‘THE CROSS OF CARABUCO IN BOLIVIA' By ADOLPH F. BANDELIER [Eaney Rerenesces ro me Cross In regard tothe subject indicated in the above tile, my pur pose, rather than to present conclusion, i to place an record all ‘known information on this topic as an incentive to more complete Investigation ‘When at the village of Carsbuco, in 1897, we of course visited its highly interesting church and saw the enigmatical wooden cross that hae been lnown for more than three centuries, the history of which is curiously connected with Indian foe. Carabueo isa village of Aymari Indians situated o the eastem shore af Lake Tica, Bolivia, dhee days! journey north of La Par It is an old village, frit was mentioned ae cary as 1573 as having ex inte before the conquest, In 15gt it had 722 tributary Indians, ‘which mumber of couse included the entre district, The cross i ‘to placed that itwould be imposible to examine it unless taken out of the frame, which would hardly be permited. by the natives, "The Traian attach tothe relic the same peritions importance sto images, and perhaps more, beeaure they regard it ax contr. ‘ator of some of thee ancient lore, It were well not to lose sight ofthis ‘What we could see isa rough wooden cross, the stem of which is about three fet long, made of 3 pecled branch appareatly about four inches in diameter. It was impossible to determine, without closer examination, how it had been eat. ‘The arms are of sialar| wood, Two clumsy copper nails are driven into the stem and ‘copper ring surrounds it.The crass not complete, a third nail having being taken to Sprin and part ofthe wood being in the cathedral at Sucre, the former capital of Boia, (See note rat600 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST (64.6 199 the close of the paper) Originally the cross may ave been about fiefectlong. "The wood sd not to have ben poled, but before the eras was placed under last fad become ustomany to take sway chige or splinters aa rele (2), that than een Gaurd ‘athe than lnproved, and its ze somewhat diminished, In od- fin tothe crow, the church contains four lage and very priive ‘loins in which tedonary and legendary deal conneted with the eos are represented (3). ‘The carlest lnown infomation concerning this singular relic ats fromthe Inter half ofthe seem centy. Simon Pere de ‘Tore, the Spanish traveler, who was in South Ameria few years before the close of that century, visited Carbuco, and in hi Die carts sates that i. hat yf nna” eres cro which “ge fol when we ave in hat land, tht was row int the Ink, without it being Known who had made i Now they take sovay uch wood ort and tl] there fr neverany lacking.” (4) iistval de Jaque de los Rios de Mancaed, another Spanish ‘ay ler, who arved at Lita ia 1600 and wrote an account of his journeys years ater, speak of Carnbaco as lows “Noth of his ake [Tes] ae te ae (lain) of Gansng, nites Cauca rou hy ordlng To of Tada, bon iron there Upon of te fle of ‘Sartor Jour Cs, and plat by is 9 the tp of 3 oun a esl othe Sse ihe Taian noting iat ey eve ‘Pete rested coms ar ons ftir Gian ala endeoed Yo ESS cH ee ac etalk, area they ftened Toit many soe, eye Rated oo see Sune being Informe of ths ace hy sn ah who doubles chic ds cm nn ke a ot Goce nd sonnet thee 3) nt NB ‘To the accounts ofthese secular authors snst be added the testimony ofan Indian, Jann de Santa Crut Pachcsti arg Sal ‘ama, who wroteon the agus of Pers probably abou 3. Salcamayha eaten wl Iter be see, the travels and ations ‘of white man wh ie sid to have appeared in the Pevisn igh- lands long before the Spaniards, and to whom he gives the name of ‘Tungpa, Tosapa, and ‘TRonapa, Of him he states (I fllow the text almost erly— {THB CROSS OF caRAzuco 601 «thc sey yh ig sha ren ecm ds et aaa a a 8 ay ge ee SO SSS ep oe Teh apne, see be phd ct nod oly bldg ta) Tn iGzr we meso fr eI ave yet fond, te cars oie ofthe en bya tember af the egy the Rogusne monk ‘ono Ramon on whan hry of Coaeean mse A uss ow the Cogeatnn convent ta ove, ed th Scent. Aer cng to the te of write an comepondng tet Tonaa mene ads te cw edo ve cr Ramee cntnue allows rte nde ten! on ie rs] a ot scetig bused tua tee, Thee rant or ethan oe al Rena YG yarns fob Cale Ueagee Semtge Atel Balers eda eka SRNGE Magn Se Menon ion, en, oe NGG A tanker eal Soe Seton's ow yn ye to ye PTR iin, ea te ie a ey Sec HS al eta ah Sia ih Ce Geese ah tna Uh th ta BS Ses eamiet doce ath of Sas, tan txts riot te AP ie