mis umoqmedobas da gadagvarebas. mwvave werilebiT
publicistebi cdilobdnen inteligenciis farTo fenebis gamoRviZebas, maT
Semobrunebas sazogado problemebisaken. unda SevniSnoT erTi detalic:
kerZod, im statiebis irgvliv, romlebic exeba qarTvelTa CamorCenilobas,
sakuTari enis daviwyebas da qarTveli erisaTvis sxva damamcirebeli
faqtebis gamoaSkaravebas, cenzura dums da "am Semamkobel margalitebs"
detalurad awvdis mkiTxvels, magram roca saqme exeba maTi daZlevis
gzebsa da mowodebebs, igi guluxvad Cexavs statiebis am nawilebs, raTa
xalxs da publicistebs mouspos erTmaneTTan daaxloebisa da saerTo enis
gamonaxvis saSualeba.
qarTuli enis swavlebis problemas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia
gazeTma "kolxidam", romelic rubrikiT "Sinauri mtrebi" beWdavda
silovan xundaZis statiebs, sadac igi mouwodebda quTaisis inteligenciasa
da vaWrebs, daecvaT deda ena xelyofisagan da am saqmeSi gansakuTrebul
rols aniWebda qarTvel qals, rogorc ojaxis burjs. qarTveli
inteligenciis mowinave nawils kargad esmoda, rom skolis garda
samSoblo enis damcvelis funqcia ojaxs unda Seesrulebina, sadac mTavari
roli dedas eniWeboda. amitomac qarTulma presam Tavisi guliswyroma
swored qarTveli qalebisa da dedebis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. quTaisis
erovnul-demokratiul presaSi Cndeba araerTi statia, romelic
mimarTulia mokiskise, banqo-baqara-frapis moTamaSe "kartveli kalebis"
winaaRmdeg, romelTac qarTuli ar icodnen, ufro metic, sircxvilad
miaCndaT deda enaze saubari.
v. wereTeli statiaSi "quTaisis qalebis sayuradRebod" SeniSnavda,
rom eris gadaSenebasa Tu ganviTarebaSi qals didi roli aqvs. "Cveni
gadagvarebis mizezi orgvaria: Skola da ojaxi. Skolis Sesaxeb bevri iTqva
da iTqmeba, ojaxze ki oriode sityva unda iTqvas. gaunaTlebel dedebs
sasaxelod miaCniaT, Tu maTma Svilebma qarTuli ar ician. swored qalma
unda daudvas safuZvlad Svilebis aRzrdas deda ena" (gaz. "kolxida", 1911,
#11). amas daemata gaz. "kolxidaSi" s. xundaZis mTeli seria werilebisa
"kartveli kalebi", sadac avtori mkacrad da mourideblad akritikebda
Tanamedrove qarTvel qalTa gaunaTleblobas, fuqsavatobas,
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisadmi indiferentulobas, maT mier qarTuli enis
ugulebelyofas. igi werda, rom qarTvelebs ekargebodaT kultura,
romlis burjs odiTganve qarTveli qali warmoadgenda da rom
"ruseTidan nasesxebma kulturam daamaxinja Cveni erovnuli Tvisebebi, up.
yovlisa ki ena, romelic saukeTeso gamoxatuleba iyo eris
grZnobierebisa". presaSi daiwyo xangrZlivi kamaTi inteligenciasa da
qarTvel qalebs Soris. silovanis statiebma iseTi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia
qarTvel qalebSi, rom mas "qalTmoZule" Searqves da bevrgan aRar
esalmebodnen kidec. amas mohyva gaz. "kolxidas" saredaqcio werilebi, ip.
varTagavas, n. TavdgiriZis, ak. wereTlis da sxvaTa statiebi qarTvel
qalTa dRevandeli mdgomarebis Sesaxeb. isini cdilobdnen TavianTi maxvili
iumoriT, xSirad ki mware gamonaTqvamebiT gamoefxizlebinaT qarTveli
qalebi, gamoeyvanaT isini sazogadoebriv asparezze, miecaT maTTvis
ganaTleba, raTa isini saTaveSi Cadgomodnen Svilebis erovnul niadagze
aRzrdas, daearsebinaT qalTa wreebi, sadac ganixilavdnen sxvadasxva
saganmanaTleblo da kulturul sakiTxebs.
qalTa Segnebulma nawilma kritika sworad gaigo da Seafasa. presaSi
gamoCnda n. dadianis, "WiaTureli qarTveli qalis", d. axvledianis, qr.
dgebuaZis, "mgzavri qalis" da sxvaTa werilebi, romlebSic dadasturebuli
iyo gaz. "kolxidaSi" moyvanili faqtebis samarTlianoba, Tumca isini am
saqmeSi Tanabar pasuxismgeblobas aniWebdnen mamakacebsac, radganac swored
maT, ganaTlebamiRebulebma evropasa da ruseTSi Semoitanes is Cvevebi da
fsevdokultura, romelmac Searyia qveynis erovnuli TviTSegneba, abuCad
aigdo ena da Cacmuloba. redaqciac iziarebda am azrs da SeniSnavda, rom
erovnuli enis ucodinaroba erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis da erovnuli
TviTSegnebis arqona iyo da am senis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad unda
darazmuliyvnen vaJebic da qalebic, visac "samSoblos bedniereba
sagulisxmod miaCnda". 1911 wlis 7 ivliss gaz. "kolxidaSi" silovan xundaZe
werda, rom mas Sesrulebulad miaCnda is mizani, risTvisac daiwera
statiebi e. w. "kartveli kalebis" Sesaxeb: "sakvirvelia, ganaTlebul
qalebs rogor ar esmiT, rom mwerlobaSi mravali xerxia imisaTvis, rom
mweralma mkiTxvelebze gavlena moaxdinos, sxvadasxva movlena cxovlad
daasuraTos da amiT yuradReba miiqcios. iseT gonebadaxSul da fuqsavat
arsebaTaTvis, rogoric dRevandeli qarTveli qalebis umravlesobaa.
silovanis werilis kilo sruliad samarTliania, fuqsavatTa yofaqceva
mxolod dacinvis Rirsia, radgan bneli adamiani mxolod sagrZnobeli
CxvletiT SeiZleba gamovaRviZoT".
miuxedavad cenzurisa, quTaTuri presa mainc axerxebda mosaxleobaSi
erovnuli suliskveTebis gaRvivebas da mouwodebda maT yoveli saSualebiT
ebrZolaT mSobliuri enis dasacavad da gadasarCenad*.

