Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Introducere
n pofida progreselor semnificative realizate n ultimii
20 de ani, vrsturile, dar mai ales senzaa de grea,
*Adres de coresponden:
F. Roila 2010. Publicat de Oxford University Press din partea European Society for Medical Oncology.
Toate drepturile sunt rezervate. Pentru permisiuni, v rugm s trimitei email la: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Journal of Radiotheraphy & Medical Oncology, On-Line supplement Nr 1, 2014.
Acest articol este o traducere a articolului Guideline update for MASCC and ESMO in the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: results
of the Perugia consensus conference. Publicat n Annals of Oncology 21 (Supplement 5): v232v243, 2010. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq194
Roila et al.
Redus (10%-30%)
Agent
Hexametilmelamin
Procarbazin
Ciclofosfamid
Temozolomid
Vinorelbin
Imatinib
Capecitabin
Tegafur uracil
Fludarabin
Etopozid
Sunitinib
Everolimus
Lapatinib
Lenalidomid
Talidomid
Clorambucil
Hidroxiuree
L-fenilalanina
6-tioguanin
Metotrexat
Gefitinib
Erlotinib
Sorafenib
a
Riscul emetogen al agenilor administrai pe cale oral st sub
semnul unor incertitudini considerabile.
Roila et al.
Tabelul 3. Ageni antiemetici pentru profilaxia efectului emetic acut indus de HEC la aduli
O doz zilnic unic
administrat naintea
chimioterapiei
Antagoniti ai receptorilor 5-HT3
Antiemetice
Ondansetron
Granisetron
MASCC
ESMO
Oral: 24 mg
Moderat
nalt
nalt
nalt
Oral: 2 mg
nalt
nalt
nalt
nalt
Tropisetron
nalt
Moderat
Dolasetron
Oral: 100 mg
nalt
Moderat
nalt
nalt
IV: 0,25 mg
nalt
Moderat
II
nalt
Moderat
II
Palonosetron
Oral: 0,50 mg
Dexametazon
nalt
nalt
Aprepitant
Oral: 125 mg
nalt
nalt
Fosaprepitant
IV: 115 mg
nalt
Moderat
II
a
20 mg dac aprepitant nu este disponibil. Dac dexametazona nu este disponibil, date limitate sugereaz c prednisolon sau
metilprednisolon o pot nlocui, n doze de aproximativ 7 i, respectiv, 5 ori mai mari.
Tabelul 4. Ageni antiemetici pentru profilaxia efectului emetic acut indus de MEC la aduli
Antiemetic
MASCC
O doz zilnic unic administrat
naintea chimioterapiei
ESMO
Antagoniti ai receptorului
5-HT3
Ondansetron
Granisetron
Tropisetron
Dolasetron
Palonosetron
nalt
nalt
Moderat
III
Oral 2 mg
nalt
nalt
nalt
nalt
Oral 5 mg
nalt
Redus
III
IV 5 mg
nalt
Moderat
III
Oral 100 mg
nalt
Moderat
II
nalt
Moderat
II
IV: 0,25 mg
nalt
nalt
Oral: 0,5 mg
nalt
Moderat
II
Dexametazon
nalt
Moderat
II
Aprepitant
Oral: 125 mg
nalt
Moderat
II
Fosaprepitant
115 mg IV
nalt
Moderat
II
Dac dexametazona nu este disponibil, date limitate sugereaz c prednisolon sau metilprednisolon o pot nlocui, n doze de
aproximativ 7 i, respectiv, 5 ori mai mari.
Roila et al.
Tabelul 5. Fenomenele emetice induse de chimioterapie: niveluri de risc i noile ghiduri MASCC i ESMO
Nivel de risc
Chimioterapie
Moderat (30%-90%) AC
MEC fr AC (vezi
Tabelele 1 i 2)
Redus (10%-30%)
Vezi Tabelele 1 i 2
Vezi Tabelele 1 i 2
Ziua 4: DEX
Ziua 1: antagonist de receptor
5-HT3 + DEX+(fos)
aprepitanta
Zilele 2-3: aprepitant
nalt/ moderat
nalt/ nalt
I/A
Moderat/ moderat
II/B
Moderat/ moderat
II/B
Moderat/ moderat
II/B
III, IV/D
V/D
DEX, dexametazon; AC, combinaie ntre o antraciclin (doxorubicin sau epirubicin) i ciclofosfamid.
a
(fos)aprepitant: forma oral sau cea IV a antagonistului de receptor NK1
Pentru dozele din Ziua 1, consultai Tabelele 3 i 4. Doza de aprepitant din zilele 2 i 3 este de 80 mg. Durata i doza optim de
dexametazon pentru faza tardiv nu au fost definite.
Dac nu este disponibil un antagonist de receptor NK1 pentru chimioterapia AC, antagonistul preferat de receptor 5-HT3 este
palonosetron.
Roila et al.
Roila et al.
