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ABSTRACT
A Substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming
transmission line and delivers electrical power through feeders and this is used for
controlling the power on different routes. Substations are integral part of a power
system and form important part of transmission and distribution network of electrical
power system.
Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from
the generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution
and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching stations
different connections between various transmission lines are made, others are
converting sub-stations which either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert
frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa.
The various circuits are joined together through these components to a bus-bar
at substation. Basically, Sub-station consists of power transformers, circuit breakers,
relays, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers,
synchronous condensers/ Capacitor banks etc.
This mini project covers the important equipments & their function in a SubStation. And also an attempt is made to cover the general maintenance of Substation
and Checks the observations to be made by Shift Engineer. As a part of case study we
are going to visit a 220/132Kv TRANSCO substation in Warangal.
CONTENTS
Chapter No
TITLE
Page no.
List of Abbreviations
iii
List of Symbols
iv
List of Figures
List of Tables
vi
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Construction of a substation
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
2.1
2.2
3.1
Feeder Circuit
3.2
Transformer Circuit
3.3
Auxiliary supply
4.1
Lightening Arrestors
4.2
Earthing
12
4.3
13
4.4
Wave Trap
15
4.5
16
4.6
Instrument Transformers
17
4.7
Circuit Breakers
26
Chapter No
TITLE
Page no.
4.8
Bus
31
4.9
Transformers
31
4.10
35
TYPES OF CONTROL
37
5.1
Capacitors
38
5.2
38
5.3
Station battery
38
5.4
Insulators
40
43
6.1
Transformer
43
6.2
Feeder
43
44
7.1
Substation at Warangal
45
7.2
46
7.3
48
CONCLUSION
50
REFERENCES
51
ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EHVExtra high voltage
SLD Single line diagram
PT Potential transformer
CT Current transformer
HVCT- High voltage CT
LVCT Low voltage CT
CVT Capacitor voltage transformer
LA Lightening arrestors
ES - Earth switches
CB Circuit breaker
HV side High voltage side
LV side Low voltage side
PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC On load tap changer
HG Fuse - -Horn gap fuse
OTI Oil temperature indicator
WTI Winding temperature indicator
IDMT Characteristics Inverse definite minimum time characteristics
iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
X0 Zero sequence reactance
X1- Positive sequence reactance
R0- Zero sequence resistance
Ip Primary current
Np Primary Winding Turns
Is Secondary Current
Ns Secondary Winding Turns
Vp Primary voltage
Vs Secondary voltage
Zs Impedance attached at the secondary side coil
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No
Title
Page No.
2.1
3.1
4.1(i)
Surge diverter
4.1(ii)
4.2
Lightening arrestors
4.3.1
14
4.3.2
14
4.4.1
Wave trap
15
4.5.1
17
4.6.1
Line diagram of CT
19
4.6.2.1
Line diagram of VT
24
4.6.2.2
Potential transformer
25
4.7.1
29
4.9.1.1
Electrical transformer
31
4.9.1.2
Ideal transformer
32
4.9.1.3
Mutual induction
33
4.9.3
34
4.10.1
35
4.10.2
Reactive Losses
36
5.1
Types of control
37
5.3
Station Batteries
41
5.4
43
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title
Page No
4.1.3
LA voltage rating
11
4.1.4
11
4.6.1.5
22
4.6.1.6
23
5.4
Insulators
42
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION :
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are
as follows:
CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most
important ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2)
constructional features.
(i)
level of electric supply are called transformer sub-stations. These sub-stations receive
power at some voltage and deliver it at some other voltage. Obviously, transformer
will be the main component in such sub-stations. Most of the sub-stations in the
power system are of this type.
(ii)
i.e. incoming and outgoing lines have the same voltage. However, they simply
perform the switching operations of power lines.
(iii)
the power factor of the system are called power factor correction sub-stations. Such
sub-stations are generally located at the receiving end of transmission lines. These
sub-stations generally use synchronous condensers as the power factor improvement
equipment.
(iv)
(v)
D.C. power are called converting sub-stations. These sub-stations receive A.C. power
and convert it into D.C. power with suitable apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for
such purposes as traction, electroplating, electric welding etc.
(i)
Indoor sub-station
Outdoor sub-station
Underground sub-station
Pole-mounted sub-station
(ii)
installed out-door.