lk nae ee TE Atal Sead Pon Mach fos ema s, “ke abshptre Se" ad i ding nal sal eee eel at Cattle inl ec ea Se SB Twelve tht the sove i tanaion of the oil texte Ran chs omar a ance that the to tepulenton bythe late Fer Rat! Sao; one dated 1866, the ther 1886 Theale by he Idan asa double one aesty it war Corpor Chott endl ioe of he Scent fnivals Ite fo ate, wt Ramos af that Be Gp Ranier de Vern imvesigted te mater su ed be. ‘She tasfed ote naonty of he fa” Theeon ees the sof be placed ns groper manner 2 tind hess bem eplin chapel where many splot te mod wert ef nd Sed wey 0 Tish Rami de Von esa theese of Charfor AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST — (4, 61906 ‘as from the last decade of the sixteanth to the frst decade of the “seventeenth century. From that period there are other data concern- {ng the cross of Carabueo ; these are from Ramos, end his modem ‘editor, Sans, Ramos says “Not very fan Carbon are fond kre stones of wing sap, where the Tadinns any they ad the Sant and. gue. i any ‘Shek, th the tention of kiling him. About te year 00a cr "alr oof ing te mater wi ers mye ted appese belore him «caciqe of Caabuco sumed Ferman, iro aps a he tenets ch Ew [fuged wo be man of ss0 yar and [being] brought tothe wile af Hesaynes be scone fe. ws Sond th] we ‘Atel he had ear rom hanes toching the Sunt and xo ‘And fhe] eclred baving hor tat many yas beloe Chan came io thee parts had been seen aman of tall fate, white and light.com> Hedonedemed tn they, mo prac ins et {hey shold won single God cdening(reprebending] vies and SLE Gone toe th lowed iw ne Gong tocty fe the fend yu fd, [o] that be oct thr tol hiya that by ‘not dln they won re n thir matter, he witolding rm se Ing his oraces, tod that therefore they te htt vome stones and beat meaty’ "During much tonure Che ede, having heard fom bi Teinines) Randeme bide cae. down to tay whi, whlch he Ow Jadgereze anges ent by God so console im’. "That it war alo believed JS coven tt te Sut cvsed with him small nat whieh, aco Ing to some alien wa concealed in obe of the heights of Cahn, ale age vite Si eid ce dove out in, ind he spreading hs smote om theater entered he lake going twa ‘Copateton and pasing theagh «frre [lp of tall fects) Te 8 hich Soil worth day tor ey sy tt he reed Be channel ery sree t the tae and wea aguine dace. Tk ‘hte angonge they call gui see. hls reaion vas given to the author by Diego Niles de ayaa man of ge companion a sre (hry vatoka veto "de net?” (H9) “The other tale is ofthe year 1599, and was related to Cristal ‘Mafoe Cebada by an "aged Indian,” Te ix silent on the subject of the cross, but speaks of the Salat and his cruel torture at Cars buco, Tall refer to this story farther on (32). “The tale of the finding of the cross, nthe later half ofthe six- teenth century, is doubtess tre, That it was not discovered before is easly explained, The eastern sore of Lake Tieaca, on which (Carabuco is situated, south ofthe present Peruvian frontier, was 0 cupied by Spaniacds at 3 comparatively late date. The Dominicanssomes) TUE ckoss OF c4eanvco 03 were the frst to establish missions on the shores of the lake, but ‘onthe westem shores only; hee they were maintained unl 1565, When they were talen away from Use Dominicans and turned over to the secular clergy (13) Father Sarmiento, in whose time iti stated the oss was dicovered, was a secular priest. Thismay ead to the inference thatthe finding ofthe crose occurred after 1569 betwen that year and 1599. The tale of the find is authentic ‘beyond doubt, nor ean we regard as inventions the statements that the Tadians lnew of the existence of the cross. That the story leaked outon the occasion ofan Indian east, while the Tadians were intoxicated, i highly probable (1g). It is when the Aymari i Crunk, of rather, when in che early stages of inebeety, that he be- tomes communicative, ARterward he i ether hostile or stupid ‘The two clusters (Hanansaya and Husinsaya) are a well known feature, The fact that the place where the cross was unearthed i pointed out to-day signifies but itd inthe ease of a so-aled "pious fraud." ‘Two objections to these easly statements arse: The version ‘of the two laymen, Perez de la Torre and Jaque, coafcts with the ecclesiastical version in regard tothe locality of the find. The former sates that it was fv the lake, the latter that i was wear it But this contraction is only apparent. Ifthe site pointed out to-day isthe one