damowmebuli literatura da wyaroebi

gaz. "imereTi", 1913, ## 18, 29, 111; 1914, # 89.

gaz "kolxida", 1911, # 11.
gaz. "megobari", 1915, # 44.
gaz. "samSoblo "1915, ## 169, 205.
T. saRaraZe, 1909 - Т. Сагарадзе. Культурно-историчесский очерк Западной
Грузии Кут. 1909, стр. 109/
qcsa - quTaisis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi.
tr. xundaZe, 1940 - tr. xundaZe, carizmis saganmanaTleblo politika
saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1940.
tr. xundaZe, 1951 - tr. xundaZe, narkvvebi saxalxo ganaTlebis
istoriidan saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1951.

RUSUDAN MIKAUTADZE

GEORGIAN PRESS MEDIA AND THE EFFORTS MADE FOR

THE PURITY OF THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE

Georgian education and the purity of the Georgian language were the recurrent
issues of the first two decades of the 20th century Georgian press. Kutaisi school
teachers were among those people who revealed the reactionary course of the Tsarist
Russia and its effort to eradicate Georgian language from schools and replace it with the
Russian language. Newspapers provided broad coverage of the controversies taking
place between the teachers and the educational board of the oblast authority. Georgian
publicists did not spare most severe words in their assessment of some Russophiles
intelligentsia and of so-called “kartveli kalebi”, the majority of whom abused their native
language. Such critical attitudes of Kutaisi press yielded its results. It made the
intelligentsia think over the problem more seriously, which in its turn began to encourage
the establishment of such public institutions that channeled their attention for the
development of education on the national grounds and for the survival of the Georgian
tongue as the language of instruction.