It is because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the
space required for switches, circuit breakers and other equipment becomes so great
that it is not economical to install the equipment indoor.
(iii)
for equipment and building is limited and the cost of land is high. Under such
situations, the sub-station is created underground.
(iv)
installed over-head on H-pole or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest form of substation for voltages not exceeding 11KV (or 33 KV in some cases). Electric power is
almost distributed in localities through such sub-station.
CHAPTER 3
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)
A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of
the concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the
scope of the mentioned Work. As in the case of 132KV Substation, the SLD shall
show Lightening Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T &
C.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer,
all protective devices/relays and other special equipment like CVT, GUARD RINGS,
etc as per design criteria. And the symbols are shown below. There are several
feeders enter into the substation and carrying out the power. As these feeders enter
the station they are to pass through various instruments.
3. Current transformer
2. Circuit breaker
4. Lightning Arrestors
5. Auto Transformer 100MVA (220/132KV)
ii) LV side:
1. Lightening arrestors
5. Bus
2. Current transformer
3. Circuit breaker
4. Bus Isolator.
CHAPTER 4
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE
SUBSTATION
4.1 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:
4.1.1 Lightening Arrestors:
Lightening arrestors are the instruments that are used in the incoming feeders
so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very
dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very
costly, so to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening
arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the
arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main
important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The
lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the
ground.
These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation
and as near as possible to the transformer terminals.
LA bottom flange will be earthed via leakage ammeter and surge counter.
Leakage current is to be recorded periodically. If the leakage current enters into the
red range from the green range, the LA is prone for failure. Hence, it is to be
replaced.
Fig 4(i) shows the basic form of a surge diverter. It consists of a spark gap in series
with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the
equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. The length of the
gap is so set that normal voltage is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high
voltage will break down the air insulation and form an arc. The property of the nonlinear resistance is that its resistance increases as the voltage (or current) increases
and vice-versa. This is clear from the volt/amp characteristic of the resistor shown in
Fig 4 (ii).
under:
(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts
no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting.
(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks
down and an arc is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the
ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly
conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line.
(iii) It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the
operation of arrester. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a
short circuit on the power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester.
Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to high voltage (or
current), it gives the effect of short circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers
high resistance to make the gap non conducting.
4.1.3. Guide for selection of LA:
(i) Before selecting the LA it should be ascertained whether the system is
effectively earthed, non-effectively earthed or having isolated neutral.
(ii) The system neutrals are considered to be effectively earthed when the coefficient of earthing does not exceed 80%.
In this case, the reactance ratio X0/ X1 (zero sequence reactance/positive
sequence reactance) is positive and less than 3 and at the same time the resistance
ratio RO/X1 (zero sequence resistance/positive sequence reactance) is less than 1 at
any point on the system. For this system the arrestor rating will be 80% of the highest
phase to phase system voltage.
10
Highest system
Arrester rating in KV
Voltage (KV)
Voltage (KV)
11
12
33
36
30
66
72.5
60
132
145
120/132 (latex)
220
245
198/216 (latex)
400
420
336
BIL
Voltage
KV
KV
Peak
11
75
12.0
33
200
18.0
66
325
24.0
132
550
35.0
650
43.0
900
Closes to
1050
Transformer
220
400
1425
1550
11
4.2 EARTHING:
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines
should be in such a manner as to provide:
a) Safety to personnel
b) Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents
c) Improve reliability of power supply
4.2.1 The primary requirements are:
The impedance to ground (Resistance of the earthing system) should be as low as possible
and should not exceed,
Large sub-stations -1 ohm
Small sub-stations -2 ohms
Power stations -0.5 ohms
Distribution transformer stations- 5 ohms
4.2.1.1 All exposed steel earthing conductors should be protected with bituminous
paint.
4.2.1.2 PLATE EARTHING:
i) EHT Substation - 1.3 M x 13 M.Ms cast iron plates 25mm thick Plates are
to be buried vertically in pits and surrounded by finely divided coke, crushed coal or
char coal at least 155 mm all round the plates. Plates should not be less than 15 m
apart and should be buried to sufficient depth to ensure that they are always
surrounded by moist earth.