where the cross was discovered, itis 0 close to the shore that an overflow might have covered it temporarily at any time, Te is not Ikely to have remained in the water, ini- mated by Jaque, who, bythe way, does not seem to have visited CCarabuco but wrote from information obtained clsewhere in Ho livin (14. ‘More important isthe objection that none of the Jesuits of the period, who were spec, indeed oficial, investigators of Indian ‘bolatres and antiquities, aes, 0 fra lenow, any mention of the ‘ross of Carabuco. Neither Acosta (19), nor Oliva (16), nor Cobo (27), nor the anonymous eontradicoe of Polo de Ondegardo (18), ‘makes allusion to i, posibly because they may have regarded it as Spurious, although it should not be overlooked that Cobo scarely ‘mentions any place on the eastern shore of Lake Tiiaca, while ‘Acosta let Peru about the Hime the cross is reputed to have been605 AMBRICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST (0.4, 6,106 acovered, or shortly afterward (26). The erst fame which the mage of the Virgin of Copacavana acquired in Bolivia immediatly after 1582 (20) diverted the attention of both the clergy and the ‘people from a curious nd in a remote village of one of the least feequented parishes, The seclar clergy and the Augusnes were ‘the only ones who were in contact wit the eastern shores of Tieaea and who paid attention to what happened there —these, together with such laymen af lived on or vised the shores filly or Casually, and the Indians. Its pia that the origin ofthe eros connected with Judi lore purporting tobe print, inthe sense that it antdates Spanish colonization ‘The Finding af the eros took place about half century subso= ‘qwent to the first arrival of Spaniards in the Titicaca basa (21). Te right be that in the couse of these By years, oF thereabouts, some missionary strayed tothe eastem side ofthe lake and became avi tim of his zal atthe hands of the Aymark; but if such were the case it would be known, Tt ie also posible that, inthe course of the same half century, the cross was iazenionaly buried for the purpose of creating aerward, by rediscovery, the impression of & miracle, I do not wish to be understood a8 supporting such & theory, but it would be only human if such had been done and with sincerely pious intent, But how abovt the Indian story? Te & possble that the petson or persons who buried the cross invented the story also, and attempted to impress it on the minds of the Tn dans (23); but itis not Ukely that Uhe Aymard would have framed it in order to ingraiate themselves with the whites, since it sounds Tardy advantageous to their ancestors. It may yet be shown that the ross of Carabuco doesnot antedate the fourth or the Ath de~ cade of the sstenth century; at presenti isan enigma, and it be comes even more enigmatic through other tales of which I shall sgve an account, ‘Tw Stony oF “Joan Romo" While at Pelechaco we resided (or several weeks atthe hacienda of Keira, where the owner had gathered a number of Quin as well at Aymar Indians from various parts of Bolivia and Per, Among them was an Indien from Azkagaro, i the northern section fof Titienca basi, hence a Peruvian Quichva. This man related tosevens] Tue c80ss OF caRsnuco 605 tus asa wellknown tal, the story of Juan Rabi, The name sg nies “Blond or Fait John,” and is of course Spanish. Of this tdvidual itis told that during the tne of the “Chas” (hence before the teenth century, in the dare mes") he came from the cast announcing fo the Chullpas the proximate appearance of the sum, He went westward, and nothing is known of his fate. Near Sasa this tale was repeated f us in almost identical words, and ive alo learued that many ofthe mestizos and even ofthe wie ine Dabiant knew of ‘Aa Indian tale about a person or persons i always suspicious ‘otess he has at command pictorial signs for recording them, the Tndian seldom remembers dites, ven approximately, and events sometimes appear ancient to him soon afer thee occurrence. ‘There- fore, persons cay become mythical and such myths are readily regerded ae “ancient” histo tradition, although comparatively fecent ; hence its aot easy to guard against errors axsing fom Guchaource. Only tales. preserved by native religious organi tations embody definite tration, and even when the shamans ean be induced fo tell them, they sometimes adapt the stories to what they suspect to be the design or taste of the white