PROIECT ANALIZA

DATELOR

Proiectul a fost coordonat de

Dl. prof.dr. Gilbert Saporta,
C.N.A.M. Paris

INTRODUCERE
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dimensiuni mari.
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Aceste date sunt stabilite de: Population Reference Bureau din

Washington.
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ni.

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ANALIZA N COMPONENTE PRINCIPALE

Analiza n CRPSRQHQWH 3ULQFLSDOH HVWH R PHWRG
cantitative.

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1.1. Descrierea datelor

1.1.1. Variabilele
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variabilele cantitative active, care vor determina axele principale

variabilele ilustrative care prin natura lor (calitative) nu pot participa la
crearea axelor principale.
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GHFRUHOD LL
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progQR]DSRSXOD LHL
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active.
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11 variabile active
683(5),&FRQWLQX 
3238/$7,FRQWLQX 
1$7$/,7(FRQWLQX 
0257$/,7FRQWLQX 

8,1)$17,/FRQWLQX

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3 variabile ilustrative
1.
2.
7.

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1.1.2. Indivizii
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1.1.3.

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$FHVWWDEHODUDW F YDULDELOHOHDXRUGLQHGHP ULPHGLIHULWHPXOW

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a,

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4

e.

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Q2 = 0,0490 (mediana)
4

DWUHLDFXDQWLO 

E = Q3-Q1*Q3+1,5Q1=0,2676
$FHVW JUDILF DUDW 

norma:
Coreea de Sud,
ULOHGH-RV

Japonia,
Belgia.

ULOH FDUH DX R GHQVLWDWH IRDUWH ULGLFDW  vQ UDSRUW FX

1.2 Analiza n Componente Principale

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GDWHORU WUDQVIRUPDWH Q DGHY U GDW ILLQG RUGLQXO GH P ULPH IRDUWH GLIHULW DO

datelor, se va utiliza metrica inversei dispersiilor, ceea ce revine la efectuarea

Analizei n Componente Principale pe date centrate reduse.
0DLPXOWWRDWHGDWHOHDXRSRQGHUHLGHQWLF LHJDO FX

,QHU LDLF

XWDUHDD[HORUSULQFLSDOH

,QHU LD LQL LDO  D QRUXOXL GH SXQFWH HVWH VXPD SRQGHUDW   D S WUDWHORU
GLVWDQ HORU LQGLYL]LORU OD FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH 6H DUDW  F  DWXQFL FkQG GDWHOH

sunt centrate-UHGXVH DFHDVW

11.

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dispersiilor -FRYDULDQ HORUL0PDWULFHDXWLOL]DW

Aprecierea asupra preciziei calculelor:
Urma nainte de diagonalizare 11.00
Suma valorilor proprii
11.00

HISTOGRAMA PRIMELOR 11 VALORI PROPRII

3ULPHOH GRX  YDORUL SURSULL SHUPLW GHWHUPLQDUHD D[HORU SULQFLSDOH  L 

$FHVWHGRX D[HIRUPHD] SULPXOSODQSULQFLSDO3ULPDD[ SULQFLSDO SHUPLWH
UHVWLWXLUHDDGLQLQHU LHLD

doua 13,80 %.

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puncte.
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1.2.2. Reprezentarea variabilelor

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variabilele n primul plan principal.

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variabile.
Aceasta permite determinarea cerculuLGHFRUHOD LL

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ULLYDULDELOHORU

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Pe axa 1, variabilele cele mai bine reprezentate sunt Natalitatea,

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YDULDELOH VH RSXQ OD 3URFHQWXO GH PDL PXOW GH  DQL 6SHUDQ D GH YLD

 L

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6XSUDID D
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UL SRSXODWH OD

celelalte.
Global variabilele cele mai bine reprezentate n planul 1-2 sunt Natalitatea
L 3URFHQWXO GH PDL SX LQ GH  DQL JUDILF HOH VXQW FHOH PDL DSURSLDWH GH
FHUFXOGHFRUHOD LL
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demografice.
1.2.3. Reprezentarea indivizilor
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Q DGHY U GDF  UHQXQ

P OD DFHVW LQGLYLG SHQWUX $&3 YRP SXWHD V 

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FRQWULEX LH SXWHUQLF  VXQW SH IURQWLHUHOH UHSUH]HQW ULL vQWUXFkW FRQWULEX LD

individului i pe axa j este raportul dintre coordonata indiYLGXOXL L L LQHU LD

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pe axa 1 sunt:
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ULOH WLQHUH $FHVWH