4.2.1.3 PIPE EARTHING:
a) EHT substations Cast iron pipes 125 mm in diameter 2.75 m long and not less than
9.5 mm thick pipes 50.8mm in dia and 3.05m long. Pipes are to be placed vertically at
intervals of not less than 12.2 m in large stations surrounded by finely broken coke
crushed coal and charcoal at least 150 mm around the pipe on the extra depth.
a) Peripheral or main earth mat-
100 x 16 m MS flat
c) Branch connections-
12
Joints are to be kept down to the minimum number. All joints and
connections in earth grid are to be brazed, riveted, sweated, bolted or welded. For rust
protection the welds should be treated with barium chromate. Welded surfaces should
be painted with red lead and aluminium paint in turn and afterwards coated with
bitumen. Joints in the earthing conductor between the switch gear units and the cable
sheaths, which may require to subsequently broken should be bolted and the joint
faces tinned. All joints in steel earthing system should be made by welding except the
points for separating the earthing mat for testing purposes which should be bolted.
These points should be accessible and frequently supervised.
4.2.1.4 In all sub-stations there shall be provision for earthing the following:
4.2.1.5 The earth conductor of the mat could be buried under earth to economical
depth of burial of the mat 0.5 meters.
4.3 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems
to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay.
13
These are high pass Filters (carrier frequency 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass
carrier frequency to carrier panels and power frequency parameters to switch yard. In
its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage.
14
: CVEB/245/1050
Weight
: 665 kg
: 250 VA
Output maximum
: 750 VA at 50O C
Rated voltage
: A-N, 220/3
: A-N, 245/3
Insulation level
: 460/1050 KV
Rated frequency
: 50Hz
: A1-N, 20/3 KV
Voltage factor
HF capacitance
Primary capacitance C1
Secondary capacitance C2
: 48400 pF +10%-5%
Voltage ratio
: 220000/3/ 110/3/110-110/3
Voltage
: 110/3
110-110/3
Burden
: 150
100
Class
: 0.5
3P
15
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and
diverting them to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room
through coupling capacitor.
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily tele protection signals and in addition,
voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the
high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to
the substation bus bars. If these are not present in the substation, then signal loss is
more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.
4.5. ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCHES (ES):
Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either
line equipment, power transformer equipment or power transformer). With the
isolators, we are able to see the isolation of the equipment with our naked eye. The
line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the
bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only
needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself.
Isolator is a type of switching device. It has non control devices. Isolator are
operated after the circuit breaker is opened. While closing the circuit, first close the
isolator and after the circuit breaker is closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated
under no current condition. In the following cases it is permissible to use isolator for
making and breaking of the circuits.
16
17
18
P
R
I
S
M
E
A
C
R
O
Y
N
W
D
I
A
N
Fig:R4.6.1 LINE
DIAGRAM OF CT.
D
Y
I
Primary Winding: It is theWwindingNwhich is connected in series
I
G
N
circuit, the current of which is to be transformed.
D
I
These are of two types:
N
G
with the
19
secondary core1, primary to secondary core2, core1 to earth, core2 to earth and core1
to core2. Primary to earth and primary to secondary cores are to be checked with 5KV
motor operated insulation tester (megger) and secondary to earth values are to be
checked with 1000V insulation tester or preferably with 500V insulation tester.
Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the CTs connected to
revenue meters)
20
: IT-245
Frequency
: 50 Hz
H.S.V
: 245 KV
BIL
: 460/1050KV
Oil weight
: 360kgs
Total weight
: 1250kgs
Lth
: 40/1 KA/sec
21
RATIO
800-600-400/1-1-1-1-1
2
3
4
CORE NUMBER
RATED PRIMARY
CURRENT (A)
RATED
SECONDARY
CURRENT(A)
OUTPUT(VA)
--------
----------
ACCURACY CLASS
I.S.F/A.L.F
PS
----
PS
---
800
TURN RATIO
RCT at 75 C AT 800/1
(ohms)
1
-----------PS
---
2/1600
6
------- -
30
PS
---
1200
800
0.5
<=5
---
: IT-145
Frequency
: 50 Hz
HSV/NSV
: 145/132 KV
BIL
: 650/275 KV
Oil weight
: 75Kg
Total weight
: 550Kg
Lth
: 31.5/1 kA/sec.