intelocutor. ‘The shaman docs this ax uch to ater him as to conceal the truth, Herein lies the greatest depreciation ia the value of traditions carefully and honestly collocted ducing early Spanish occupancy tis exceedingly dificult to separate the eraia ofthe prinitive from husk which the Indian informant may have intentionally wrapped Ground it.The danger lesens as we near the time of fist contact, Yet even then with to ingratitethemlves with the new masters Iay have induced the Indians to color, hence to distort, much of what was original ‘With these preliminary observations T turn to a seves of tales related by the aborigines of Pera and Bolivia tothe Spaniards at an tasly day, and which are connected with the subject ofthe ross of CCarabueo and the story of Juan Rubio. These aes, in the main, were told within fewer than twenty years afer the fst landing of a606 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST (m4, 6,1906 “Tae Taansrioss asove Towaea In. previous mumber of this journal Ihave presented Tndian lore concerning early times of the Island of Tinea and have had ‘oceasion to refer to myths in which a personage called Viracocha (forthe sake of brevity) plays an important part Th the same con ‘ection there appears another mysterious individual, Tonapa, who ‘manifest isthe same as Juan Rubio andthe bearer of the eros of CCarabueo, While Vircocha i endowed by Indian lore, with ce tive power (although otherwise a human being), Tonapa is sepre- sented as a teacher, to whom miracles are also atibuted, find the earliest mention of Tonapa in a fragment of the book writen by Juan de Betanzos and concluded at Cuzco in 1551 “Hetanzo is probably the mos trustworthy reporter on the subject, and of that period, as yet known, although he is not to be relied fn implicitly. -Betanzoa says: “And asking the Indians wba igre [appearance] had he Viracocha srkes tha he ancens mw Kim, fo mt they had notice [herd of ‘es, sd they eld to oe be wis sal mans woven wets at ventas iow a hs fe, and this garment he dnd and that be tore the aie abort ands crow [tm] made om the Bead afer the imaner of the priests; and tat he went tayceaded and ad a DE fonds = certn object that ow appeae to hem, toy ike he Trevites which clergymen carry fo dur hands. And th i he Sa fomation got offs according a the Inds fold me, "And [asked them how ist pena was ellcd iy te pice of hick tat sone ‘Eas, wich bo ay fn the langunge, Cod Baker ofthe Word” 3) ‘The name Tonspa is not mentioned by Betanzo, but fom what follows it may be the same personage. He goes on to sate that this man went to Cuzco and thence to the se, which he reached at ‘Puerto Viejo, in Ecuador, where“ he came together wth hie people ‘whom he had sent before him in the manner already tol, where, fs they me, he went out to sea with them, fom which they say that he and his people moved on the water a if they walked on land.” (a4) The career of this mythical being began, aezording to etanzog at Tahuanaco (28) Some “myths of obseration” are discernible. The white Ares, the tone, and the book suspctouly recall the appearancesea) 1H choss oF canacoco cor ‘ofa Dominican monk (26). Bat the entire story could not well have been concocted forthe acason, for while the part of ihre told i from the viiity of Sicuani, not fr fom Cuzco (27), the remainder is manifestly fiom the Bolivian or Perovian Aymara, tha i rom Another lingwistc stock (28). There is, of course, no allusion to Carabuso, which village was not thought of atthe tne Pero de Cieza, a contemporary of Betangoe relates substan- tially the same story about Viracocha, ealing him besides, Tuapaca and Armauan, which names be states are given to him in the Colao, that is, among the Aymaré (29), That these are names, or tes, sppled to Tonapa will appear fom other sources. Im the fst part of his chronicle Cieza mentions another tradi tion about white men that reals the disciples atrbuted to View ‘och and Tonapa, The tale was related to him, in the district of “Yuamanga in Peru, in connection with some interesting euins along, the Rio. Vinaque.