UL LDX YDORUL LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX YDULDELOH FDUH DX

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PDL SX LQ GH  DQL PRUWDOLWDWH LQIDQWLO  L VODEH SHQWUX  YDULDELOHOH
FDUHDXGHWHUPLQDWQHJDWLYVSHUDQ DGHYLD

L31%
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DFHVWH

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PDUH

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ULU PkQLGHQWLFH
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PLF 

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SLHUGHUHDGLVWDQ HL HVWH PDL PLF  Q HOHJHP SULQ SLHUGHUHDGLVWDQ HLGLIHUHQ D
vQWUH GLVWDQ D LQGLYLGXOXL L OD RULJLQH vQ VSD LXO FX  GLPHQVLXQL L GLVWDQ D
DFHOXLDL LQGLYLG OD RULJLQH vQ SULPXO SODQ SULQFLSDO &D R FRQVHFLQ

 XQ

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unghiului este mai mare (aceasta verificndu-se n special pentru indivizii

GHS UWD LGHRULJLQH
$QH[D  FRQ LQH SLHUGHULOH GH GLVWDQ

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Siria.

1.2.4. Reprezentarea variabilelor ilustrative.

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5HPDUF P vQ SDUWLFXODU F  UHOLJLD  KLQGRX DUH DFHOHDL FRRUGRQDWH FD

IndiDQDGHY

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Q FRQFOX]LH UHSUH]HQW ULOH JUDILFH IDF V  DSDU  FODU FHOH WUHL JUXSH
GLVWLQFWHGH

UL

FHOH WLQHUH vQ SULQFLSDO

UL DIULFDQH SX LQ GH]YROWDWH GH UHOLJLH

DQLPLVW VDXPXVXOPDQ 
FHOH  E WUkQH

ULOH GH]YROWDWH GLQWUH FDUH

ULOH HXURSHQH 2FHDQLD L

$PHULFD6HSWHQWULRQDO GHUHOLJLHFUHWLQ
LRDWUHLDJUXS LQWHUPHGLDU 

Americii de Sud.

ULOHvQFXUVGHGH]YROWDUHDOH$VLHLL

O clasificare ne va permite, ntr-o DGRXDSDUWHV

SUHFLV DDFHVWRU

UL

RE LQHPRSDUWL LHPDL

CLASIFICAREA
Clasificarea are ca scop regruparea indivizilor n clase omogene.
([LVW  GRX  PDUL WLSXUL GH PHWRGH FODVLILFDUHD QRQ LHUDUKLF  FDUH
SURGXFH R SDUWL LH vQWU

-un nuP

U GDW GH FODVH L FODVLILFDUHD LHUDUKLF  FDUH

SURGXFHXQLUGHSDUWL LLvQFXLEDWH

2.1.

&ODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKLF

SULQPHWRGDOXL:DUG

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PLQLPXOGHLQHU LHLQWHUFODVH
,QHU LD LQWHUFODVH HVWH PHGLD S WUDWHORU GLVWDQ HORU FRQWUHORU GH JUHXWDWH
GLQ ILHFDUH FODV  OD FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH WRWDO &D L OD $&3 YRP XWLOL]D

metrica inverselor dispersiei.

,QGLFLL QLYHOXULORU H[SULP  SLHUGHUHD GH LQHU LH LQWHUFODVH OD ILHFDUH
UHJUXSDUH6XPDLQGLFLORUGHQLYHODUWUHEXLV ILHHJDO FXDGLF HJDO FX
LQHU LDWRWDO DQRUXOXLGHSXQFWH
&HL GRL LQGLYL]L FHLPDL DSURSLD L VXQW GHFL   L  DGLF  3RUWXJDOLD L
1RXD=HHODQG 
Q HWDSD XUP WRDUH QX  PDL  U PkQ GHFkW  LQGLYL]L L R FODV  GLQ FHOH
GRX 

ULUHJUXSDWHSUHFHGHQWUHSUH]HQWDW DWXQFLSULQFHQWUXOV XGHJUHXWDWH

6H UHJUXSHD]  GLQ QRX FHL GRL LQGLYL]L I FkQG V  VH SLDUG  FkW PDL SX LQ 
LQHU LHLQWHUFODVHDGLF 5HJDWHOH 8QLWHL'DQHPDUFD

6H UHvQFHSH DSRL DFHDVW  LWHUD LH SkQ  FkQG WR L LQGLYL]LL YRU IL UHJUXSD L

n interiorul unei singure clase.