Ldyn
: 78.75kAp
22
500/1-1, 0.66-1
RATIO
CORE NUMBER
RATED PRIMARY
500
CURRENT (A)
PRIMARY &
500/1
500/1
500/0.66
500/1
1s1-1s2
2s1-2s2
2s1-2s3
3s1-3s2
0.66
OUTPUT(VA)
20
-------
------------
20
ACCURACY CLASS
5p
I.S.F/A.L.F
20
--------
---------
<=5
--------
<=5
---------
-------------
SECONDARY
CONNECTION
RATED SECONDARY
CURRENT(A)
PS
0.2
Important:
a)
23
To reduce the line voltage to a value which is suitable for standard measuring
instruments relays etc.
To isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays etc. from high voltage
side an installation.
24
As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have
more turns in the primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected
in parallel only. Even if we connect it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not
going to be a short circuit as its primary winding has very high resistance. Its core is a
set of assembled laminations. It operates at constant flux density. The standards are
IEC 600044 2 and IS 3156.
secondary core-1, primary to secondary core-2, core1 to earth, core 2 to earth and
core-1 to core-2. These values are to be checked with 1000V insulation tester
(megger) or preferably with 500V insulation tester.
Ratio Test: By applying single phase voltage across primary the voltage
Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the PTs connected to
revenue meters)
25
PT specifications
In PTs no of secondary cores is 1 or more than 1 based on the requirement.
Generally in 11KV or 33KV bus PTs, there is one secondary winding which is used
both for protection and metering and in 132KV and above, there are two secondary
cores. First core is of metering core with 1.0 or 0.5 or 0.2 accuracy classes. This will
be used metering, directional over current protection and distance protection.
The second core is protection core with 3P accuracy class. This will be used
for the directional earth fault protection (open delta voltage) of power transformers
and 132KV feeders.
Accuracy class 0.5 means +/- 0.5% errors are allowable and 3P means +/- 3%
errors are allowable and P denotes protection.
Permissible load to be connected on PT secondary winding is decided by the
burden of the PT secondary winding. It is expressed in volt-amperes (VA). If more
than rated burden is connected then error will be increased.
26
The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas
circuit breakers are preferred.
interrupter and the insulating pull rod. Vacuum integrity test is the correct test to
know the healthiness of the vacuum interrupter.
reaching to SF6 gas pressure low alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice of the
maintenance personnel.SF6 gas circuit breaker goes to lockout conditions after falling
to lockout pressure close and trip circuits will be blocked and circuit breaker
operation cant be performed N<0 contacts of 63GLX were used in close and trip
circuits of the CB and 63GLX contactor is in picked up conditions when the gas
pressure is sufficient. Some of the SF6 gas circuit breaker automatically trips while
going to lockout stage N<C contacts of 63GLX contactor were used in close and trip
circuits and 63GLX is in drop off condition when the gas pressure is sufficient.
Oil condition in the air compressor is to be checked periodically. And it is
to be replaced based on condition of oil.
There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers;
(b) Vacuum circuit breakers.
27
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and
arc extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure
and is more than the dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely
used in electrical equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage
metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings,
etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature
increases with the pressure.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur
in the fluorine gas, in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each
bearing about 4 kg of sulphur. The steel box is made gas tight.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having
high input KV, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker
by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor
connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than
20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if
the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in
it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments
in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.
Some of the properties of SF6 are,
28
29
In closing circuit of the Circuit Breaker there are no. of series inter locks we can say
that it is an AND Gate and tripping circuit there are no.of parallel paths it is an OR
Gate.
Trip circuit healthiness is to be ensured immediately after closing the circuit breaker.
It is to be ensured at regular intervals at least once shift, as there is no trip circuit
supervision relay and annunciation relay for 33KV feeders and in case of old panels
of 132KV feeders If any deviation is found it is to be brought to the notice of
maintenance personnel.
30
4.8 BUS:
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any
fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop.
The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a
connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works
only if the first is having any fault.
4.9 TRANSFORMERS:
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same
basic principles, although the range of designsis wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage.
Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long
distance transmission economically practical.
31
32
If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the
flux is the product of the magnetic field strength and the area A through which it cuts.
The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the
primary.