“ Inguting of the Tndans living there who ‘made those ancient remains, they answer that other people, bearded and white ike ourselves, who, a lng time before the Incas ruled, [they] say came to these parts and tok up their abode there” (30), ‘As Cieza reports the sane story about the runs of Tinhuanaco (31), the origin ofthe tale appears suspicious. The aborigines may have wished to pay a compliment to ther visitors, whom they certainly Areaded, by ascribing the buildings to white men, “The noice about white men having occupied some ofthe lands in Lake Titieaca, also given by Ciez, has no connection with ‘Tonapa (32) bear repeating the statement of Cistval de Molina, who nthered Indian lore at Cuzco about 1570. Te i the Viracocha ory without mention of Tonaps (33. ‘Miguel Cabello Balboa, who went to Pera in 1566, asserts that ‘be found a traition among the Indians of Peru and Chile to the fect that at some remote period white men Hike priests visited ‘those counties (34) ‘Not long, after the oe of Betanzos and Cieza the missions of the Augutines were established in Huamachuco, ast of Teyjillo and north of Lima, in Peru (3g) In ther fist report on these missions they say608 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST — [46,194 “Above me have made mention of how, when Ata created hi secvanteSugad care and Usual he [ade] jy with the Gong since he deal ian we oda vie 4 that Ataguj eat fom heaven the sald Gunns tothe wordy and 18 cae tothe word in the prviace of Gaamarhur ance there he had to begin, and when he ct found in ie Chiat, who inthe laa igige of Ganmacheco are called Ganchemne, and he went ry pt Song tem." (36) ‘Further on they state: “And the Indians say that ‘thet Firacicka* wanted to make them ‘Chisias,an they drove Him otf he tama” (37) ‘The last relates toa stone statuein the Colla(Aymarl county), said to represent @ man with a tonsured head. This they report fom hearsay (38), bat it shows that the Tonapa or Vircocha tale was well known in Peru and Bolivia about thirty years alter the conquest ‘The Indian Saleamayhua had at his disposal folktales of the ‘Quichua as wel as ofthe Aymard (39), and he is more explicit than any other author canceming Tonspa. He identifies iat with the Viracocha of Hetanzos, Cieza, and the Augstines by ealing him “Tonapa or Tarapaca Vircochanpachayachicachan or Pacchacs,” te (40) He deseribes him ae +. aman leaded, of middle sic and wit long bait, ad with rathr'tng hts "And [hey] say he War beyond he age of youth, ‘ltSray fal wi thi Cho "Ben oth seh nd Sas Be tet {igi the ner ith eat lovey cling thst umes eager, {ehwom was ot litentd to nor flowed by the ntney and when [he ‘wen] hth all the provinces have made [ae] miracen sad ble ‘The auventures of this personage as related by Seleamayhua ‘may be condensed as follows: "Tonapa came to Peru from parte unknown and appeared at Apotampo, which place Don Marcos Jiménez de la Espada iden fies with Paccartambe. (42) He traveled preaching throvgh the ‘whole of Collasuyn, Of these preachings "the modern old men of the tne of my father Don Diego Felipe are wont to sy that it ‘was almost the law of God ciel the seven precept [he evidently alludes to the seven sacraments], they Ineked only the name of God ‘our Lord and of His Son Jesus Christ; this is public and notorioussavoaey) THE cRoss oF caRasuco 60 “among the old men; and the punishment for those who broke them was severe” (43) After visting various villages of the Callao, he went fo the Anes of Carabaya and there (as already stated) cut 2 Tange eros which he himelf carried to Carabuco. About events there its sated: “And init a daughter of a cacique ofthat prov- Ince, they say, had water thrown on her head, and the Indians see- ing if, anderdood tat (she or he] were washing the head, and [they] cut the ir after that Tunapa had been safly imprisoned clove to the great lagoon of Carpico, . They say that at daybreak entered, where Tunapa was confined, a handsome Youth, and had std them [jc to him], “Be not sad that now come to call thee in the name of the matron who i expecting thee alone, the which is for to go to the place of delight! And saying this they say that, touching wth his fingers the bonds that ‘were fastened to the four arms, hands, and fet; and in it they ‘hy that were many guards, because the sid Twnapa was now sen- fenced to cruel death, Ax Tsay, that at the break of day as at the ft hour of the moming, entered the lagoon jindy with ‘the said youth, spreading on the water of the lagoon the mantle he ‘wore, which mantle served in place ofa ra ete (44) Aer is scape from Carabueo, Tonapa remained for some tne “ona rock falled Tieaca” (4g), and then went by Tiquina to Tiahuanaco where he found Indians dancing and drinking. He preached to hem, but they would not listen: so