Precaution

Do not dispose glycerol into the sink as glycerol is flammable and have high
viscosity and some will remain in the sink. All apparatus in contact with glycerol
should be washed thoroughly.
Rubber gloves should be worn when handling pvdf membrane to avoid
contamination.
Surgical blade should be handled with care as pvdf membrane is slippery to avoid
injury.
Care should be taken not to shake the table which holds the contact angle
goniometer to avoid the water droplet from falling before it reaches a specific
volume.

Error

Meter Ruler used has a precision of 0.1 cm, measurement are always made to the
nearest unit (3.45cm as 3.5cm)
Roughness of membrane affects the hydrophilicity of the membrane. Rough
surfaces are more hydrophilic thus affects the contact angle.
The membrane thickness is not uniform, thus affects the micrometer reading.
Closing jaw of the micrometer is more or less tight from one measurement to the
next.
Air cond

Ways to improve
Average result, repeat
Stir longer
Let equipment cool down

Staple

Rubber gloves should be worn when handling pvdf membrane to avoid

contamination.