33
34
LI 900 AC 395
LI 95 AC 38
LI 550 AC 230
LI 170 AC 70
Type of cooling:
Rated MVA :
Rated KV at no load: HV
IV
LV
ONAN DNAF
75
100
220KV
-132KV
-11KV
--
Line Amperes :
196.8
328.0
1299.0
HV
IV
LV
262.4
437.4
1732.1
10.222
32.72
23.59
35
36
CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF CONTROL
VAR control is the natural means to control capacitors because the latter adds
a fixed amount of leading VARs to the line regard less of other conditions, and loss
reduction depends only on reactive current. Since reactive current at any point along a
feeder is affected by downstream capacitor banks, this kind of control is susceptible
to interaction with downstream banks. Consequently, in multiple capacitor feeders,
the furthest downstream banks should go on-line first and off-line last. VAR controls
require current sensors.
Current control is not as efficient as VAR control because it responds to total line
current, and assumptions must be made about the load power factor. Current controls
require current sensors. Voltage control is used to regulate voltage profiles; however
it may actually increase losses and cause instability from highly leading currents.
Voltage control requires no current sensors.
37
38
Pilot voltages and specific gravities are to be recorded by the shift personnel
39
While switching off the battery charger, one should observe the battery for the
sparks if any due to loose connections. Once charger is switched off, entire DC load
off the station is to be met by the battery. Voltage of all the cells and their specific
gravities, are to be recorded once in a month by the maintenance personnel. If any
deviation is found either in cell voltages or specific gravities, the battery may be kept
in boost mode duly topping up the electrolyte levels with the distilled water and
keeping the cell caps in open position. Specific gravity of the healthy cell is 1200+/20 i.e. it ranges from 1180 to 1220 and the voltage is about 2.1v.
Boost charger can be switched on duly keeping the coarse and fine selector
Boost charging current should not exceed 1/10th of the battery Ampere Hour
capacity i.e. 8 Amperes for 80 AH battery. Cell temperature should not exceed 50
Deg.Cen. Boost charger voltage should not exceed 297V (i.e.2.7v/cell).
c.
Float charger shall also be kept in service otherwise load will be connected
across first 84 cells and boost charger will be connected across 110 cells leading
under charging of first 84 cells or over charging of 85th cell to 110th cell causing
damage to the cells. Once float charger is switched on, load will automatically
connects across the float charger as float charger output voltage is generally more
than the first 84 nos. cells voltage.
d.
At the end of the boost charging, all the cells shall be thoroughly cleaned, caps
shall be kept back and petroleum jelly is to be applied at the cell terminals to avoid
exposing of electrodes direct to atmosphere which will cause formation of sulphation
on the terminals due to oxidation. Cell terminals shall be tightened periodically duly
keeping brass bolts & nuts as spares to meet the requirement. Battery shall be
discharged yearly once. It increases the battery life period. Earth leakage is to be
avoided as far as possible to discharging of 50% of the cells.
40
System details:
Make
: AMARA RAJA
System voltage
: 220v
Capacity at 27oc
: 200AH
Cell type
: 2V
No. of cells
: 110
Charging Requirements:
Float voltage
: 2.45-3V
Boost voltage
: 2.53-3V
Maximum charging
: 40A
: 2A
5.4 INSULATORS:
Ball and socket type disc insulators are assembled to the 132 KV, 220 KV and
400 KV suspension and tension hardware, certain important design aspects and other
details are indicated below: in next page:
41
Sl.
Description
132 KV lines
220 KV lines
No.
400 KV
lines
1. Type of insulators
Ball and
of
insulators
suspensions string
3. Dimensions
of
280mm x
145mm
insulators
tension string
4. Number of insulator disc per single
280mm x
170mm
9 nos.
13 nos.
23 nos.
2 x 9 nos.
2 x 13 nos.
2 x 23 nos.
10 nos.
14 nos.
24 nos.
2 x 10 nos.
2 x 14 nos.
2 x 24 nos.
7000 Kgs.
7000 Kgs.
11,500 Kgs.
11,500 Kgs.
11,500 Kgs.
16,500 Kgs.