10
Tabelul 6. Fenomenele emetice induse de radioterapie: nivelurile de risc emetic i noile ghiduri MASCC i ESMOa
Nivel de risc
nalt (> 90%)
Regiune iradiat
Ghiduri antiemetice
Profilaxie cu antagoniti ai
nalt/ nalt (pentru adugarea
receptorilor 5-HT3 + DEX opional
DEX: moderat/ nalt)
Profilaxie sau tratament de salvare cu Moderat/ nalt (pentru salvare:
antagoniti ai receptorilor 5-HT3
redus/ nalt)
IV/D
Profilaxie cu antagoniti ai
receptorilor 5-HT3 + DEX
Redus/ nalt
HBI, iradierea unui hemicorp (half body irradiation); UBI, iradierea jumtii superioare a corpului (upper body irradiation); C i G,
cap i gt; DEX, dexametazon
a
n cazul radiochimioterapiei concomitente, profilaxia antiemetic se realizeaz n conformitate cu ghidurile de tratament antiemetic
asociate cu categoria corespunztoare chimioterapiei, n afar de situaiile n care riscul emetic asociat cu radioterapia este mai mare
dect cel asociat cu chimioterapia.
11
Roila et al.
12
Concluzii
Conferina ESMO-MASCC din anul 2009 de stabilire a
Consensului n privina tratamentului antiemetic a actualizat
clasificarea agenilor antineoplazici n funcie de potenialul
lor emetogen i recomandrile pentru profilaxia senzaiei
de grea i a vrsturilor induse de diverse regimuri
chimioterapice i radioterapice (Tabelele 5 i 6).
Comisia de stabilire a consensului a purtat mai
multe dezbateri aprinse i nu toate recomandrile au fost
formulate n unanimitate. Civa membri ai comisiei au
susinut c palonosetron trebuie s fie antagonistul de
receptori 5-HT3 preferat pentru profilaxia senzaiei de
grea i a vrsturilor acute i tardive induse de cisplatin.
Totui, majoritatea membrilor comisiei au concluzionat
c cele dou studii disponibile nu sunt suficiente pentru a
susine aceast recomandare. O alt dezbatere s-a purtat
n legtur cu pacienii tratai cu MEC. O proporie
semnificativ a membrilor comisiei (30%) nu au fost
convini c studiile actuale pot susine recomandarea
de utilizare a palonosetron ca antagonist de elecie al
receptorilor 5-HT3 n cazul utilizrii MEC. Pe baza datelor
acumulate dup ntrunirea de consens din anul 2004, 70%
dintre membrii comisiei au fost de acord s recomande
palonosetron ca antagonist de elecie al receptorilor 5-HT3
n cazul MEC nereprezentat de AC. Comisia de consens
recomand utilizarea unei combinaii dintre aprepitant, un
antagonist al receptorilor 5-HT3 i dexametazon pentru
profilaxia senzaiei de grea i a vrsturilor induse de
chimioterapia AC (Tabelul 5). Deoarece nu exist un studiu
randomizat care s fi investigat palonosetron n asociere cu
un antagonist al receptorilor NK1, nu se poate recomanda
preferenial un anumit antagonist de receptori 5-HT3 n
asociere cu un antagonist al receptorilor NK1 n cazul
chimioterapiei AC. Majoritatea comisiei (70%) a dorit s
precizeze c palonosetron trebuie s reprezinte opiunea de
elecie n cazul chimioterapiei AC dac nu este disponibil
un antagonist al receptorilor NK1.
n controlul vrsturilor au fost nregistrate progrese
considerabile n ultimii ani. De aceea, n viitor, atenia
trebuie s se ndrepte asupra controlului senzaiei de
grea, care rmne n prezent cea mai mare provocare
pentru tratamentul fenomenelor emetice. n realitate, dei
vrsturile i greaa par s se declaneze i s se remit n
paralel, acestea nu reprezint aceleai fenomene. n timp
ce vrsturile pot fi cuantificate obiectiv prin numrul
episoadelor emetice, greaa reprezint un fenomen subiectiv
pentru care sunt necesare instrumente de evaluare i
definiii diferite. De asemenea, este recunoscut faptul c
obiectivul primar standard al studiilor de evaluare a terapiei
antiemetice, rspunsul complet, este definit prin lipsa
vrsturilor i lipsa utilizrii medicaiei de salvare, dar
nu face referire n mod direct la senzaia de grea sau la
protecia oferit fa de aceasta. De asemenea, studii clinice
13
Mulumiri
Pentru a reui organizarea Conferinei de Consens,
am primit fonduri nerestricionate din partea Eisai,
Helsinn, GSK, Merck i Prostrakan. De asemenea, fonduri
suplimentare au fost alocate de ctre ESMO i MASCC.
Not
n parantezele ptrate sunt prezentate nivelurile de
ncredere MASCC i nivelul de consens MASCC, urmate
de Nivelurile de eviden [IV] i gradele de recomandare
[AD] utilizate de American Society of Clinical Oncology,
indicate de asemenea ntre paranteze ptrate.
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