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de

FODVHFHWUHEXLHS VWUDW$FHVWFULWHULXDEVROXWDFRQVHUYDWFODVH
&XORULOH SHUPLW XRU V  GLVWLQJHP FHOH  FODVH DVWIHO FUHDWH FXORULOH

identice au fost folosite n reprezentarea indivizilor n primul plan principal.

QEOHXFODVDvQURXFOasa 2, n verde, clasa 3.

2.2.

Consolidarea claselor

0HWRGDFHQWUHORUPRELOHSHUPLWHFRQVROLGDUHDSDUWL LHLI FXWHFXPHWRGD

lui Ward. Plecnd de la centrele de greutate ale celor 3 clase, se constituie

clase noi: indivizii sunt atDD L OD FHQWUXO GH JUHXWDWH  FHO PDL DSURSLDW 6H
FDOFXOHD]  DSRL FHQWUHOH GH JUHXWDWH DOH DFHVWRU FODVH QRL L VH UHvQFHSH
RSHUD LDSkQ ODVWDELOLWDWH

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$UJHQWLQDFDUHWUHFHGLQFODVDOD

ULvQFXUVGHGH]YROWDUH

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Descrierea claselor
Mai multe elemente permit caracterizarea claselor diferite create.
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FODVHORULQGLYL]LLWLSLFLPRGDOLW

LOHLYDULDELOHOHFHOHPDLFDUDFWHULVWLFH

&ODVHOH  L  DX FRRUGRQDWH GH YDORUL ULGLFDWH GDU RSXVH SH D[D  L FX

valori test ridicate.

$[DSHUPLWHGHFLXRUGLIHUHQ LHUHDXRDU DLQGLYL]LORU
'LQFRQWU FODVDHVWHIRDUWHPHGLH

Caracterizarea prin indivizi tipici

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TaEHOHOH XUP

WRDUH GDX SHQWUX ILHFDUH FODV  FHL  LQGLYL]L FHL PDL

FDUDFWHULVWLFLLGLVWDQ DORUODFHQWUXOGHJUHXWDWH

&DUDFWHUL]DUHDSULQYDULDELOHLOXVWUDWLYHLDFWLYH
8UP WRDUHOH GRX  WDEHOH GDX SHQWUX ILHFDUH FODV  YDULDELOHOH FHOH PDL
PXOWLFHOHPDLSX LQUHSUH]HQWDWLYH

'HILQL LH

&/$02' UDSRUWXO GLQWUH QXP UXO LQGLYL]LORU DSDU LQkQG FODVHL L

PRGDOLW

LLLQXP UXOGHLQGLYL]LDSDU LQkQGPRGDOLW

([HPSOXGLQWUH

LL

ULOHDVLDWLFHIDFSDUWHGLQFODVD

(10/12=0,8333).
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PRGDOLW

LLLQXP UXOXLGHLQGLYL]LDLFODVHL

Exemplu: 45,45% dintre indivizii clasei 1 sunt asiatice

(10/12=0,4545).
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ULOH DVLDWLFH v

n timp ce ea nu

FRQ LQHQLFL R DU HXURSHDQ 

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&ODVD  HVWH GLQ FRQWU  HXURSHDQ  L FUHWLQ  L QX FRQ LQH QLFL R DU 
DIULFDQ VDXLVODPLVW 

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LQWHULRUXOXQHLDFHOHLDLFODVHVXQWLQIHULRDUHDEDWHULLPHGLLS WUDWLFHDvQWUHJLL
PXO LPLGHYDULDELOH
QDGHY USDUWL LDFUHHD] FODVHPXOWPDLRPRJHQH0DLPXOWFODVHOHL

3 au variabile caracterisWLFH GDU vQ RSR]L LH $FHOHD FDUH VXQW VXSHULRDUH
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vQ

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nte

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Concluzie
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UHODWLYVLPSOXDPXO LPLLGHGDWHFRPSOH[H
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IDSWXOF HOHVXQWUHFHSWLELOHGHXQSXEOLFODUJQHVSHFLDOL]DW

Anexe