280 mm
280 mm
315 mm
280 mm
280 mm
330 mm
110 KV
110 KV
120 KV
suspension string
5. Number of insulator disc per double
suspension string
6. Number of insulator discs per
single tension string
7. Number of insulator discs per each
double tension string
8. Electro Mechanical strength for
tension string insulator
9. Electro Mechanical strength for
suspension string insulator
10. Total creapage distance of each disc
insulator for suspension strings
11. Total creapage distance of each disc
insulator for tension string
12. Minimum impulse dry withstand
voltage (wave of 1 x 50 Micro
second) for each disc insulator
42
(I.E.C standard)
13. One
minute
power
frequency
70 KV (dry)
70 KV (dry)
70 KV
40 KV (wet)
40 KV (wet)
(dry)
insulator
40 KV
(wet)
110 KV
110 KV
140 KV
(Suspension
(Suspension
(Suspension
strings)
strings)
strings)
140 KV
140 KV
140 KV
(Tension Strings)
(Tension Strings)
(Tension
Strings)
16 mm
16 mm
20 mm
20 mm
20 mm
20 mm
1 MHz
1 MHz
insulator
50 Micro
Volts at 1
MHz
18. Corona
extinction
complete
(RMS)
voltage
string
for
both
(RMS)
43
320 KV
CHAPTER 6
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS
6.1 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
a) Station Transformer: HG Fuse protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV side
and Vent pipe.
b) Power transformers up to 7.5MVA:
HV side: O/L & Directional E/L protection with highest element in O/L relays.
LV side: O/L & E/L protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI and
WTI.
c) Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L & Directional E/L
protection with high set element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L protection:
differential protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI, WTI and PRV.
d) Power transformers from 31.5MVA and above: Over flux protection & LV WTI in
addition to protection.
e) 220/132KV power transformers: Over flux protection on both HV & LV sides LBB
protection on HV side OLTC Buchholz phase wise in addition to protection.
6.2 FEEDER PROTECTION:
a) 33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT
characteristics.
b) 132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection.
Backup protection: Directional O/L & E/L protection.
c) 220KV feeders: Main-1 protection: Distance protection
Main-2protection: Distance protection, LBB protection, pole discrepancy
Relay.
44
CHAPTER 7
220/132KV SUBSTATION AT WARANGAL
The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric
power is produced at the power stations which are located at favourable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a
large network of transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the
power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g.
voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, P.f. etc.) of electric supply.
This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage (11KV or 66KV) at the power station is stepped up to high
voltage (say 220KV or 132KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of
apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly,
near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization
level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation.
45
10MVAR
7.2MVAR
The 220KV supply is fed from either 220KV Nagaram I&II or 220KV
Budidampadu ckt I&II.
7.2.1 220KV Features:
20KV Bus Twin Zebra Bus
3 Nos 220/132KV PTRs Namely
i) 100MVA PTR-I
Make-TELK
Make-GEC ALSTHOM
iii)
100MVA PTR-III
Make-TELK
46
Make-BBL
Make-BBL
Make-NGEF
Make-UNISTAR
7.2.5 DC SYSTEM
i.Battery Bank-A:
Make: STAR Batteries 220V DC, 200AH, Lead Batteries
Connected Battery Charger:
Make: HEE 220V Dc, 200AH
Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps
ii.Battery Bank-B:
Make: AMARARAJA, 245V DC, 200AH, VLRA Batteries
Connected Battery Charger:
Make: HEE 220V DC, 200AH
Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps
47
7.2.5.1 Chargers:
48
The following are the important points which must be kept in view while
laying out a substation:
(i)
(ii)
It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration must
be given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc.
For reliability, consideration must be given for good design and construction, the
provision of suitable protective gear etc.
(iii)
(iv)
49
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a
power system. In general, they represent an interface between different levels or
sections of the power system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the
connections among various transmission and distribution lines.
The major stations include a control room from which operations are
coordinated. Smaller distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving
power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders
at lower voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and are
generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it
provides the effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the
system. Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as
protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a
protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches
are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a
connection. An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that
breakers are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in
those very situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular
switches are designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on
both the high- and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also
include capacitor banks to provide voltage support.
50
REFERENCES
[1] Principles of Power Systems by V.K. Mehtha
[2] Electrical Power Systems by C.L. Wadhwa
[3] Power System Engineering by ML. Soni
[4]www.littelfuse.com/.../Littelfuse-Protection-Relay-Transformer- Protection
[5]www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/.../substation.html.
[6]http://www.scribd.com/doc/13595703/Substation-Construction-andCommissioning.
[7]http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/marufdilse-881803-electriealpower-trasmission/
[8]http://skindustrialcorp.tradeindia.com/Exporters_Suppliers/Exporter17825.
277078/66-KV-Disc-Insulator-Ball-Socket-Type.html.
[9]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation.
51