he converted them into stones, Which stoner (statues) “are vile to-day.” (46) —‘Tonapa then descended the Chacamarca river (deggmaders) tothe ocean, and it is beloved he went around by the strat (47). ‘Later on Saleamayhua refers to Tonapa agin, saying that i was an Inea custom to obtain water rom the rock on Titicaca, on which Ihe had been siting, and to have it brought to Cuzco to baptize children (48), and thatthe warchief Capac Yupanqei was tld by ‘hiss of Asilo and Hururs hove, in ancient tines, there appeared ‘a poor thin, oldman, bearded and with hae like thore of women, and long shit, anda great advisor im public matters of all th re~ pli, and that he (the Inca] said to them the man was ealled| ‘Tiowapa Vikingira, who they sy spoke the language ofthe coun- fry better [than they], and bad banished all the idols, images610 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST — [86190 of the demons Happitutos to the snowy mountains, where men sever seach, which are Ligues or Qnenamaris (49) He adds that there were traces of Tonspa also having been among the Huancas 1nd Chinchaysuyos,acconing tothe Indians rom those parts (50) He further alludes to a litle house on the road from Cuzco to Java, and to two stones, near by, iat which Tenapa had changed a female fish and an Indian on account of some immoral ac. He likewive speaks of sila traces, in the shape of stones, nt far fom Pachacamse (53). ‘Ramos was @ contemporary of Salcamayhua. The latter lived inthe vicinity of the Carco range, whle Ramos was stationed on the southwestern shore of Lake Titicaca, among the Aymaré. In Addition to the pasager previouly quoted fom Ramos, T would tall attention tothe following account ofthe Sicasia story, to which Allusion has slready been made, and of which we were also told in the neighborhood ofthat village "So tis that inthe yur 1599 D Crit Muto: Cebae informed Iinulf of an aged Indian, wd declared to know it fom his aber ‘who eld ia well estaliched, tht fo the tc of Salen there hal [one's man of venerable appearance, all of ature, with long beat, ‘tend hie who prechad slaw lie that which the Christy have ‘om, proving is doctrine by micles sd he much exerted hima ‘erate the Inlae to ert «chapel to the verable Ged. Inde [Bole they gether moc ira, or gram, in wh the Saint wr Wott sep. "Bt ne igh the etd sppeare,reproachng them teribly Wik ‘Snmandlog tm to say ihe won and sc fre tothe ata. TRE Indans do, andthe cu baring with fll Tore, the Sint came ot ofthe fie tp by sep without exten, or le af ay Hind, to he eat dshay the barbarane who fort remnned very mach con Fined and repentant. "The Inon farther ty tnt ater mle te ‘preaches et with some odans to onber facts and diapeled th his ea teble trent Dut ot even thee proses prevented the Suter fom abhorsag hin for hs sain condemning tbe iby, ft bavlng converted aly si, he tok them wih hin to Carauco, ‘Thee the mactyened terete Sunt charged them with ther ely To's doles, whereapn, tying his hands and fet hey fastened it nara wich thy ay on te nk, and tt then they mora most Sndiome lady who, paced onthe ral guided Is course. ‘Surpied at ‘his wonder abd deaross of seeing end they alowed her iy thir ‘oun cout ad st thatthe Sant andthe Lady famed he deveguader, Std wete never ten sny more. And fartemore wan 2 aiton| ‘muck received [euret) cong tbe sborglen that om another oretonvomer] Tule ROSS OF canancco ou the bly miaionry croc ego and wet Pn eee FEO Sacto! aye ea caer tots dy Weald be Coe ofthe Sint At Canc he bad owe ois Bats ing wore ‘ne inabitans for tomar feces wha ht tna Sod ‘her of his compaions deposed auing that tha hey ha received ftom their et” (33), 1 forbear allaing tothe interpretations given to these various tales, as they have nothing to do with my purpose. The antiquity ofthe cross is established as far back asthe last decades ofthe six teenth century, andthe manner in whick i eame to be discovered seems also fairly proven, That which preceded the find rests on Indian statements, the posse precolumbsan origin of which is the only question at sue. The story ofthe crosalone would scarcely Geserve notice, although a burial thereof for purposes of deception fs far from being proven as yet, But it stands indirect elation toa tale heard fom the Indians at very early day and given by them 28 tation fom primitive times. “There appears a certain probability that the Viracocka of Be- tanzos and Cera s the Tonapa of Slcamayhua and of Ramos (53). Vira in Quichua signs tallow, or ft coho, a is well knows, means a lake, or the sea— any considerable sheet of water (54). From the fact that tallow of fat i ightr than water, the meaning ‘of inn has been interpreted, in early statements concerning the tnythial personage, as roth,” oF "foam. This interpretation is fntrlygratstous, “The Quihua call froth fosece andthe Aymara fpoce (55); there are therfore well established terms, in both languages distinct fom via, This explanation of ft, or tallow, 8 foam, is fst met in Cies's chronicle, and itis found also in| arate soon aftervard (56). It is difielt to understand how (the ttymology of the term Viracocka being known) Betanzos could translate Con Tiet Viracocha Pachayachackic a5 " God, Creator of the World” While the word Viraacha seems to be Quichua and may have passed therefom into the Aymar, I cannot find Tonapa in either of the two languages. At all evens, Viraccke desg- nates someting tat wil ot snk, but oats on the surface of water ‘On this account it may be pernen to ask, Might this bear any re- Jaton to the tale of Tonapa floating on the waters of Lake Titicaca ?62 AMERICAN ANTUROPOLOGIST — (16,194 Ua wr os sips pont tt ese Se cn aah a aioe sgh hata bi tr pe a te So RL es CH nay ies Star ahs eta ees te See Pees ee tee ae Soto AE ier fr ce Cae eee i ak Seer aca paren et Serta azar wei curren tae Gon re Skee raga Spee oho wun Rat wee sow se spent he rel cabled inte tains of SROSoRL ctercemeed See Peete rar aire sear Bh rs ‘ody went a fara the vlgeof the Alage, tay legate fay fees ‘Chur and Tac, twa he co of Aiea and Chey” te (63). eis certain that, from searely two decades after the conquest nfl the century ater, those writers — clergymen, Spanish cio cas, soldiers, and travelers —who made it special task to report Indian traditions, claim unanimously that Vcocha and Tonapalore [sof primitive Indian origin. To this thee are, as stated, serious objections, nd much has bon added to it in course of time stil, a5 hithet sid, the tration isso widespread that an invention of the whole within rent years after the conquest for the purpose of| Aaterng the Christians is hardly adassble. Again, the supposed ‘martyrdom of Tonapa would not have been much tothe credit of the Indians, although it might have been invented by Tdians,sone] uP cross Of cananvco ors already cheistanized, in order to cast slur on those who were stil reealetant 1 submit these data without expressing an opinion. If further investigation shouldshow the talks to be spurious, it wil free ancient Peravian history of & serous obstriction and present the value of| Indian trations in a new Hight On the other hand, should the story prove to be both authentic and primitive, which can be de- termined only by urter investigation on both sides ofthe dante, ss important gun to knowledge of precolumbian ties in America will acerve, Asin the case of myths and traditions concerning the island of “Thicaca, no eonelasion, either negative or afirmative can be reached at present. Among the dsiderata tobe obsained are 1. Additional documentary evidence touching. the Carabuco 2. A minute examination of the eras, of ts wood and work= rmanship, and ofthe copper aails and band, 5. Investigations among the Indians of Carabuco and viiity as to recollections in regard to the origin and discovery ofthe rele. ++ Researches among the Indian, bth Quichas and Aymas, ‘oncoming the Viracocha and Tonapa tals. 5. Stidy of hitherto negleted document, writen and printed, for possible new information, The research may act reveal any- ‘thing that is new, but ia this, asin any other investigation, negative testimony would be a important asthe positive Notes 1, Ramon, Hitorie de Copacabana (edition of 1860, part 1 ap 28; 936): "Despont mismo Tlsrmo Vergara hizo ub erect fini, haciendo exsvar tes tare agar donde se ball a Cr, hat ‘ue ze encotr el fercerclvo, ques To lev Chiu de donde, ‘neu mucte Io toma et Ucencado Alonso Maldonado, Presidente de a real Audieacia de In Plat, y Toles coosigo& Esta, Low ottor dos ttn eo Cartbuc, y son de ls mana heen que los de Jeourico, {Cuando se ivdieron los Obispads,dvidiron tambien esta santa Cra, serrndola yor meio, de modo que sleron don; lana quod aly In oma lend ala Catedral de Chrcas”Sure wat frery* Ciudad dela Pla," and“ Chuqabca the Quin name.oy AMERICAN abrrawoPoLoGIS? —(%4,6 196 2, dem. exoro Sacerdote Ik arm con gran devocion y ole ena capil, donde por muchos aos fu fecwentads, cond Tox devoton sali de ane santo madre, como sesncan 9 rons Tas pauls dela verdader cu.” 3. There iran cakorte description of thx rae platings by the Preshtero Avelino Uni, Zralvon de Samtuaris de Coraues (La Pa, 1877). He give a0 deta ofthe eaiton, bat ay (p 2) + "Colac. ote el interior de temple, con el ttl de ovtines 8 Poremertar {et Hombre, can exstenten deel ipo del ealonsf y comer os caldadosamente basa hoy di." The plmings are divided each into ight smaller Seis, containing epreattons of events of the sary and ofthe mints abated othe rom. Fourteen of there are dedicated {fo the tory, the remaining wnten tothe mirc. The le, wld by {he a, varies bt slight fom that of Ramos and others The Sin is precited sv ariving at Carabuco inthe company of ve Indane, his ‘Glcp a having plated the cre on hl dete to Indi sserce (I); as having thence gone to Siaics (I), returning to Carnbaca(1¥), whence afer being tortred, be fost of 9 the waters ofthe lake under protection of the Virgo (VII and IX). "The Gndng ofthe cro eater toa frat (Indian catodian ofthe church), wh beard of drag drunken fest of the Indians, fom a worsa, who svar afersad competed to dasigate the spt where it had been bared, [Tisai that she had to be tortured before she revered the place (XIV), [All this repreented in the cet manner pombe. It ay be Indi srk, although the artiste performances ofthe metioy or chao in the ilies are not rperor 0 tho ofthe boris “t Sion Peer de Torres, Disord mi age (In Barca, 1 tovndores primis de Dds, ol). He began bs journey in 1586 fd asin South Ameria when the eruption of the Omate occured, Which war in oo (fo 2 and). Hema have been in Caabaco ow that year, of perhaps litle before (FL 14). De au me fat 4 Caran, Cidade Indios, a! vente logs: esta Clad al yaa ‘Cruz, que halos quando Heguina anti err, que eta boca cn Tn Laguna, sn saber quien Ip habia hecho; agora acan mucho pal Ge la, banca leita da” On the margin is Cruz mages.” “The vit of Perex must have taken place povous to that of Bshop Ramiree de Vergara, bene Its the cist notice of the cross that i own 0 ‘5 Fate frou the Fetch translation inthe Arekiver der Vag, under the tide of Vonage au Jer orientale ct cidetls, dam evelsone] 2UE choss OF cananuco ors em racont esyage ge let Espagnol ut rset as Hes Pipes ‘Power fest a reaune de Comboge ee futur arriba dat pays It que tans bu Cochnchng, ace ae dercription des frre gue tera ‘Povthcoscstent dea? Inde ta Pri, Arabieet Ftc infrenre, ae tute tasnoments eipauae dae le Bnes cients, par Chris loatde Jaque debe Rio de Mavconel, ntl de Ciudad Rodrig, tt rot. ‘The dent of he authori well etublsed by ote sures He Tet Lime for Bolivia (Potos)on Jaly 15,1600 (p. 342). Tei Stange that Jae, who sbsently marcela Boivin (p.344), shoud SE Hop Rarer "Segura and make in Bishop of Caco, send ‘of Charces. The date of rs, therefore, is atleast dsb 6 my talon from Sleamayhaa adhere sity to the txt ‘He writes as would an Indian fom the Pervian or Bolivian highands > tis orthography fmore than pictreqae, aod the style requires erin. fnce with te Indian Spanish of thwe regions. Relaion de dntgedades ‘date Ryan de! Pins (p.238)+"Eataron, den que anand pedi ‘Sos eg Tos Andes de Caraay yen ll ico wns ere muy grande, YY lor tjo por aus ombros, ata ponedes en vn cro de Campoct,e0| onde les pod dando grands Lous, cca lgrinss." 7. have fegently had gceason fo treat of these ctr, which layed a conspiesous par inthe erganitin ofthe Tian and which ‘en atthe preset ds ‘8 Havre cre ymilagro Santuario deta ysine Ynegon ew 50 dt Copacabana (Lit, 16345 Ub, ep. 1). 1. Ramos, Miser de Capecane (eon of #860, p-$6)= “EL ‘clown Scene lai con gran devoion ¥ i old en ua api, ‘lande yor michos ao fe freuentads, oranda lo devotes ails fe aque! santo madero, con se asean y venetan as paenas dea enadera Crux?” Als Perer de Tarte, Dies, et, flo 14 0. Mitoria de Copacabana (i. tc. 39.31) 11, Ie (p60). Aged Indians ate not nap well fore ti les ae they als elaley onthe contrary, hey ae the most ly de iver, espcl if they soeld be medinemen Ta, Fry Jutn Melendes, err eerdaderes delat Vain, Historia serdadra dela Provincia de Sam Jutn Bastia de! Pre del Orden de Predictor (Rema, 168, v0. 3, Nb. 1p. 620): **Tesimos (como inemon dicho) Convento en ea Prouaca de Chua, en Leo Co pecan, 2 os tas pelos Vier, va ao de 1569) en qe

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